1000 resultados para drenagem do solo


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The uncontrolled growth of most Brazilian cities is not accompanied by the development of urban infrastructure. With increasing soil sealing, runoff and decreased infiltration volume, impacts on water resources and on population of the areas affected by urban growth are inevitable. This study aims to evaluate the use and occupation of a watershed and analyze the drainage system in order to control the impact using tools to integrate urban development with the drainage of rainwater in an important watershed in the Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte State. The study involved the characterization of the basin XII.4 on the land use and occupation, for the years 2005 and 2014. With the application of SWMM model was possible to analyze the impacts caused by the urbanization process in the existing drainage system, showing the two years analyzed have their areas very close to percentage saturation of impervious areas. Although the region is still predominantly single family residential, suffers increasing verticalization of mainly commercial buildings. The drainage system is inefficient for the area's needs by the year 2005. The drainage system was also tested for four variations of land use by developing scenarios. Scenario 1 is related to the year 2014, considered current. Scenario 2 was adopted the maximum rate of 80% for land use, allowed for the Natal City. Scenario 3 gives the critical condition of land use, with the area 100% impervious. Scenario 4 is applied to the existence of LID (Low Impact Device). The scenarios analysis showed that all indicate deficiency at some point of the drainage system as a result of the high degree of occupation of the area that generate higher flows than the initial drainage system capacity. With the study it became clear that the adoption of non-structural tools are effective in reducing flooding and improving the drainage system capacity.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, 2015.

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Os trabalhos foram conduzidos num sistema de drenagem subterranea entubado (1,5 ha), instalado nos solos classe 3 do P.I. de Manicoba, BA, para observar a aplicabilidade das equacoes de escapamento de drenos usados, conferir alguns parametros hidrologicos dos solos e ajustar parametros de dimensionamento. Foram consederadas variaveis o espacamento entre drenos e uma combinacao de materiais de envoltura. O espacamento de drenagem foi calculado baseado em parametros determinados "in loco" e usando as equacoes de Hooghoudt e Glover e Dumm. O duplo do espacamento calculado foi considerado como variacao deste parametro. As variacoes do lencol freatico e as vazoes dos drenos como resposta as recargas de irrigacao superficial (sulcos) e chuvas foram levantadas para drenose espacados 15 e 30m , acompanhando os regimes de umidade do perfil do solo. Assim mesmo, foram determinadas, em analise de laboratorio, as caracteristicas quimicas e a quantidade de sedimentos das aguas de drenagem. Resultados do estudo mostraram que o espacamento calculado manteve melhor regime de umidade no perfil do solo. A descarga maxima instantanea dos drenos e de 8 a 10 mm/d, caindo a 4 mm/d ou menos no terceiro dia apos a recarga. O lencol freatico manteve entre 0,6 e 1,0 m embaixo da superficie na area com L = 30 e entre 1,2 e 1,50 na area com L = 15 m. Demonstrou-se a contribuicao desprezivel da camada embaixo dos drenos ao fluxo subterraneo, e a precisao do metodo do furo de trato (auger hole) na determinacao da condutividade hidraulica.(...).

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Apresentam-se resultados de diferentes fracções de arsénio no solo bem como a sua variação espacial e temporal, em arrozais da Lezíria do Tejo, obtidos por extracção sequencial em cinco fases: da fase 1 (fracção solúvel e no complexo de troca – maisdisponível) à fase 5 (fracção residual e menos disponível). Para o efeito recolheramse oito amostras de solo compósitas em cada parcela, sempre nas mesmas unidades de amostragem (6 x 6 m2) georreferenciadas, em quatro parcelas com áreas entre ≈2 a 5 ha (identificadas como 11, 13, 76 e 86). Foram colhidas amostras em 2012, 2013 e 2014, com excepção da parcela 11 (amostragem só em 2012). Os solos das parcelas estudadas apresentaram até cerca de 50% do arsénio total em formas químicas consideradas não disponíveis (fase 5). O valor mais alto das concentrações de arsénio nas restantes fracções do solo (soma das concentrações de arsénio extraídas nas fases 1 a 4) foi ≈12 mg kg-1. Verificou-se uma elevada variabilidade espacial dentro de cada parcela, em especial para a fase 2 (coeficientes de variação entre ≈40-80%). Apesar disso, a ordenação das parcelas de acordo com a soma das concentrações do arsénio extraído nas fases 1 a 3 (76<86<13) e nas fases 1 a 4 (76~86<13) manteve-se constante nos três anos do estudo, indiciando um potencial interesse do método de extracção sequencial usado como indicador do arsénio potencialmente disponível nos solos de arrozais da Lezíria do Tejo.

