Strength of the Iberian intraplate lithosphere: Cenozoic deformations and seismicity

Previous studies about the strength of the lithosphere in the Iberia centre fail to resolve the depth of earthquakes because of the rheological uncertainties. Therefore, new contributions are considered (the crustal structure from a density model) and several parameters (tectonic regime, mantle rheology, strain rate) are checked in this paper to properly examine the role of lithospheric strength in the intraplate seismicity and the Cenozoic evolution. The strength distribution with depth, the integrated strength, the effective elastic thickness and the seismogenic thickness have been calculated by a finite element modelling of the lithosphere across the Central System mountain range and the bordering Duero and Madrid sedimentary basins. Only a dry mantle under strike-slip/extension and a strain rate of 10-15 s-1, or under extension and 10-16 s-1, causes a strong lithosphere. The integrated strength and the elastic thickness are lower in the mountain chain than in the basins. These anisotropies have been maintained since the Cenozoic and determine the mountain uplift and the biharmonic folding of the Iberian lithosphere during the Alpine deformations. The seismogenic thickness bounds the seismic activity in the upper–middle crust, and the decreasing crustal strength from the Duero Basin towards the Madrid Basin is related to a parallel increase in Plio–Quaternary deformations and seismicity. However, elasto–plastic modelling shows that current African–Eurasian convergence is resolved elastically or ductilely, which accounts for the low seismicity recorded in this region.

Ecophysiology of Adonis distorta, a high-mountain species endemic of the Central Apennines

Morphological, anatomical and physiological plant and leaf traits of A. distorta, an endemic species of the Central Apennines on the Majella Massif, growing at 2,675 m a.s.l, were analyzed. The length of the phenological cycle starts immediately after the snowmelt at the end of May, lasting 128 ± 10 days. The low A. distorta height  (Hmax= 64 ± 4 mm) and total leaf area (TLA= 38 ± 9 cm2) associated to a high leaf mass area (LMA =11.8±0.6 mg cm−2) and a relatively high leaf tissue density (LTD = 124.6±14.3 mg cm−3) seem to be adaptive traits to the stress factors of the environment where it grows. From a physiological point of view, the high A. distorta photosynthetic rates (PN =19.6 ± 2.3 µmol m−2 s−1) and total chlorophyll content (Chla+b = 0.88 ± 0.13 mg g−1) in July are justified by the favorable temperature. PN decreases by 87% in September at the beginning of plant senescence. Photosynthesis and leaf respiration (RD) variations allow A. distorta to maintain a positive carbon balance during the growing season becoming indicative of the efficiency of plant carbon use. The results could be an important tool for conservation programmes of the A. distorta wild populations.

GIS technologies and spatial organization patterns among hunter-gatherers: an archaeological case study from Southern Patagonia (southern South America)

This paper discusses some aspects of hunter-gatherer spatial organization in southern South Patagonia, in later times to 10,000 cal yr BP. Various methods of spatial analysis, elaborated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) were applied to the distributional pattern of archaeological sites with radiocarbon dates. The shift in the distributional pattern of chronological information was assessed in conjunction with other lines of evidence within a biogeographic framework. Accordingly, the varying degrees of occupation and integration of coastal and interior spaces in human spatial organization are explained in association with the adaptive strategies hunter-gatherers have used over time. Both are part of the same human response to changes in risk and uncertainty variability in the region in terms of resource availability and environmental dynamics.

¿Fue la crisis política del Occidente musulmán del siglo XIII debida a un cambio climático? Una aproximación histórica al fin del Periodo Cálido Medieval

Durante el siglo XIII se produjo una sucesión de revueltas que supuso la desaparición del Imperio almohade y su sustitución por poderes regionales en al-Andalus, el Magreb y el Magreb al-Aqsà. La historiografía ha presentado el surgimiento y pugna entre estos poderes como un fenómeno social, político e, incluso, cultural y religioso, con el que se ha podido explicar su aniquilación o marginalización. Este trabajo pretende contextualizar los hechos desde una perspectiva medioambiental, de forma que la desintegración del califato almohade, el surgimiento de aquellos poderes y la progresión de los reinos cristianos en la península ibérica puedan entenderse desde una visión global de cambio climático y una posible crisis agrícola.

CAMBIO EN EL USO DEL SUELO EN GENERAL VIEJO DE PEREZ ZELEDON

El presente trabajo es un intento de análisis de las características geográficas de sector de Valle del General. Para delimitar el área se tomó la confluencia del río Buena Vista con el Chirripó; o sea, a partir de donde se origina el río General, hasta confluencia de éste con el río Peñas Blancas, esto es, la margen izquierda del río General, entre las cotas 500 m hacia el sur del área y la de 100m al norte. El área de estudio tiene una superficie de 87.8 km²  3.251 habitantes (mapa nº 1). Se expande por la izquierda del río General y tiene como centro de atracción al antiguo pueblo de General Viejo, entre Rivas y las Juntas de Pacuar; en general, coincide con los limites político-administrativos de del distrito segundo del cantón de Pérez Zeledón. Se pretende, también, aplicar el método de trabajo de la geografía regional. Por eso, el plan de trabajo elaborado contempla el aspecto físico y humano. En el conjunto de la estructura productiva, se toma como base los cambios ocurridos en el uso del suelo entre 1973-1979; en este sentido, se pretende dar una explicación global de los elementos que intervinieron para que operaran dichos cambios y la explicación de ello en función del sistema económico imperante.   SUMMARY This article intent to analyze the geographic characteristics of sector of the General Valley. The junction of Buena Vista and Chirripó rivers was chosen in order to delimit the area; or in other words, starting from the origin of the General river to its junction with the Peñas Blancas river, that corresponds to the left margin of the General river, between the benchmarks 500 meters to the south of the area and 1000 meters to the north. The area being studied has a surface area of 87.7 square kilometers and a total of 3.251 habitants (map nº 1). Expansion occurs on the left side of the General River whose center of attraction is the old town of General Viejo, located between Rivas and the Juntas Pacuar; in general, it coincides with the political-administrative limits of the second district of Perez Zeledon canton. The application of the work method used in regional geography is also contemplated. As such, the elaborated work plan takes into account the human and physical aspects. In the combined total of the production structure, the changes that occurred in the land use between the years 1973-1979, was chosen as a base; in this sense, a global explanation is given of the elements that intervened in order to make possible such changes and of the functions of the current economic system.       RESUME Ce travail concerne seulement un secteur de la Vallée de El General, délimité comme suit : de la confluence du Rio Buena Vista et du Rio Chirripó, dont l’union donne naissance au Rio General, jusqu’i au confluence de ce Dornier avec son affluent le Rio Peñas Blancas. Il correspond à la rive gauche du General, entre les côtes 1.000 au nord, prés de Rivas, et 500 au sud (Juntas de Pacuar) courne 87.8 km² et compte 3.251 hab (carte nº 1). Il s’étend autour de l’ancien petit centre rural, El General Viejo, et coïncide plus ou moins, avec le district Nº 2 du Canton de Pérez Zeledón. On y applique la méthode d’analyse de la géographique régionale, à la fois sur les plans humain et physique, pour définir son organisation de production et son évolution entre 1973-1979, surtout pour ce qui concerne l’utilisation des terres; évolution à laquelle on présente une explication globale en fonction du système ecónomique.