128 resultados para compassion
Resumo:
O principal objectivo do presente estudo é perceber de que forma a auto – compaixão se relaciona com o auto – criticismo e sintomas psicopatológicos, mais concretamente, a ansiedade, a depressão e o stress na adolescência. Paralelamente pretendeu-se testar a aplicação da escala de auto – compaixão a uma amostra de adolescentes pelo que se procedeu à sua adaptação e estudo das qualidades psicométricas a este período desenvolvimental específico. Fizeram parte da amostra 130 rapazes e 48 raparigas, com uma média de idades de 16.92 anos (DP=1.40) e uma média de anos de escolaridade de 9.99 (DP=1.67). No estudo apresentado foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: a Escala de Auto – Compaixão (SCS), a Escala de Ansiedade Depressão e Stress (EADS-21), e a Escala das Formas de Auto – Criticismo e de Auto – Tranquilização (FSCRS). A escala de auto – compaixão mostrou uma boa consistência interna e uma boa estabilidade temporal. Os resultados indicaram que os rapazes apresentam níveis de auto – compaixão significativamente mais elevados que as raparigas. Em ambos os sexos foram observadas correlações no sentido esperado entre a auto – compaixão e os estados emocionais negativos, o auto – criticismo e a auto – tranquilização. Por outras palavras, quanto maior o nível de auto – compaixão do adolescente, menor sintomatologia depressiva, ansiosa e associada ao stress apresenta, bem como menor é o seu auto – criticismo. Em contraste, quanto maior a auto – compaixão, maior a capacidade de se auto – tranquilizar. Conclusão: Partindo da investigação disponível em adultos, o contribuo do presente estudo consistiu em alargar para adolescentes não só a avaliação da auto-compaixão, como também a sua associação às variáveis em estudo. Assim, os resultados sugerem que nos adolescentes, a auto-compaixão pode diminuir a sua vulnerabilidade aos estados emocionais negativos traduzidos, quer por sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e de stress, quer pela adopção de um estilo auto-crítico exacerbado e disfuncional. / The main objective of this study is to understand how self - compassion is related to the self - criticism and psychopathological symptoms, specifically, anxiety, depression and stress in adolescence. At the same time we sought to test the application of the scale of self-pity to a sample of adolescents and it is carried to its adaptation and psychometric study of this specific developmental period. The sample included 130 boys and 48 girls with a mean age of 16.92 years (SD = 1.40) and average years of schooling was 9.99 (SD = 1.67). In the present study we used the following instruments: the Self - Compassion (SCS), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and the Forms of Self – Criticizing/Attacking and Self – Reassuring Scale (FSCRS). The scale of self- compassion showed good internal consistency and good temporal stability. The results indicated that the boys present levels of self - compassion significantly higher than girls. In both sexes were observed in the expected correlations between self-pity and negative emotional states, self-criticism and self-reassurance. In other words, the higher the level of adolescent self-pity, less depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress associated with the present as well as lower your self-criticism. In contrast, the larger the self-compassion, the greater the ability to self-reassuring. Conclusion: Based on the available research in adults, I contribute to this study was to extend to adolescents not only the assessment of self- compassion, as well as their association with variables. Thus, the results suggest that in adolescents, self- compassion can reduce their vulnerability to negative emotional states translated, either by symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress, either by adopting a self-critical style exaggerated and dysfunctional.
