Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and resporatory syndrome virus replication

Le syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (SRRP) est une des maladies les plus dévastatrices économiquement pour l'industrie mondiale du porc. L'agent étiologique du SRRP est le virus du SRRP (VSRRP) lequel est connu pour avoir une spécificité d'hôte très restreinte et pour sa transmission par voie aerosol. Les antigènes et les ARN du VSRRP ont été trouvés dans des cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire de porcs infectés par le virus. L’interaction entre les macrophages alvéolaires porcins (PAMs) et le VSRRP a été démontrée comme jouant un rôle important dans l’infection causée par le virus. Malgré cela, l’interaction prenant place entre les cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire porcin et le virus ne devrait pas être négligée. Jusqu’à présent, la réplication du VSRRP in vitro dans des cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire porcin n’a pas été conduite avec succès et les tentatives pour le faire ont échoué. Une nouvelle lignée de cellules épithéliales de poumon de porc (SJPL) est maintenant disponible et sera utilisée dans cette étude afin de déterminer si elle est permissive à la réplication du VSRRP et si elle peut être un modèle approprié pour l’étude de la pathogénèse virale du VSRRP. L’expérimentation a démontré que cette nouvelle lignée cellulaire était permissive à l’infection et à la réplication du VSRRP. Afin de corroborer ces résultats, la cinétique de réplication du virus à été effectuée avec les cellules MARC-145 et SJPL. Aucune différence significative dans la production virale totale n’a été trouvée entre les deux lignées cellulaires. Les cellules SJPL ont permis la réplication de plusieurs souches Nord-Américaines du VSRRP, quoiqu’elles sont légèrement moins efficaces que les cellules MARC-145 pour l’isolement du virus. De plus, les cellules SJPL sont phénotypiquement différentes des cellules MARC-145. Plus précisément, les cellules SJPL sont plus sensibles à l’activation par le VSRRP des pro-caspases 3/7 et plusieurs inducteurs apoptotiques. Elles ont également montré de 8 à 16 fois plus de sensibilité à l’effet antiviral causé par l’IFN-α sur la réplication du virus contrairement aux cellules MARC-145. Ces résultats démontrent que les cellules SJPL pourraient représenter un substitut intéressant aux cellules MARC-145 pour la production d’antigènes pour un vaccin anti-VSRRP. Également, dû à leurs origines (poumon de l’hôte naturel), elles pourraient s’avérer être un modèle in vitro plus approprié pour l’étude de la pathogénèse du VSRRP.

