Adaption of Courses and Learning Environment to the User Context in dotLRN

The explosive growth of Internet during the last years has been reflected in the ever-increasing amount of the diversity and heterogeneity of user preferences, types and features of devices and access networks. Usually the heterogeneity in the context of the users which request Web contents is not taken into account by the servers that deliver them implying that these contents will not always suit their needs. In the particular case of e-learning platforms this issue is especially critical due to the fact that it puts at stake the knowledge acquired by their users. In the following paper we present a system that aims to provide the dotLRN e-learning platform with the capability to adapt to its users context. By integrating dotLRN with a multi-agent hypermedia system, online courses being undertaken by students as well as their learning environment are adapted in real time

Are invasive marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus) replacing the native P. lessonae /P. esculentus hybridogenetic complex in Western Europe? Genetic evidence from a field study.

The water-frog L-E system, widespread in Western Europe, comprises the pool frog Pelophylax lessonae and the hybridogenetic edible frog P. esculentus, which originated from hybridization between pool frogs and marsh frogs (P. ridibundus). In P. esculentus, the lessonae (L) genome is eliminated during meiosis and has to be gained anew each generation from a P. lessonae partner, while the ridibundus (R') genome is transmitted clonally. It therefore accumulates deleterious mutations, so that R'R' offspring from P. esculentus x P. esculentus crosses are normally unviable. This system is now threatened by invasive P. ridibundus (RR) imported from Eastern Europe and the Balkans. We investigated the genetic interactions between invasive marsh frogs and native water frogs in a Swiss wetland area, and used genetic data collected in the field to validate several components of a recently postulated mechanism of species replacement. We identified neo-ridibundus individuals derived from crosses between invasive ridibundus and native esculentus, as well as newly arisen hybridogenetic esculentus lineages stemming from crosses between invasive ridibundus (RR) and native lessonae (LL). As their ridibundus genomes are likely to carry less deleterious mutations, such lineages are expected to produce viable ridibundus offspring, contributing to species replacement. However, such crosses with invasive ridibundus only occurred at a limited scale; moreover, RR x LL crosses did not induce any introgression from the ridibundus to the lessonae genome. We did not find any ridibundus stemming from crosses between ancient esculentus lineages. Despite several decades of presence on the site, introduced ridibundus individuals only represent 15% of sampled frogs, and their spatial distribution seems shaped by specific ecological requirements rather than history of colonization. We therefore expect the three taxa to coexist stably in this area.

Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses.

Correlates of immune-mediated protection to most viral and cancer vaccines are still unknown. This impedes the development of novel vaccines to incurable diseases such as HIV and cancer. In this study, we have used functional genomics and polychromatic flow cytometry to define the signature of the immune response to the yellow fever (YF) vaccine 17D (YF17D) in a cohort of 40 volunteers followed for up to 1 yr after vaccination. We show that immunization with YF17D leads to an integrated immune response that includes several effector arms of innate immunity, including complement, the inflammasome, and interferons, as well as adaptive immunity as shown by an early T cell response followed by a brisk and variable B cell response. Development of these responses is preceded, as demonstrated in three independent vaccination trials and in a novel in vitro system of primary immune responses (modular immune in vitro construct [MIMIC] system), by the coordinated up-regulation of transcripts for specific transcription factors, including STAT1, IRF7, and ETS2, which are upstream of the different effector arms of the immune response. These results clearly show that the immune response to a strong vaccine is preceded by coordinated induction of master transcription factors that lead to the development of a broad, polyfunctional, and persistent immune response that integrates all effector cells of the immune system.