Resumo:
Introdução: São poucos os estudos que em Portugal se dedicaram a explorar constructos como o autocriticismo, autocompaixão, saúde mental e o comprometimento organizacional. São nossos objetivos analisar estas associações na Polícia de Segurança Pública, considerando igualmente a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais, bem como realizar análises preditivas que permitam verificar quais são as variáveis preditores do comprometimento organizacional. Metodologia: A amostra é constituída por 188 polícias com idades compreendidas entre os 30 e 56 anos (M = 43,75, DP = 5,66). Os participantes preencheram um protocolo integrante do projeto Organizar Positivamente do Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, composto por um questionário sociodemográfico, a SELFCS (Escala da Autocompaixão), a FSCRS (Escala das Formas do Autocriticismo e Autotranquilização), o MHI-5 (Mental Health Inventory) e o QCO (Questionário do Comprometimento Organizacional). Resultados: Os polícias parecem regular a sua relação com a organização através do comprometimento calculativo. A autocompaixão associa-se positivamente ao comprometimento afetivo, sobressaindo a capacidade de mindfulness. O autocriticismo, na forma eu inadequado - menos corrosivo que a forma eu detestado -, revela uma relação positiva com o comprometimento calculativo, pelo que a permanência na organização pode ser emocionalmente negativa, originar ataques ao eu e diminuir a capacidade afetiva. Porém, a capacidade autotranquilizadora (forma eu tranquilizador do autocriticismo) parece capacitar os polícias para o desenvolvimento de maiores níveis de comprometimento organizacional e afetivo. A idade, a antiguidade e menos habilitações literárias parecem favorecer o comprometimento calculativo. Discussão: A autocompaixão pode contribuir para uma atitude positiva e afetuosa do polícia para com a organização. Assim, através de uma intervenção baseada na autocompaixão e no mindfulness, com impacto positivo no comportamento afetivo e normativo, não só se poderá preservar e promover a saúde e o bem-estar dos polícias, mas também fomentar o empenho organizacional, atenuando os efeitos negativos da profissão policial. Esta abordagem poderá contribuir para os objetivos organizacionais, através da supressão das emoções aversivas, da diminuição da intenção de turnover e abandono da organização. / Introduction: There are few studies in Portugal that have been dedicated to explore constructs such as self-criticism, self-compassion, mental health and organizational commitment. Our goals are to analyze these associations at the Public Safety Police, considering also the influence of sociodemographic and professionals variables, as well as to conduct predictive analyses, in order to verify which variables may predict organizational commitment. Methodology: The sample consisted of 188 police with ages between 30 and 56 years (M = 43.75, SD = 5.66). The participants filled in a protocol from the project Organizar Positivamente, from Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, composed by a sociodemographic questionnaire, the SELFCS (Self-Compassion Scale), the FSCRS (Scale of Forms of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance, the MHI-5 (Mental Health Inventory) and the QCO (Organizational Commitment Questionnaire). Results: The police officers appear to regulate their relationship with the organization through calculative commitment. Self-compassion is associated positively to affective commitment, with mindfulness showing to be the most important competence in this professional group. Self-criticism, in its inadequate self form – which is less corrosive than the hated self form - reveals a positive relationship with calculative commitment, which might imply that staying in the organization may be emotionally negative, may provoke attacks against the self and diminish the affective capacity. However, the self reassurance capacity (reassure self form of self-criticism) may enable the police officers to develop higher levels of organizational commitment and affective commitment, as well. Age, seniority and fewer qualifications seem to support the calculative commitment. Discussion: Through self-compassion police officers may experience a positive and warmth attitude towards the organization. Thus, an intervention program based on self-compassion and mindfulness may stimulate affective and normative commitment, not only preserving and promoting health and the well-being of police officers, but also fostering organizational commitment and mitigating negative effects in the police profession. This approach may contribute to organizational goals’ through the suppression of aversive emotions, decreasing turnover and intention to abandon the organization.
Resumo:
Nursing codes of ethics and conduct are features of professional practice across the world, and in the UK, the regulator has recently consulted on and published a new code. Initially part of a professionalising agenda, nursing codes have recently come to represent a managerialist and disciplinary agenda and nursing can no longer be regarded as a self-regulating profession.This paper argues that codes of ethics and codes of conduct are significantly different in form and function similar to the difference between ethics and law in everyday life. Some codes successfully integrate these two functions within the same document, while others, principally the UK Code, conflate them resulting in an ambiguous document unable to fulfil its functions effectively. The paper analyses the differences between ethical- codes and conduct-codes by discussing titles, authorship, level, scope for disagreement, consequences of transgression, language and finally and possibly most importantly agent-centeredness. It is argued that conduct codes cannot require nurses to be compassionate because compassion involves an emotional response. The concept of kindness provides a plausible alternative for conduct-codes as it is possible to understand it solely in terms of acts. But if kindness is required in conduct-codes, investigation and possible censure follows from its absence. Using examples it is argued that there are at last five possible accounts of the absence of kindness. As well as being potentially problematic for disciplinary panels, difficulty in understanding the features of blameworthy absence of kindness may challenge UK nurses who, following a recently introduced revalidation procedure, are required to reflect on their practice in relation to The Code. It is concluded that closer attention to metaethical concerns by code writers will better support the functions of their issuing organisations.