Study of histone H3 lysine 56 deacetylation in saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, l'acétylation de l'histone H3 sur la lysine 56 (H3K56ac) est présente sur les histones néo-synthétisées déposées derrière les fourches de réplication et est essentielle pour préserver la viabilité cellulaire en réponse au dommage à l'ADN. La désacétylation d'H3K56 sur l'ensemble du génome catalysée par Hst3 et Hst4 et a lieu en phase G2 ou M. H3K56ac est une lame à double tranchant. L'absence d'H3K56ac rend les cellules sensibles aux dommages à l'ADN. En revanche, un excès d'acétylation d'H3K56 dans un mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ a des conséquences encore plus sévères tels que la thermo-sensibilité, l'hypersensibilité aux agents génotoxiques, l'instabilité génomique ainsi qu'une courte durée de vie réplicative. Les désacétylases Hst3 et Hst4 sont étroitement régulées au cours du cycle cellulaire afin de permettre à l'H3K56ac d'exercer son rôle en réponse aux dommages à l'ADN tout en évitant les conséquences néfastes de l'hyperacétylation d'H3K56. Dans cette thèse, nous avons identifié la machinerie moléculaire responsable de la dégradation de Hst3. De plus, nous avons exploré les raisons pour lesquelles l'absence de désacétylation donne lieu aux phénotypes du mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ. Au chapitre 2, nous démontrons que la dégradation d'Hst3 peut être complétée avant l'anaphase. Ceci suggère que la désacétylation de H3K56 a lieu durant une courte fenêtre du cycle cellulaire se situant entre la complétion de la phase S et la métaphase. De plus, nous avons identifié deux sites de phosphorylation d'Hst3 par la kinase cycline-dépendante 1 (Cdk1) et démontré que ces évènements de phosphorylation conduisent à la dégradation d'Hst3 in vivo. Nous avons aussi démontré que l'ubiquityltransférase Cdc34 et l'ubiquitine ligase SCFCdc4 sont requises pour la dégradation d'Hst3. Finalement, nous avons montré que la phosphorylation d'Hst3 par la kinase mitotique Clb2-Cdk1 peut directement entraîner l'ubiquitylation d'Hst3 par SCFCdc4 in vitro. Au chapitre 3, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à la sensibilité extrême du mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ aux agents qui endommagent l'ADN. Nous avons établi qu'en raison de la présence anormale d'H3K56ac devant les fourches de réplication, le mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ exhibe une forte perte de viabilité lorsqu'exposé au méthyl méthanesulfonate (MMS) durant un seul passage à travers la phase S. Nous avons aussi découvert que, malgré le fait que le point de contrôle de réponse aux dommages à l'ADN est activé normalement dans le mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ, ce mutant est incapable de compléter la réplication de l'ADN et d'inactiver le point de contrôle pour une longue période de temps après exposition transitoire au MMS. L'ensemble de nos résultats suggère que les lésions à l'ADN induites par le MMS dans le mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ causent une forte perte de viabilité parce que ce mutant est incapable de compléter la réplication de l'ADN après une exposition transitoire au MMS. Dans la deuxième section du chapitre 3, nous avons employé une approche génétique afin d'identifier de nouveaux mécanismes de suppression de deux phénotypes prononcés du mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ. Nous avons découvert que la délétion de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la formation de frontières entre l'hétérochromatine et de l'euchromatine atténue les phénotypes du mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ sans réduire l'hyperacétylation d'H3K56. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que l'abondante acétylation de l'histone H4 sur la lysine 16 (H4K16ac) est néfaste au mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ. Ce résultat suggère un lien génétique intriguant entre l'acétylation d'H3K56 et celle d'H4K16. L'existence de ce lien était jusqu'à présent inconnu. Nous avons identifié un groupe de suppresseurs spontanés où H3K56ac est indétectable, mais la majorité de nos suppresseurs ne montrent aucune réduction flagrante d'H3K56ac ou d'H4 K16ac par rapport aux niveaux observés dans le mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ. Une étude plus approfondie de ce groupe de suppresseurs est susceptible de mener à la découverte de nouveaux mécanismes génétiques ou épigénétiques permettant d'éviter les conséquences catastrophiques de l'hyperacétylation d'H3K56 chez le mutant hst3Δ hst4Δ. En résumé, cette thèse identifie la machinerie moléculaire responsable de la dégradation d'Hst3 (une désacétylase d'H3K56) durant une fenêtre de temps situées entre la fin de la phase S et la métaphase. Nos résultats permettent aussi d'expliquer pourquoi la dégradation d'Hst3 précède le début de la phase S durant laquelle l'acétylation d'H3K56 s'accumule derrière les fourches de réplication afin d'exercer son rôle de mécanisme de défense contre le dommage à l'ADN. De plus, nous avons identifié plusieurs suppresseurs qui permettent de contourner le rôle important d'Hst3 et Hst4 en réponse au dommage à l'ADN. Plusieurs suppresseurs révèlent un lien génétique inattendu entre deux formes abondantes d'acétylation des histones chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae, soit H3K56ac et H4K16ac.

In vitro effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. Among monogastric farm animals, swine are the most susceptible to DON as it markedly reduces feed intake and decreases weight gain. DON has also been shown to increase susceptibility to viral infections; therefore the objective of this study was to investigate in vitro impact of DON on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Permissive cells were infected or not with PRRSV and were treated with increasing concentrations of DON. Cell survival and mortality were evaluated by determining the number of viable cells with a tetrazolium compound and by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, respectively. Virus titration and antiviral cytokines mRNA expression were evaluated by quantitative PCR. DON significantly affected the survival of noninfected cells in a dose dependent manner. However, DON concentrations between 140 and 280 significantly increased the survival of cells infected with PRRSV. These concentrations significantly decreased PRRSV replication by inducing a pro-inflammatory cytokines environment and an early activation of apoptosis, which in turn seem to interrupt viral replication. For the first time, this study showed that DON had significant effects on the survival of PRRSV infected cells and on virus replication, in a dose dependent manner.

Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and replication which is phenotypically distinct from MARC-145 cell line

Background Airborne transmitted pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), need to interact with host cells of the respiratory tract in order to be able to enter and disseminate in the host organism. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and MA104 derived monkey kidney MARC-145 cells are known to be permissive to PRRSV infection and replication and are the most studied cells in the literature. More recently, new cell lines developed to study PRRSV have been genetically modified to make them permissive to the virus. The SJPL cell line origin was initially reported to be epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine if SJPL cells could support PRRSV infection and replication in vitro. Results The SJPL cell growth was significantly slower than MARC-145 cell growth. The SJPL cells were found to express the CD151 protein but not the CD163 and neither the sialoadhesin PRRSV receptors. During the course of the present study, the SJPL cells have been reported to be of monkey origin. Nevertheless, SJPL cells were found to be permissive to PRRSV infection and replication even if the development of the cytopathic effect was delayed compared to PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Following PRRSV replication, the amount of infectious viral particles produced in SJPL and MARC-145 infected cells was similar. The SJPL cells allowed the replication of several PRRSV North American strains and were almost efficient as MARC-145 cells for virus isolation. Interestingly, PRRSV is 8 to 16 times more sensitive to IFNα antiviral effect in SJPL cell in comparison to that in MARC-145 cells. PRRSV induced an increase in IFNβ mRNA and no up regulation of IFNα mRNA in both infected cell types. In addition, PRRSV induced an up regulation of IFNγ and TNF-α mRNAs only in infected MARC-145 cells. Conclusions In conclusion, the SJPL cells are permissive to PRRSV. In addition, they are phenotypically different from MARC-145 cells and are an additional tool that could be used to study PRRSV pathogenesis mechanisms in vitro.

Potential use of a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus vector carrying the C-terminal portion of the P97 adhesin protein as a vaccine against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes severe economic losses to the swine industry worldwide and the prevention of its related disease, enzootic porcine pneumonia, remains a challenge. The P97 adhesin protein of M. hyopneumoniae should be a good candidate for the development of a subunit vaccine because antibodies produced against P97 could prevent the adhesion of the pathogen to the respiratory epithelial cells in vitro. In the present study, a P97 recombinant replication-defective adenovirus (rAdP97c) subunit vaccine efficiency was evaluated in pigs. The rAdP97c vaccine was found to induce both strong P97 specific humoral and cellular immune responses. The rAdP97c vaccinated pigs developed a lower amount of macroscopic lung lesions (18.5 ± 9.6%) compared to the unvaccinated and challenged animals (45.8 ± 11.5%). rAdP97c vaccine reduced significantly the severity of inflammatory response and the amount of M. hyopneumoniae in the respiratory tract. Furthermore, the average daily weight gain was slightly improved in the rAdP97c vaccinated pigs (0.672 ± 0.068 kg/day) compared to the unvaccinated and challenged animals (0.568 ± 0.104 kg/day). A bacterin-based commercial vaccine (Suvaxyn® MH-one) was more efficient to induce a protective immune response than rAdP97c even if it did not evoke a P97 specific immune response. These results suggest that immunodominant antigens other than P97 adhesin are also important in the induction of a protective immune response and should be taken into account in the future development of M. hyopneumoniae subunit vaccines.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae induces SJPL cell cycle arrest in G2/M-phase and inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication

Background: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in the swine industry and causes important economic losses. No effective antiviral drugs against it are commercially available. We recently reported that the culture supernatant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the porcine pleuropneumonia causative agent, has an antiviral activity in vitro against PRRSV in SJPL cells. Objectives of this study were (i) to identify the mechanism behind the antiviral activity displayed by A. pleuropneumoniae and (ii) to characterize the active molecules present in the bacterial culture supernatant. Methods: Antibody microarray analysis was used in order to point out cellular pathways modulated by the A. pleuropneumoniae supernatant. Subsequent, flow cytometry analysis and cell cycle inhibitors were used to confirm antibody microarray data and to link them to the antiviral activity of the A. pleuropneumoniae supernatant. Finally, A. pleuropneumoniae supernatant characterization was partially achieved using mass spectrometry. Results: Using antibody microarray, we observed modulations in G2/M-phase cell cycle regulation pathway when SJPL cells were treated with A. pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant. These modulations were confirmed by a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M-phase when cells were treated with the A. pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant. Furthermore, two G2/M-phase cell cycle inhibitors demonstrated the ability to inhibit PRRSV infection, indicating a potential key role for PRRSV infection. Finally, mass spectrometry lead to identify two molecules (m/z 515.2 and m/z 663.6) present only in the culture supernatant. Conclusions: We demonstrated for the first time that A. pleuropneumoniae is able to disrupt SJPL cell cycle resulting in inhibitory activity against PRRSV. Furthermore, two putative molecules were identified from the culture supernatant. This study highlighted the cell cycle importance for PRRSV and will allow the development of new prophylactic or therapeutic approaches against PRRSV.