Groupware and Workflow Tools - A Case study of SAP Business Workflow Supporting System Integration in a Global Telecommunication Company

Workflow management systems aim at the controlled execution of complex application processes in distributed and heterogeneous environments. These systems will shape the structure of information systems in business and non-business environments. E business and system integration is a fertile soil for WF and groupware tools. This thesis aims to study WF and groupware tools in order to gather in house knowledge of WF to better utilize WF solutions in future, and to focus on SAP Business Workflow in order to find a global solution for Application Link Enabling support for system integration. Piloting this solution in Nokia collects the experience of SAP R/3 WF tool for other development projects in future. The literary part of this study will guide to the world of business process automation providing a general description of the history, use and potentials of WF & groupware software. The empirical part of this study begins with the background of the case study describing the IT environment initiating the case by introducing SAP R/3 in Nokia, the communication technique in use and WF tool. Case study is focused in one solution with SAP Business Workflow. This study provides a concept to monitor communication between ERP systems and to increase the quality of system integration. Case study describes a way create support model for ALE/EDI interfaces. Support model includes monitoring organization and the workflow processes to solve the most common IDoc related errors.

Amphotericin B associated with triglyceride-rich nanoemulsion: stability studies and in vitro antifungal activity

Amphotericin B (AB) is the standard drug for invasive fungal infection therapy. It has a broad spectrum of activity and it is the best antifungal available against most yeasts and molds. Its therapeutic use, however, is limited by significant side effects, leading to a low therapeutic index when it is used as the traditional formulation (Fungizone®). Due to self-association, AB can form pores in cholesterol-containing membranes. We propose a triglyceride-rich nanoemulsion as a delivery system for AB in low levels of aggregation to reduce the toxicity against host cells.

Removal of organic matter and nutrients from slaughterhouse wastewater by using Eichhornia crassipes and evaluation of the generated biomass composting

The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of the aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes applied in situ in a slaughter house treatment system, located in the west of the Paraná state, Brazil, regarding the nutrients removal and organic matter. Moreover, it aimed to obtain data from the production, management and composting practices of the biomass generated in the system. During 11 months of macrophytes development, physic and chemical parameters were monitored and plant density was controlled by periodical removal of excess biomass, which was weekly monitored and it is expressed in kg of aquatic plant per m² covered area. The degradation of the macrophytes removed from the treatment system was evaluated at the pilot scale in eight composting piles of 0.60 m³ that underwent four different treatments and two repetitions: T1 - water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes); T2 - water hyacinth and swine excrement (7:1), T3 - water hyacinth, swine excrement and earth (7:1:0,67), and T4 - water hyacinth, swine excrement and cellulosic gut (7:1:0,67), for a period of 90 days. The results indicated maximum removal efficiencies of 77.2% for COD; 77.8% for BOD, 87.9% for total nitrogen, 47.5% for ammonia nitrogen and 38.9% for total phosphorus for a five-day retention time. For biomass stabilization by composting, considering the C:N ratio as an indicator of compost maturity, it was observed that treatment T4 resulted in the shortest stabilization period (60 days). No difference was verified in the biostabilization rates at 5% level by the F test.

Performance of an anaerobic-aerobic reactor and kinetic study of organic matter removal of cattle slaughterhouse effluent

This paper sought to evaluate the behavior of an upflow Anaerobic-Aerobic Fixed Bed Reactor (AAFBR) in the treatment of cattle slaughterhouse effluent and determine apparent kinetic constants of the organic matter removal. The AAFBR was operated with no recirculation (Phase I) and with 50% of effluent recirculation (Phase II), with θ of 11h and 8h. In terms of pH, bicarbonate alkalinity and volatile acids, the results indicated the reactor ability to maintain favorable conditions for the biological processes involved in the organic matter removal in both operational phases. The average removal efficiencies of organic matter along the reactor height, expressed in terms of raw COD, were 49% and 68% in Phase I and 54% and 86% in Phase II for θ of 11h and 8h, respectively. The results of the filtered COD indicated removal efficiency of 52% and k = 0.0857h-1 to θ of 11h and 42% and k = 0.0880h-1 to θ of 8h in the Phase I. In Phase II, the removal efficiencies were 59% and 51% to θ of 11h and 8h, with k = 0.1238h-1 and k = 0.1075 h-1, respectively. The first order kinetic model showed good adjustment and described adequately the kinetics of organic matter removal for θ of 11h, with r² equal to 0.9734 and 0.9591 to the Phases I and II, respectively.