Resumo:
A presente investigação pretendeu ver cumpridos três dos principais objetivos: 1) Estudar as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas que caracterizam os doentes com cancro do pulmão; 2) Explorar a relação entre o ajustamento mental ao cancro do pulmão, a autocompaixão, o suporte social e os estados emocionais negativos dos doentes; 3) Examinar o impacto da autocompaixão e do suporte social em relação ao ajustamento mental e aos estados emocionais negativos em doentes com cancro do pulmão. A amostra é constituída por 55 indivíduos (38 homens e 17 mulheres) diagnosticados com cancro do pulmão e com idades compreendidas entre os 44 e os 87 anos, acompanhados medicamente no Hospital de Dia de Oncologia do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra. Como instrumentos de medida para avaliar o ajustamento mental ao cancro, a autocompaixão, o suporte social e os estados emocionais negativos dos participantes foram utilizadas a Escala de Ajustamento Mental ao Cancro (MiniMac), a Escala de Autocompaixão (Selfcs), a Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social (Esss) e a Escala de Sintomatologia Psicopatológica (Eads-21). Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma associação significativa entre algumas variáveis clínicas, nomeadamente ser fumador, perceção da gravidade da doença, existência de antecedentes familiares com doença oncológica, e as variáveis em estudo (ajustamento mental, autocompaixão, suporte social e psicopatologia). Foram ainda encontradas correlações significativas entre o ajustamento mental e as estratégias de regulação emocional (autocompaixão), suporte social e psicopatologia. Por último, as análises de regressão linear múltipla mostraram que o modelo preditor da sintomatologia depressiva e do ajustamento mental (avaliado pela dimensão de desânimo) inclui o mindfulness como um preditor significativo. Já em relação ao modelo preditor do stress, o grau de satisfação com o suporte dos amigos revelou ser um contributo importante. Estes resultados têm implicações práticas, sugerindo que estes doentes podem no seu programa terapêutico beneficiar do desenvolvimento deste tipo de estratégias (novas formas de se relacionarem com as suas experiências emocionais e qualidade das suas redes sociais) no sentido de promover um melhor ajustamento mental à sua condição. / The current investigation intended to study three main objetives: 1) to study the sociodemographical and clinical variables which characterize those who suffer from lung cancer; 2) to explore the relation between the mental adjustment to lung cancer, selfcompassion, social support and the negative mental conditions of the sick person; 3) to analyse the impact of self-compassion and the social support in relation to the mental adjustment and to the negative mental conditions of a sick person with lung cancer. The sample is made of 55 individuals (38 males and 17 females) diagnosed with lung cancer, aged between 44 and 87 years old, using medicines at the Hospital de Dia de Oncologia do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra. The Mini Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (MiniMac), the Self-Compassion Scale (Selfcs), the Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social (Esss) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (Eads-21) scales were used as measuring instruments of evaluation of the mental adjustment to lung cancer, selfcompassion, social support and the negative mental conditions of the sick person. The results revealed a significant association between some clinical variables (being a smoker, awareness of the gravity of sickness, precedent relatives who suffered from cancer) and the variables in study (mental adjustment, self-compassion, social support and psychopathology). There were also found significant correlations between mental adjustment and the strategies used for emotional adjustment (self-compassion), the social support and the psychopathology. At last the multiple linear regretting analysis has shown that the predictor model of depressive symptomatology and the mental adjustment (analysed by the discouragement dimension) includes mindfulness as a significant predictor. However in what concerns to the stress model predictor, the satisfaction level with friends support revealed itself has being of high importance. These results have practical consequences, suggesting that sick people can benefit in their therapeutic program of these kind of strategies (new ways of leading with their emotional experiences and the quality of their social relationships) so they can promote a better mental adjustment to their health condition.
