The effects of interleukin-10 depletion in vivo on the immune response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in a murine model

Background: The immune response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in the mouse abscess model is known to be dependent upon CD4 T-cell activation and the regulatory role of cytokines. The role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in this mouse model was examined in vivo. Methods: One-week-old, female BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups. Groups 1 and 2 were given intraperitoneal (ip) injections of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) weekly for 5 weeks. Group 3 was given an ip injection of rat immunoglobulin. Group 4 was injected with rat anti-IL-10 antibodies. At week 6, group 1 was sham-immunized with PBS, and groups 2, 3, and 4 were injected with P gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) weekly for 2 weeks. One week after the final immunization, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was assessed by footpad swelling to Pg-LPS. The level of serum antibodies to Pg-LPS and IFN-gamma (IFN-gamma) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Dorsal abscess formation induced by the injection of viable P gingivalis was examined daily for 30 days. Results: The footpad swelling of the anti-IL-10-treated group (group 4) was significantly higher than that of groups 1 to 3. Similarly, the serum IFN-gamma level in group 4 was much higher than that of the other experimental groups. There was no significant difference in serum IgG antibodies to Pg-LPS in any of the experimental groups. However, the level of IgM antibodies in group 4 mice was significantly lower than that in groups 2 and 3. In addition, serum IgG1 was suppressed in group 4 mice, while IgG2a antibodies were raised. However, there was no difference observed between the levels of IgG2b and IgG3 antibodies in any group of mice. The lesions in sham-immunized mice (group 1) persisted for 30 days, and those in group 2 and 3 were undetected by day 18 and 20, respectively. In sharp contrast, lesions in group 4 had healed completely by day 13. Conclusions: This study has shown that IL-10 depletion in vivo in P gingivalis LPS-induced immune response in mice led to an elevated DTH response, an increase in serum IFN-gamma levels, and raised levels of IgG and IgG2a antibodies. Treatment with anti-IL-10 antibodies resulted in suppressed IgG I and IgM responses and a more rapid healing of abscesses than in non-IL-10-depleted mice. These results suggest that IL-10 depletion in Pg-LPS-induced immune response in mice may lead to a Th1-like immune response and provide strong protection against a subsequent challenge with live P gingivalis in an abscess model.

Fate of swallowed interleukin 8 and TNF alpha and effect on the wistar rat gut

To evaluate the passage of cytokines through the gastrointestinal tract, we investigated the digestion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), in vitro and in vivo, and their propensity to induce intestinal inflammation. We serially immuno-assayed IL-8 and TNFα solutions co-incubated with each of three pancreatin preparations at pH 4.5 and pH 8. We gavaged IL-8, TNFα and marker into 15 Wistar rats, and measured their faecal cytokine concentrations by ELISA and histologically examined their guts. IL-8 immunoreactivity was extinguished by all pancreatin preparations after 1 h of incubation at 37 °C. TNFα concentration progressively fell from 1 to 4 h with all enzyme preparations. Buffer control samples maintained their cytokine concentrations throughout incubation. No IL-8 or TNFα was detected in any rat faecal pellets. There was no significant proinflammatory effect of the gavaged cytokines on rat intestine. IL-8 and TNFα in aqueous solution could well be fully digested in the CF gut when transit time is normal and exogenous enzymes are provided, although cytokines swallowed in viscous sputum may be protected from such digestion. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease

Background and aims: Recent studies on appendicectomy rates in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have generally not addressed the effect of appendicectomy on disease characteristics. The aims of this study were to compare appendicectomy rates in Australian inflammatory bowel disease patients and matched controls, and to evaluate the effect of prior appendicectomy on disease characteristics. Methods: Patients were ascertained from the Brisbane Inflammatory Bowel Disease database. Controls matched for age and sex were randomly selected from the Australian Twin Registry. Disease characteristics included age at diagnosis, disease site, need for immunosuppression, and intestinal resection. Results: The study confirmed the significant negative association between appendicectomy and ulcerative colitis (odds ratio (OR) 0.23, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.14-0.38; p

Systemic administration of interleukin-1 beta activates select populations of central amygdala afferents