Exaggerated blood pressure response during the exercise treadmill test as a risk factor for hypertension

Exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) during the exercise treadmill test (ETT) has been considered to be a risk factor for hypertension. The relationship of polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system gene with hypertension has not been established. Our objective was to evaluate whether EBPR during exercise is a clinical marker for hypertension. The study concerned a historical cohort of normotensive individuals. The exposed individuals were those who presented EBPR. At the end of the observation period (41.7 months = 3.5 years), the development of hypertension was analyzed within the two groups. Genetic polymorphisms and blood pressure behavior were assessed as independent variables, together with the classical risk factors for hypertension. The I/D gene polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and M235T of angiotensinogen were ruled out as risk factors for hypertension. EBPR during ETT is not an independent influence on the chances of developing hypertension. No differences were observed between the hypertensive and normotensive individuals regarding gender (P = 0.655), skin color (P = 0.636), family history of hypertension (P = 0.225), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.285), or hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.734). The risk of developing hypertension increased with increasing body mass index (BMI) and advancing age. The risk factors, which independently influenced the development of hypertension, were age and BMI. EBPR did not constitute an independent risk factor for hypertension and is probably a preclinical phase in the spectrum of normotension and hypertension.

Expression of merlin, NDRG2, ERBB2, and c-MYC in meningiomas: relationship with tumor grade and recurrence

Meningiomas are common, usually benign tumors of the central nervous system that have a high rate of post-surgical recurrence or regrowth. We determined expression of the proteins merlin, NDRG2, ERBB2, and c-MYC in meningiomas using immunohistochemistry and assessed relationships between protein expression and gender, age, tumor grade, and recurrence or regrowth. The study sample comprised 60 patients, (44 women and 16 men) with a mean age of 53.2±12.7 years. Tumors were classified as grade I (n=48) or grades II and III (n=12). Expression of merlin, NDRG2, ERBB2, and c-MYC was not significantly different statistically with relation to gender, age, or meningioma recurrence or regrowth. Merlin was expressed in 100% of the cases. No statistically significant difference between tumor grade and recurrence or regrowth was identified. Statistically significant differences were identified between the mean age of patients with grade I (54.83±11.60) and grades II and III (46.58±15.08) meningiomas (P=0.043), between strong c-MYC expression and grades II and III (P<0.001), and between partial surgical resection and tumor recurrence or regrowth (P<0.001). These findings reveal the lower mean age among grades II and III meningioma patients than grade I patients, the influence of the protein merlin on tumorigenesis, the association of c-MYC with aggressive meningiomas, and that partial surgical resection is associated with tumor recurrence or regrowth.

Suivi des vaisseaux sanguins en temps réel à partir d’images ultrasonores mode-B et reconstruction 3D : application à la caractérisation des sténoses artérielles