Resumo:
Introdução: Na literatura internacional e nacional verifica-se a inexistência de estudos sobre os correlatos psicológicos de cuidadores formais, como a resiliência e o coping. Apesar de se reconhecer a importância de uma prestação de cuidados mais compassivos e humanizados, mais uma vez, não existem estudos nesta área. Este facto estende-se aos cuidadores formais que trabalham com pessoas em situação de dependência, na Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados. Assim, foram nossos objetivos: caraterizar os cuidadores formais de algumas Unidades de Cuidados Continuados (UCC) da RNCCI em variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais; analisar os seus níveis de resiliência, coping e autocompaixão; verificar se existem associações significativas entre estas variáveis e com as variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais. Metodologia: 78 cuidadores formais (sexo feminino, n = 76; 97,4%), com uma média de idades de 35,45 anos (DP = 9,0) forneceram o seu consentimento informado para preencherem um questionário sociodemográfico e profissional, a Escala de Avaliação Global da Resiliência, o Brief COPE e a Self Compassion Scale (SELFCS). Resultados: Os cuidadores revelaram um nível médio de resiliência (total). A dimensão de coping com média mais elevada foi o Coping ativo e a com média mais baixa foi o Uso de substâncias. Na SELFCS a dimensão com média mais elevada foi o Calor/compreensão e a com média mais baixa foi o Isolamento. No geral, a pontuação total de resiliência correlacionou-se de forma positiva com as dimensões positivas da autocompaixão (SELFCS) e de forma negativa com as dimensões negativas desta escala. As dimensões mais positivas de coping correlacionaram-se de forma positiva com as dimensões positivas de autocompaixão e as mais negativas de coping com as dimensões negativas de autocompaixão. Quanto maior a idade dos cuidadores menor o nível de Suporte Emocional e maior o nível de Religião e Mindfulness. Mais horas de trabalho associaram-se a menor resiliência e a maior nível de Suporte Emocional Discussão: Este estudo revelou, ainda que numa amostra reduzida, que os cuidadores formais das UCC parecem revelar níveis equilibrados em correlatos psicológicos importantes quando se “cuida” de outra pessoa. Porém, as UCC devem preocupar-se em fomentar, junto dos cuidadores, níveis mais elevados de resiliência, estratégias mais positivas de coping e a compaixão auto e hétero dirigida, para assegurar um “cuidar” mais pleno quer para os profissionais, quer para aqueles que são cuidados. / Introduction: In the international and national literature, we verified the inexistence of studies about psychological correlates of formal caregivers, such as resilience and coping. Although the importance of more humanized and compassive care is recognized, again, there are no studies in this area. This is also verified regarding formal caregivers that work with people in a dependence situation, as in the National Network of Continuous Care. Our aims were to characterize the formal caregivers from some units of the National Network of Continuous Care in sociodemographic and professional variables; analyze these professionals levels of resilience, coping and self-compassion; verify if there are significant associations between these variables and with the sociodemographic and professional variables. Methodology: 78 formal caregivers (female, n = 76; 97,4%), with an mean age of 35,45 years (SD = 9,0) provided their informed consent to fill in a professional and sociodemographic questionnaire, the Global Resiliency Evaluation Scale, the Brief COPE and the Self Compassion Scale (SELFCS). Results: The caregivers showed a medium level of resilience. The coping dimension with the highest mean was Active coping and the dimension with the lowest mean was Substance Use. Regarding SELFCS the dimension with the highest mean was Warmth, contrasting with Isolation, the dimension with the lowest mean. Overall, the total score of resilience was positively correlated with self-compassion positive dimensions (SELFCS) and negatively correlated with the negative dimensions of this scale. The most positive dimensions of coping were positively correlated with the positive dimensions of self-compassion and the most negative dimensions of coping were correlated with the negative dimensions of self-compassion. Older caregivers showed lower use of Emotional support and higher level of Religion and Mindfulness use. More daily hours of work were associated with less resilience and higher Emotional Support. Discussion: This study revealed, although in a small sample, that Continuous Care Units (CCU) formal caregivers seem to have balanced levels of psychological correlates that are important while caring for others. However, the CCU should promote, in the caregivers higher levels of resilience, coping and self-compassion, to ensure a better care, simultaneously the professionals and patients.