Transient high level mammalian reovirus replication in a bat epithelial cell line occurs without cytopathic effect

Mammalian reoviruses exhibit a large host range and infected cells are generally killed; however, most studies examined only a few cell types and host species, and are probably not representative of all possible interactions between virus and host cell. Many questions thus remain concerning the nature of cellular factors that affect viral replication and cell death. In the present work, it was observed that replication of the classical mammalian reovirus serotype 3 Dearing in a bat epithelial cell line, Tb1.Lu, does not result in cell lysis and is rapidly reduced to very low levels. Prior uncoating of virions by chymotrypsin treatment, to generate infectious subviral particles, increased the initial level of infection but without any significant effect on further viral replication or cell survival. Infected cells remain resistant to virus reinfection and secrete an antiviral factor, most likely interferon, that is protective against the unrelated encephalomyocarditis virus. Although, the transformed status of a cell is believed to promote reovirus replication and viral “oncolysis”, resistant Tb1.Lu cells exhibit a classical phenotype of transformed cells by forming colonies in semisolid soft agar medium. Further transduction of Tb.Lu cells with a constitutively-active Ras oncogene does not seem cell growth or reovirus effect on these cells. Infected Tb1.Lu cells can produce low-level of infectious virus for a long time without any apparent effect, although these cells are resistant to reinfection. The results suggest that Tb1.Lu cells can mount an unusual antiviral response. Specific properties of bat cells may thus be in part responsible for the ability of the animals to act as reservoirs for viruses in general and for novel reoviruses in particular. Their peculiar resistance to cell lysis also makes Tb1.Lu cells an attractive model to study the cellular and viral factors that determine the ability of reovirus to replicate and destroy infected cells.

The use of insect cells to identify potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of the Dengue and Chikungunya viruses and unravel their molecular mechanism of action

Dengue and Chikungunya viruses cause the most important arthropod-borne viral infections for humans. These viruses are predominant in tropical and subtropical regions. In addition, these viruses are predominant in tropical and subtropical regions. Dengue mortality rate is around 1.2 to 3.5% and deaths due to chikungunya fever are around 1 in 1000; however, half of chikungunya-infected patients evolve into a chronic state that can persist for months up to years. There are no antiviral drugs available for DENV and CHIKV treatment and prevention. Moreover, vector control strategies have failed so far. Thus, the development of potent inhibitors for a broad spectrum of RNA viruses is urgently needed. We established and characterized a new embryonic insect cell line from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. Also we established the flaviviruses and alphavirus replication, both in C6/36 and Lulo insect cell lines, as well as in Vero cell line. In addition we carried out a reference compound library and reference panel of assays and data for DENV, which provides a benchmark for further studies. During this study, a panel of 9 antiviral molecules, with proven in vitro anti-dengue virus activity and that act at different stages of the DENV life cycle, was selected. Finally, Favipiravir or T-705, was identified as inhibitor in vitro and in vivo of alphaviruses and the mutation K291R in nsP4, which is responsible of the polymerase activity, was found as the mode of action in CHIKV. Interestingly, lysine in motif F1 is also highly conserved in positive-stranded RNA viruses and this might explain the broad spectrum of T-705 antiviral activity.

Do variations in substitution rates and male mutation bias correlate with life-history traits? A study of 32 mammalian genomes

Life-history traits vary substantially across species, and have been demonstrated to affect substitution rates. We compute genomewide, branch-specific estimates of male mutation bias (the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates) across 32 mammalian genomes and study how these vary with life-history traits (generation time, metabolic rate, and sperm competition). We also investigate the influence of life-history traits on substitution rates at unconstrained sites across a wide phylogenetic range. We observe that increased generation time is the strongest predictor of variation in both substitution rates (for which it is a negative predictor) and male mutation bias (for which it is a positive predictor). Although less significant, we also observe that estimates of metabolic rate, reflecting replication-independent DNA damage and repair mechanisms, correlate negatively with autosomal substitution rates, and positively with male mutation bias. Finally, in contrast to expectations, we find no significant correlation between sperm competition and either autosomal substitution rates or male mutation bias. Our results support the important but frequently opposite effects of some, but not all, life history traits on substitution rates. KEY WORDS: Generation time, genome evolution, metabolic rate, sperm competition.

Meta-analysis of the INSIG2 association with obesity including 74,345 individuals: does heterogeneity of estimates relate to study design?