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is activated robustly by an immune challenge such as the systemic administration of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Because IL-1beta is not believed to cross the blood-brain barrier in any significant amount, it is likely that IL-1beta elicits CeA cell recruitment by means of activation of afferents to the CeA. However, although many studies have investigated the origins of afferent inputs to the CeA, we do not know which of these also respond to IL-1beta. Therefore, to identify candidate neurons responsible for the recruitment of CeA cells by an immune challenge, we iontophoretically deposited a retrograde tracer, cholera toxin b-subunit (CTb), into the CeA of rats 7 days before systemic delivery of IL-1beta (1 mug/kg, i.a.). By using combined immunohistochemistry, we then quantified the number of Fos-positive CTb cells in six major regions known to innervate the CeA. These included the medial prefrontal cortex, paraventricular thalamus (PVT), ventral tegmental area, parabrachial nucleus (PB), nucleus tractus solitarius, and ventrolateral medulla. Our results show that after deposit of CTb into the CeA, the majority of double-labeled cells were located in the PB and the PVT, suggesting that CeA cell activation by systemic IL-1beta is likely to arise predominantly from cell bodies located in these regions. These findings may have significant implications in determining the central pathways involved in generating acute central responses to a systemic immune challenge. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:288-296, 2002. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Antigen-specific suppression of a primed immune response by dendritic cells mediated by regulatory T cells secreting interleukin-10

Antigen-specific suppression of a previously primed immune response is a major challenge for immunotherapy of autoimmune disease. ReIB activation is required for myeloid DC differentiation. Here, we show that antigen-exposed DCs in which ReIB function is inhibited lack cell surface CD40, prevent priming of immunity, and suppress previously primed immune responses. DCs generated from CD40-deficient mice similarly confer suppression. Regulatory CD4(+) T cells induced by the DCs transfer antigen-specific Infectious tolerance to primed recipients in an interleukin10-dependent fashion. Thus CD40, regulated by ReIB activity, determines the consequences of antigen presentation by myeloid DCs. These observations have significance for autoimmune immunotherapy and suggest a mechanism by which peripheral tolerance might be constitutively maintained by RelB(-) CD40(-) DCs.

Texto para discuss??o 23: reforma administrativa e direito adquirido

A Constitui????o n??o se interpreta mediante a lei ordin??ria; a lei ?? que tem a sua interpreta????o condicionada pela Constitui????o. A garantia constitucional inscrita no art. 5o, XXXVI, por expressa determina????o constitucional, tem aplica????o imediata (art. 5o, ??1o, CF), independendo de preceito legal regulador. Se o conceito de direito adquirido constitu??sse mat??ria de car??ter ordin??rio, a garantia constitucional do direito adquirido estaria de modo indireto ?? disposi????o do legislador, subordinada aos seus humores, esvaziada enquanto norma de prote????o individual. Al??m disso, ter??amos de admitir o paradoxo de um limite ao legislador depender da atua????o do pr??prio legislador

Fauna de Dissomphalus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) da Mata Atlântica Brasileira, com descrição de 23 espécies novas

Foram realizadas coletas padronizadas em 18 pontos ao longo da Mata Atlântica Brasileira no escopo do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP usando-se varredura de vegetação, e armadilhas Malaise e Möricke. Foi coletado um total de 2.811 exemplares de Dissomphalus. Foram reconhecidas 30 espécies descritas, a saber: Dissomphalus conicus Azevedo, 2003, D. h-ramus Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004, D. laminaris Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004, D. manus Azevedo, 2003, D. umbilicus Azevedo, 2003, D. verrucosus Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004, D. alticlypeatus Azevedo, 2003, D. bicerutus Azevedo, 2003, D. gilvipes Evans, 1979, D. krombeini Azevedo, 1999, D. gordus Azevedo, 2003, D. undatus Azevedo, 2003, D. cristatus Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004, D. laticephalus Azevedo, 2003, D. lobicephalus Azevedo, 2003, D. completus Azevedo, 1999, D. gigantus Azevedo, 1999, D. scamatus Azevedo, 1999, D. napo Evans, 1979, D. punctatus (Kieffer, 1910), D. infissus Evans, 1969, D. plaumanni Evans, 1964, D. concavatus Azevedo, 1999, D. rectilineus Azevedo, 1999, D. bifurcatus Azevedo, 1999, D. extrarramis Azevedo, 1999, D. strictus Azevedo, 1999, D. connubialis Evans, 1966, D. microstictus Evans, 1969, D. scopatus Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004. Além disso, foram descritas e ilustradas 23 espécies novas: Dissomphalus inclinatus sp. nov., D. divisus sp. nov., D. distans sp. nov., D. crassus sp. nov., D. filiformis sp. nov., D. inflexus sp. nov., D. spissus sp. nov., D. firmus sp. nov., D. setosus sp. nov., D. tubulatus sp. nov., D. differens sp. nov., D. lamellatus sp. nov., D. fimbriatus sp. nov., D. magnus sp. nov., D. trilobatus sp. nov., D. amplifoveatus sp. nov., D. personatus sp. nov., D. excellens sp. nov., D. peculiaris sp. nov., D. bahiensis sp. nov., D. amplexus sp. nov., D. elegans sp. nov. e D. amplus sp. nov.. Foram propostos 2 grupos novos de espécies, brasiliensis com duas espécies e setosus com oito espécies. Dissomphalus connubialis Evans, 1966 foi revalidado a partir de D. brasiliensis Kieffer, 1910. Dissomphalus bispinulatus Evans, 1969 foi considerado sinônimo junior de D. brasiliensis. Foi proposto para o gênero uma chave de espécies Neotropicais baseada em machos. Algumas espécies como Dissomphalus rectilineus, D. plaumanni, D. connubialis e D. gigantus são amplamente distribuídos ao longo deste bioma. Por outro lado, espécies como Dissomphalus completus, D. bifurcatus, D. napo, D. gilvipes, D. microstictus, D. brasiliensis, D. scamatus, D. strictus, D. undatus, D. alticlypeatus, D. laticephalus, D. verrucosus, D. extrarramis, D. concavatus, D. krombeini, D. gordus, D. lobicephalus e 13 espécies novas são restritas a regiões específicas, apresentando congruência com os subcentros deste bioma.