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conhecimento do escoamento superficial é necessário para dimensionamento de obras hidráulicas e para a conservação do recurso hídrico e do solo. O volume de água escoado superficialmente depende de fatores de natureza edafoclimática e fisiográfica da região. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as alterações do escoamento superficial na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ijuí, Situa-se a norte-noroeste do Rio Grande do, possui uma área de drenagem de 10.649,13 km².

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A variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos, químicos, biológicos ou pedogenéticos é citada como responsável por padrões encontrados na distribuição do C e nutrientes do solo. Numa toposseqüência típica da Baixada Fluminense (Planossolo Háplico - PL, Argissolo Amarelo - AA e Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelos - AV1 e AV2), buscou-se avaliar a influência da paisagem na distribuição de atributos químicos e no uso da água e o crescimento do Eucalyptus urophylla. Amostras de solo foram coletadas ao acaso em três locais da toposseqüência, para caracterização da sua fertilidade, enquanto outras foram retiradas de trincheiras nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 e 60-100 cm, para avaliação do estoque de C. A circunferência à altura do peito (CAP) e a altura (ALT) e análise isotópica do ?13C de tecido foliar de plantas em cada terço da paisagem foram também avaliadas como parâmetros de crescimento e de eficiência do uso da água. Embora a fertilidade do solo tenha se relacionado com o material parental local, o crescimento do eucalipto parece estar mais relacionado com a dinâmica de água na paisagem que com a maioria dos atributos químicos do solo, pois os maiores valores de CAP e ALT foram encontrados nos terços médio e inferior da toposseqüência, menos férteis. Os valores de ?13C de amostras foliares de eucaliptos dos terços superior e inferior fortalecem essa hipótese. Os estoques de C dos solos (4,75 kg m-2 para o PL, 4,63 kg m-2 para o AA, 2,93 kg m-2 para o AV2 e 2,60 kg m-2 para o AV1) se relacionaram com as diferenças na densidade do solo, conseqüência da própria mineralogia. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o relevo tem forte influência sobre os atributos químicos do solo, embora haja evidências de o crescimento do eucalipto se relacionar com a disponibilidade de água no solo.

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Na maioria dos solos cultivados intensivamente, tem-se observado degradacao, com drástica redução da produtividade e falta de resposta ao preparo do solo e ao uso de agroquimicos. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de cultivo do solo sobre as propriedades físico-química e biológica do solo, foram selecionadas 06 propriedades agrícolas irrigadas, com sistemas de cultivo convencional e direto e realizadas análises químicas, físicas e microbiológicas do solo em diferentes profundidades. Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de camadas compactadas nas profundidades de 10 a 30 cm. Na maioria das áreas de plantio convencional, devido a este fator, ocorreu condições propícias a alta incidência de doenças e redução da população microbiana do solo. Os resultados indicaram que os parâmetros de solo são os melhores indicadores de impacto ambiental dos sistemas agrícolas irrigados. Esses mesmos parâmetros permitem concluir a existência de desequilíbrio biológico gerado pela agricultura convencional, levando a redução da produtividade e aumentando os custos de produção por unidade de área.

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Gaseous mercury sampling conditions were optimized and a dynamic flux chamber was used to measure the air/surface exchange of mercury in some areas of the Negro river basin with different vegetal coverings. At the two forest sites (flooding and non-flooding), low mercury fluxes were observed: maximum of 3 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and minimum of -1 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. At the deforested site, the mercury fluxes were higher and always positive: maximum of 26 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and 17 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. Our results showed that deforestation could be responsible for significantly increasing soil Hg emissions, mainly because of the high soil temperatures reached at deforested sites.