La maladie des artères périphériques (MAP) se manifeste par une réduction (sténose) de la lumière de l’artère des membres inférieurs. Elle est causée par l’athérosclérose, une accumulation de cellules spumeuses, de graisse, de calcium et de débris cellulaires dans la paroi artérielle, généralement dans les bifurcations et les ramifications. Par ailleurs, la MAP peut être causée par d`autres facteurs associés comme l’inflammation, une malformation anatomique et dans de rares cas, au niveau des artères iliaques et fémorales, par la dysplasie fibromusculaire. L’imagerie ultrasonore est le premier moyen de diagnostic de la MAP. La littérature clinique rapporte qu’au niveau de l’artère fémorale, l’écho-Doppler montre une sensibilité de 80 à 98 % et une spécificité de 89 à 99 % à détecter une sténose supérieure à 50 %. Cependant, l’écho-Doppler ne permet pas une cartographie de l’ensemble des artères des membres inférieurs. D’autre part, la reconstruction 3D à partir des images échographiques 2D des artères atteintes de la MAP est fortement opérateur dépendant à cause de la grande variabilité des mesures pendant l’examen par les cliniciens. Pour planifier une intervention chirurgicale, les cliniciens utilisent la tomodensitométrie (CTA), l’angiographie par résonance magnétique (MRA) et l’angiographie par soustraction numérique (DSA). Il est vrai que ces modalités sont très performantes. La CTA montre une grande précision dans la détection et l’évaluation des sténoses supérieures à 50 % avec une sensibilité de 92 à 97 % et une spécificité entre 93 et 97 %. Par contre, elle est ionisante (rayon x) et invasive à cause du produit de contraste, qui peut causer des néphropathies. La MRA avec injection de contraste (CE MRA) est maintenant la plus utilisée. Elle offre une sensibilité de 92 à 99.5 % et une spécificité entre 64 et 99 %. Cependant, elle sous-estime les sténoses et peut aussi causer une néphropathie dans de rares cas. De plus les patients avec stents, implants métalliques ou bien claustrophobes sont exclus de ce type d`examen. La DSA est très performante mais s`avère invasive et ionisante. Aujourd’hui, l’imagerie ultrasonore (3D US) s’est généralisée surtout en obstétrique et échocardiographie. En angiographie il est possible de calculer le volume de la plaque grâce à l’imagerie ultrasonore 3D, ce qui permet un suivi de l’évolution de la plaque athéromateuse au niveau des vaisseaux. L’imagerie intravasculaire ultrasonore (IVUS) est une technique qui mesure ce volume. Cependant, elle est invasive, dispendieuse et risquée. Des études in vivo ont montré qu’avec l’imagerie 3D-US on est capable de quantifier la plaque au niveau de la carotide et de caractériser la géométrie 3D de l'anastomose dans les artères périphériques. Par contre, ces systèmes ne fonctionnent que sur de courtes distances. Par conséquent, ils ne sont pas adaptés pour l’examen de l’artère fémorale, à cause de sa longueur et de sa forme tortueuse. L’intérêt pour la robotique médicale date des années 70. Depuis, plusieurs robots médicaux ont été proposés pour la chirurgie, la thérapie et le diagnostic. Dans le cas du diagnostic artériel, seuls deux prototypes sont proposés, mais non commercialisés. Hippocrate est le premier robot de type maitre/esclave conçu pour des examens des petits segments d’artères (carotide). Il est composé d’un bras à 6 degrés de liberté (ddl) suspendu au-dessus du patient sur un socle rigide. À partir de ce prototype, un contrôleur automatisant les déplacements du robot par rétroaction des images échographiques a été conçu et testé sur des fantômes. Le deuxième est le robot de la Colombie Britannique conçu pour les examens à distance de la carotide. Le mouvement de la sonde est asservi par rétroaction des images US. Les travaux publiés avec les deux robots se limitent à la carotide. Afin d’examiner un long segment d’artère, un système robotique US a été conçu dans notre laboratoire. Le système possède deux modes de fonctionnement, le mode teach/replay (voir annexe 3) et le mode commande libre par l’utilisateur. Dans ce dernier mode, l’utilisateur peut implémenter des programmes personnalisés comme ceux utilisés dans ce projet afin de contrôler les mouvements du robot. Le but de ce projet est de démontrer les performances de ce système robotique dans des conditions proches au contexte clinique avec le mode commande libre par l’utilisateur. Deux objectifs étaient visés: (1) évaluer in vitro le suivi automatique et la reconstruction 3D en temps réel d’une artère en utilisant trois fantômes ayant des géométries réalistes. (2) évaluer in vivo la capacité de ce système d'imagerie robotique pour la cartographie 3D en temps réel d'une artère fémorale normale. Pour le premier objectif, la reconstruction 3D US a été comparée avec les fichiers CAD (computer-aided-design) des fantômes. De plus, pour le troisième fantôme, la reconstruction 3D US a été comparée avec sa reconstruction CTA, considéré comme examen de référence pour évaluer la MAP. Cinq chapitres composent ce mémoire. Dans le premier chapitre, la MAP sera expliquée, puis dans les deuxième et troisième chapitres, l’imagerie 3D ultrasonore et la robotique médicale seront développées. Le quatrième chapitre sera consacré à la présentation d’un article intitulé " A robotic ultrasound scanner for automatic vessel tracking and three-dimensional reconstruction of B-mode images" qui résume les résultats obtenus dans ce projet de maîtrise. Une discussion générale conclura ce mémoire. L’article intitulé " A 3D ultrasound imaging robotic system to detect and quantify lower limb arterial stenoses: in vivo feasibility " de Marie-Ange Janvier et al dans l’annexe 3, permettra également au lecteur de mieux comprendre notre système robotisé. Ma contribution dans cet article était l’acquisition des images mode B, la reconstruction 3D et l’analyse des résultats pour le patient sain.