Norma internacional de contabilidade [NIC 23]: custos de empréstimos obtidos

Revista Fiscal, Junho 2007

Números curiosos: os intrigantes 11, 17 e 23

(...) Desde logo, salienta-se um aspeto curioso. Estamos na presença de três números primos (significa que são divisíveis apenas por eles próprios e pela unidade) separados uns dos outros por seis unidades: 11+6=17 e 17+6=23. Ou seja, o 6 volta aqui a estar em destaque! (...) Destacam-se algumas ocorrências do número 11 associadas a vários acontecimentos históricos. Em 1998, um avião da Swissair, com 229 pessoas a bordo, despenhou-se no Oceano Atlântico sem sobreviventes. Era um modelo McDonnell Douglas MD-11 com número de voo SWR111. Todos nos recordamos da tragédia decorrente do sismo e tsunami de Sendai, no Japão. Estima-se que este sismo, que assolou a costa japónica a 11 de março de 2011, tenha sido o maior sismo a atingir o Japão e um dos cinco maiores do mundo desde que os registros modernos começaram a ser compilados. (...) O 17 é considerado por muitos povos um número tão azarento como o 13, como acontece, por exemplo, em Itália. Uma das justificações para esta triste fama prende-se com a escrita do 17 em numeração romana, XVII, e com um dos seus anagramas, VIXI, que significa “vivi”. E se “vivi” é porque estou morto! A aversão a este número em Itália é tal que levou a Renault, marca francesa de automóveis, a mudar a designação do seu modelo R17 para R177, para que o pudesse vender em território italiano. Ainda hoje não se encontra facilmente em Itália prédios com andares 17 e hotéis com quartos 17, nem tão pouco assentos de aviões italianos com esse número. Terminamos com algumas curiosidades relativas ao 23, um dos números favoritos em muitas teorias da conspiração: 2/3 é aproximadamente igual a 0,666, sendo 666 o número da Besta; quando foi assassinado, Júlio César terá sido esfaqueado 23 vezes; William Shakespeare nasceu a 23 de abril de 1564 e morreu a 23 de abril de 1616; o famoso Titanic afundou-se na madrugada do dia 15 de abril de 1912 (1+5+4+1+9+1+2=23); a bomba atómica foi lançada sobre Hiroshima pelas 8h15 (8+15=23); (...)

Unesp Informa, 2011, ano 2, número 23

Boletim elaborado pela Assessoria de Comunicação e Imprensa da Reitoria da UNESP

Deep ocean species. The little that is known mostly comes from collected specimens. Comment on L.A. Rocha et al. Letter "Specimen collection: An essential tool" (23 May, 344: 814).

Deep Ocean Species. The little that is known mostly comes from collected specimens. L.A. Rocha et al. Letter "Specimen collection: An essential tool" (23 May, 344: 814) brilliantly discuss the importance of specimen collection and present the evolution of collecting since the mid-19th century until our present strict codes and conducts. However, it is also important to emphasize the fact that the vast majority of deep ocean macro-organisms are only known to us because of collection and this is a strong argument that should be present in our actions as scientists. If the deep is considered the least known of Earth’s habitats (1% or so according to recent estimates) then what awesome collection of yet to discover species are still there to be properly described? As the authors point citing (1), something around 86% of species remain unknown. Voucher specimens are fundamental for the reasons pointed out and perhaps the vast depths of the World’s oceans are the best example of that importance. The resumed report of 2010 Census of Marine Life (2) showed that among the millions of specimens collected in both familiar and seldom-explored waters, the Census found more than 6,000 potentially new species and completed formal descriptions of more than 1,200 of them. It also found that a number of rare species are in fact common. Voucher specimens are essential and, again agreeing with L.A. Rocha et al. Letter (see above), the modern approach for collecting will not be a cause for extinctions but instead a valuable tool for knowledge, description and even, as seen above, a way to find out that supposed rare species may not be that rare and even prove to reach abundant populations.