The INSIG2 rs7566605 polymorphism was identified for obesity (BMI> or =30 kg/m(2)) in one of the first genome-wide association studies, but replications were inconsistent. We collected statistics from 34 studies (n = 74,345), including general population (GP) studies, population-based studies with subjects selected for conditions related to a better health status ('healthy population', HP), and obesity studies (OB). We tested five hypotheses to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. The meta-analysis of 27 studies on Caucasian adults (n = 66,213) combining the different study designs did not support overall association of the CC-genotype with obesity, yielding an odds ratio (OR) of 1.05 (p-value = 0.27). The I(2) measure of 41% (p-value = 0.015) indicated between-study heterogeneity. Restricting to GP studies resulted in a declined I(2) measure of 11% (p-value = 0.33) and an OR of 1.10 (p-value = 0.015). Regarding the five hypotheses, our data showed (a) some difference between GP and HP studies (p-value = 0.012) and (b) an association in extreme comparisons (BMI> or =32.5, 35.0, 37.5, 40.0 kg/m(2) versus BMI<25 kg/m(2)) yielding ORs of 1.16, 1.18, 1.22, or 1.27 (p-values 0.001 to 0.003), which was also underscored by significantly increased CC-genotype frequencies across BMI categories (10.4% to 12.5%, p-value for trend = 0.0002). We did not find evidence for differential ORs (c) among studies with higher than average obesity prevalence compared to lower, (d) among studies with BMI assessment after the year 2000 compared to those before, or (e) among studies from older populations compared to younger. Analysis of non-Caucasian adults (n = 4889) or children (n = 3243) yielded ORs of 1.01 (p-value = 0.94) or 1.15 (p-value = 0.22), respectively. There was no evidence for overall association of the rs7566605 polymorphism with obesity. Our data suggested an association with extreme degrees of obesity, and consequently heterogeneous effects from different study designs may mask an underlying association when unaccounted for. The importance of study design might be under-recognized in gene discovery and association replication so far.

Non-replication of the association between 5HTTLPR and response to psychological therapy for child anxiety disorders

Background We previously reported an association between 5HTTLPR genotype and outcome following cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) in child anxiety (Cohort 1). Children homozygous for the low-expression short-allele showed more positive outcomes. Other similar studies have produced mixed results, with most reporting no association between genotype and CBT outcome. Aims To replicate the association between 5HTTLPR and CBT outcome in child anxiety from the Genes for Treatment study (GxT Cohort 2, n = 829). Method Logistic and linear mixed effects models were used to examine the relationship between 5HTTLPR and CBT outcomes. Mega-analyses using both cohorts were performed. Results There was no significant effect of 5HTTLPR on CBT outcomes in Cohort 2. Mega-analyses identified a significant association between 5HTTLPR and remission from all anxiety disorders at follow-up (odds ratio 0.45, P = 0.014), but not primary anxiety disorder outcomes. Conclusions The association between 5HTTLPR genotype and CBT outcome did not replicate. Short-allele homozygotes showed more positive treatment outcomes, but with small, non-significant effects. Future studies would benefit from utilising whole genome approaches and large, homogenous samples.

Feline calicivirus p32, p39 and p30 proteins localize to the endoplasmic reticulum to initiate replication complex formation

In common with other positive-strand RNA viruses, replication of feline calicivirus (FCV) results in rearrangement of intracellular membranes and production of numerous membrane-bound vesicular structures on which viral genome replication is thought to occur. In this study, bioinformatics approaches have identified three of the FCV non-structural proteins, namely p32, p39 and p30, as potential transmembrane proteins. These proteins were able to target enhanced cyan fluorescent protein to membrane fractions where they behaved as integral membrane proteins. Immunofluorescence microscopy of these proteins expressed in cells showed co-localization with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers. Further electron microscopy analysis of cells co-expressing FCV p39 or p30 with a horseradish peroxidase protein containing the KDEL ER retention motif demonstrated gross morphological changes to the ER. Similar reorganization patterns, especially for those produced by p30, were observed in naturally infected Crandel-Rees feline kidney cells. Together, the data demonstrate that the p32, p39 and p30 proteins of FCV locate to the ER and lead to reorganization of ER membranes. This suggests that they may play a role in the generation of FCV replication complexes and that the endoplasmic reticulum may represent the potential source of the membrane vesicles induced during FCV infection.