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The objectives of this work was to estimate the number of soil subsamples considering the classical statistics and geostatistics and determine the spatial variability of soil fertility attributes of an Ultisol, with clay texture, in an area of regenerating natural vegetation in Alegre - ES. Soil samples were collected in a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, at the crossing points of a regular grid, comprising a total of 64 points located at 10 m-intervals. The area presented low fertility soil. Considering a variation of 5% around the mean in the classic statistics, it is necessary a larger number of samples in relation to geostatistics. All the chemical attributes showed moderate to high spatial dependence, except for the effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), which showed pure nugget effect. The spherical semivariogram model gave the best fit to the data. Isoline maps allowed visualizing the differentiated spatial distribution of the contents of soil chemical attributes.

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This work was done with the objective of studying some physical and mechanical characteristics of the sugarcane bagasse ash added to a soil-cement mixture, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The sugarcane bagasse ash pre-treatment included both sieving and grinding, before mixing with soil and cement. Different proportions of cement-ash were tested by determining its standard consistence and its compressive resistance at 7 and 28 days age. The various treatments were subsequently applied to the specimens molded with different soil-cement-ash mixtures which in turns were submitted to compaction, unconfined compression and water absorption laboratory tests. The results showed that it is possible to replace up to 20% of Portland cement by sugarcane bagasse ash without any damage to the mixture's compressive strength.

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The physical model was based on the method of Newton-Euler. The model was developed by using the scientific computer program Mathematica®. Several simulations where tried varying the progress speeds (0.69; 1.12; 1.48; 1.82 and 2.12 m s-1); soil profiles (sinoidal, ascending and descending ramp) and height of the profile (0.025 and 0.05 m) to obtain the normal force of soil reaction. After the initial simulations, the mechanism was optimized using the scientific computer program Matlab® having as criterion (function-objective) the minimization of the normal force of reaction of the profile (FN). The project variables were the lengths of the bars (L1y, L2, l3 and L4), height of the operation (L7), the initial length of the spring (Lmo) and the elastic constant of the spring (k t). The lack of robustness of the mechanism in relation to the variable height of the operation was outlined by using a spring with low rigidity and large length. The results demonstrated that the mechanism optimized showed better flotation performance in relation to the initial mechanism.

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The covering of the soil is an agricultural practice that intends to control the harmful herbs, to reduce the losses of water by evaporation of the soil, and to facilitate the harvest and the commercialization, once the product is cleaner and healthier. However, when the soil is covered important microclimatic parameters are also altered, and consequently the germination of seeds, the growth of roots, the absorption of water and nutrients, the metabolic activity of the plants and the carbohydrates storage. The current trial intended to evaluate the effect of soil covering with blue colored film on consumptive water-use in a lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa, L.). The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse in Araras - São Paulo State, Brazil from March 3rd, 2001 to May 5th, 2001. The consumptive water-use was measured through two weighing lysimeter installed inside the greenhouse. Crop spacing was 0.25 m x 0.25 m and the color of the film above soil was blue. Leaf area index (IAF), was measured six times (7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 40 days after transplant) and the water-use efficiency (EU) was measured at the end. The experimental design was subdivided portions with two treatments, bare soil and covered soil. The average consumptive water-use was 4.17 mm day-1 to the bare soil treatment and 3.11 mm day-1 to the covered soil treatment. The final leaf area index was 25.23 to the bare soil treatment and 24.39 to the covered soil treatment, and there was no statistical difference between then.

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The main objective of this work is the study of the effect of rice husk addition on the physical and mechanical properties of soil-cement, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The rice husk preparation consisted of grinding, sieving, and the pre-treatment with lime solution. The physical characteristics of the soil and of the rice husk were determined. Different amounts of soil, cement and rice husk were tested by compaction and unconfined compression. The specimens molded according to the treatments applied to the mixtures were subsequently submitted to compression testing and to tensile splitting cylinder testing at 7 and 28 days of age and to water absorption testing. After determining its physical and mechanical characteristics, the best results were obtained for the soil + 12% (cement + rice husk) mixture. The results showed a promising use as an alternative construction material.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is a reliable method for in-situ measurements of the humidity and the solution concentration at the same soil volume. Accurate interpretation of electrical conductivity (and soil humidity) measurements may require a specific calibration curve. The primary goal of this work was to establish a calibration procedure for using TDR to estimate potassium nitrate concentrations (KNO3) in soil solution. An equation relating the electrical conductivity measured by TDR and KNO3 concentration was established enabling the use of TDR technique to estimate soil water content and nitrate concentration for efficient fertigation management.