Coastal Upwelling of the South Eastern Arabian Sea - An Integrated Approach

Upwelling regions occupies only a small portion of the global ocean surface. However it accounts for a large fraction of the oceanic primary production as well as fishery. Therefore understanding and quantifying the upwelling is of great importance for the marine resources management. Most of the coastal upwelling zones in the Arabian Sea are wind driven uniform systems. Mesoscale studies along the southwest coast of India have shown high spatial and temporal variability in the forcing mechanism and intensity of upwelling. There exists an equatorward component of wind stress as similar to the most upwelling zones along the eastern oceanic boundaries. Therefore an offshore component of surface Ekman transport is expected throughout the year. But several studies supported with in situ evidences have revealed that the process is purely recurring on seasonal basis. The explanation merely based on local wind forcing alone is not sufficient to support the observations. So, it is assumed that upwelling along the South Eastern Arabian Sea is an effect of basin wide wind forcing rather than local wind forcing. In the present study an integrated approach has been made to understand the process of upwelling of the South Eastern Arabian Sea. The latitudinal and seasonal variations (based on Sea Surface Temperature, wind forcing, Chlorophyll a and primary production), forcing mechanisms (local wind and remote forcing) and the factors influencing the system (Arabian Sea High Saline Water, Bay of Bengal water, runoff, coastal geomorphology) are addressed herewith.

Performance analysis of FIR digital filter design: RNS versus traditional

Residue Number System (RNS) based Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filters and traditional FIR filters. This research is motivated by the importance of an efficient filter implementation for digital signal processing. The comparison is done in terms of speed and area requirement for various filter specifications. RNS based FIR filters operate more than three times faster and consumes only about 60% of the area than traditional filter when number of filter taps is more than 32. The area for RNS filter is increasing at a lesser rate than that for traditional resulting in lower power consumption. RNS is a nonweighted number system without carry propogation between different residue digits.This enables simultaneous parallel processing on all the digits resulting in high speed addition and multiplication in the RNS domain

Prototype of a Configurable Web-Based Assessment System

The MIT Prototype Educational Assessment System provides subjects and courses at MIT with the ability to perform online assessment. The system includes polices to handle harassment and electronic "flaming" while protecting privacy. Within these frameworks, individual courses and subjects can make their own policy decisions about such matters as to when assessments can occur, who can submit assessments, and how anonymous assessments are. By allowing assessment to take place continually and allowing both students and staff to participate, the system can provide a forum for the online discussion of subjects. Even in the case of scheduled assessments, the system can provide advantages over end-of-term assessment, since the scheduled assessments can occur several times during the semester, allowing subjects to identify and adjust those areas that could use improvement. Subjects can also develop customized questionnaires, perhaps in response to previous assessments, to suit their needs.

Adaptive intelligent agent approach to guide the web navigation on the PLAN-G distance learning platform

Hypermedia systems based on the Web for open distance education are becoming increasingly popular as tools for user-driven access learning information. Adaptive hypermedia is a new direction in research within the area of user-adaptive systems, to increase its functionality by making it personalized [Eklu 961. This paper sketches a general agents architecture to include navigational adaptability and user-friendly processes which would guide and accompany the student during hislher learning on the PLAN-G hypermedia system (New Generation Telematics Platform to Support Open and Distance Learning), with the aid of computer networks and specifically WWW technology [Marz 98-1] [Marz 98-2]. The PLAN-G actual prototype is successfully used with some informatics courses (the current version has no agents yet). The propased multi-agent system, contains two different types of adaptive autonomous software agents: Personal Digital Agents {Interface), to interacl directly with the student when necessary; and Information Agents (Intermediaries), to filtrate and discover information to learn and to adapt navigation space to a specific student