A quasispecies approach to the evolution of sexual replication in unicellular organisms

This study develops a simplified model describing the evolutionary dynamics of a population composed of obligate sexually and asexually reproducing, unicellular organisms. The model assumes that the organisms have diploid genomes consisting of two chromosomes, and that the sexual organisms replicate by first dividing into haploid intermediates, which then combine with other haploids, followed by the normal mitotic division of the resulting diploid into two new daughter cells. We assume that the fitness landscape of the diploids is analogous to the single-fitness-peak approach often used in single-chromosome studies. That is, we assume a master chromosome that becomes defective with just one point mutation. The diploid fitness then depends on whether the genome has zero, one, or two copies of the master chromosome. We also assume that only pairs of haploids with a master chromosome are capable of combining so as to produce sexual diploid cells, and that this process is described by second-order kinetics. We find that, in a range of intermediate values of the replication fidelity, sexually reproducing cells can outcompete asexual ones, provided the initial abundance of sexual cells is above some threshold value. The range of values where sexual reproduction outcompetes asexual reproduction increases with decreasing replication rate and increasing population density. We critically evaluate a common approach, based on a group selection perspective, used to study the competition between populations and show its flaws in addressing the evolution of sex problem.

Pt(II) and Ag(I) complexes with acesulfame: Crystal structure and a study of their antitumoral, antimicrobial and antiviral activities

Two new complexes of platinum(II) and silver(I) with acesulfame were synthesized. Acesulfame is in the anionic form acesulfamate (ace). The structures of both complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. For K(2)[PtCl(2)(ace)(2)] the platinum atom is coordinated to two Cl(-) and two N-acesulfamate atoms forming a trans-square planar geometry. Each K(+) ion interacts with two oxygen atoms of the S(=O)(2) group of each acesulfamate. For the polymeric complex [Ag(ace)](n) the water molecule bridges between two crystallographic equivalent Agl atoms which are related each other by a twofold symmetry axis. Two Agl atoms, related to each other by a symmetry centre, make bond contact with two equivalent oxygen atoms. These bonds give rise to infinite chains along the unit cell diagonal in the ac plane. The in vitro cytotoxic analyses for the platinum complex using HeLa (human cervix cancer) cells show its low activity when compared to the vehicle-treated cells. The Ag(I) complex submitted to in vitro antimycobacterial tests, using the Microplate Alamar Blue (MABA) method, showed a good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, responsible for tuberculosis, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 11.6 mu M. The Ag(I) complex also presented a promising activity against Gram negative (Escherichia colt and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram positive (Enterococcus faecalis) microorganisms. The complex K(2)[PtCl(2)(ace)(2)] was also evaluated for antiviral properties against dengue virus type 2 (New Guinea C strain) in Vero cells and showed a good inhibition of dengue virus type 2 (New Guinea G strain) replication at 200 mu M, when compared to vehicle-treated cells. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Fine mapping and replication of QTL in outbred chicken advanced intercross lines

Background: Linkage mapping is used to identify genomic regions affecting the expression of complex traits. However, when experimental crosses such as F2 populations or backcrosses are used to map regions containing a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL), the size of the regions identified remains quite large, i.e. 10 or more Mb. Thus, other experimental strategies are needed to refine the QTL locations. Advanced Intercross Lines (AIL) are produced by repeated intercrossing of F2 animals and successive generations, which decrease linkage disequilibrium in a controlled manner. Although this approach is seen as promising, both to replicate QTL analyses and fine-map QTL, only a few AIL datasets, all originating from inbred founders, have been reported in the literature. Methods: We have produced a nine-generation AIL pedigree (n = 1529) from two outbred chicken lines divergently selected for body weight at eight weeks of age. All animals were weighed at eight weeks of age and genotyped for SNP located in nine genomic regions where significant or suggestive QTL had previously been detected in the F2 population. In parallel, we have developed a novel strategy to analyse the data that uses both genotype and pedigree information of all AIL individuals to replicate the detection of and fine-map QTL affecting juvenile body weight. Results: Five of the nine QTL detected with the original F2 population were confirmed and fine-mapped with the AIL, while for the remaining four, only suggestive evidence of their existence was obtained. All original QTL were confirmed as a single locus, except for one, which split into two linked QTL. Conclusions: Our results indicate that many of the QTL, which are genome-wide significant or suggestive in the analyses of large intercross populations, are true effects that can be replicated and fine-mapped using AIL. Key factors for success are the use of large populations and powerful statistical tools. Moreover, we believe that the statistical methods we have developed to efficiently study outbred AIL populations will increase the number of organisms for which in-depth complex traits can be analyzed.