Resumo:
Introdução: Alguns estudos internacionais e nacionais têm-se dedicado a estudar as caraterísticas psicológicas de profissionais/cuidadores que trabalham na área da prestação de cuidados a pessoas com doença e deficiência mental. Porém, segundo temos conhecimento são escassos ou mesmo inexistentes os estudos que abordem os níveis de autocriticismo, autocompaixão e comprometimento organizacional destes profissionais/cuidadores. Foram nossos objetivos: caraterizar uma amostra de cuidadores formais/profissionais que trabalham com pessoas com doença e deficiência mental em diferentes variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais; analisar os níveis de autocriticismo, autocompaixão e comprometimento organizacional destes cuidadores formais/profissionais, bem como explorar as associações entre todas estas variáveis (entre si e com as variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais). Metodologia: 55 cuidadores formais de pessoas com doença/deficiência mental (sexo feminino/n = 49, 84,5%; idade média de 45,21; DP = 10,92; variação = 22-65) preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico, o Questionário de Comprometimento Organizacional, a Escala das Formas do Autocriticismo e Autotranquilização e a Escala de Autocompaixão. Resultados: O Eu inadequado apresentou um valor médio bastante maior que o Eu detestado. O valor médio do Eu tranquilizador foi superior a qualquer dimensão de autocriticismo. O Calor-Compreensão (autocompaixão) apresentou o valor médio mais elevado e a Autocrítica o valor médio mais baixo. O Eu inadequado e detestado associaram-se positivamente às dimensões negativas de autocompaixão e o Eu tranquilizador às dimensões positivas de autocompaixão. O Comprometimento Afetivo associou-se positivamente ao Autocriticismo total. O Comprometimento Calculativo associou-se positivamente ao Eu detestado, que foi seu preditor. O Comprometimento Normativo associou-se de forma positiva ao Eu detestado, Autocriticismo total e idade negativamente ao Mindfulness. A idade foi o seu preditor. O Comprometimento Afetivo associou-se positivamente aos meses de trabalho na instituição, que foram seus preditores. Os cuidadores com um familiar com deficiência mental tiveram um valor mais baixo de Eu inadequado. Discussão: No geral, esta amostra de cuidadores formais apresentou caraterísticas psicológicas que nos tranquilizam quanto ao papel que desempenham junto de pessoas com doença/deficiência mental, mas as instituições devem sempre encontrar formas de estimular os níveis de comprometimento e autocompaixão dos seus profissionais. / Introduction: Some international and national studies have focused on studying the psychological characteristics of professionals/caregivers working with people with mental disease and intelectual disability. However, to our knowledge, the studies exploring levels of selfcriticism, self-compassion and organizational commitment in these professionals are scarce or even nonexistent. Our goals were to: characterize a sample of formal caregivers/professionals who work with people with mental illness and intellectual in different sociodemographic and professional variables; analyze the levels of selfcriticism, self-compassion and organizational commitment of these formal caregivers/professionals, as well as explore the associations between all these variables (with each other and with the sociodemographic and professional variables and professionals). Methodology: 55 caregivers of people with mental disease/intelectual disability (female/n = 49, 84.5%; mean age of 45,21; DP = 10,92; variation = 22-65) completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Commitment questionnaire, the Forms of Self Criticism Rating Scale and the Self- Compassion Scale. Results: Inadequate Self had na higher mean value than the Hated Self. The mean value of the Reassuring Self was higher than any dimension of selfcriticism. Self-Kindness was the one with a higher mean value (of self-compassion) and Self-Judjment the one with the lowest mean value. The Inadequate Self and the Hated Self were positively associated with the negative dimensions of selfcompassion and the Reassuring Self with the positive dimensions of selfcompassion. The Affective Commitment was positively associated to total selfcriticism. The Continuance Commitment was associated with the Hated Self (positively), being its predictor. The Normative Commitment was positively associated to the Hated Self, the total selfcriticism and age and negatively to Mindfulness. Age was its predictor. The Affective Commitment was positively associated to months of work at the institution. This variable was its predictor. Professionals with a family member with intellectual disability had a lower value of Inadequate Self. Discussion: In general, this sample of formal caregivers presented psychological characteristics that reassure us about the role that they have while working with people with mental disease/intellectual disability, but the institutions must always find ways of stimulating the commitment and selfcompassion levels of their professionals.
Resumo:
A presente investigação pretendeu validar para a população portuguesa de adolescentes a Escala de Memórias Precoces de Calor e Segurança em Relação ao Grupo de Pares (EMPCSPares) bem como ver cumpridos os seus principais objetivos: 1) Adaptação da escala de memórias precoces de calor e segurança (EMPCS), enquanto medida global, para o contexto de interação com o grupo de pares; 2) Explorar a validade de construto através da análise fatorial exploratória (estudo da dimensionalidade); 3) Analisar a consistência interna do instrumento e explorar a qualidade dos itens; 4) Examinar a validade convergente e divergente através da associação com outras variáveis semelhantes e distintas do construto em análise; 5) Analisar possíveis efeitos das variáveis sociodemográficas, como a idade, género e escolaridade nos resultados da escala, bem como a sua associação com a perceção global de qualidade vida; 6) Comparar as memórias precoces emocionais em função da qualidade de vinculação (segura e insegura). A amostra é constituída por 354 jovens (152 rapazes e 202 raparigas), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos (M= 15,81; DP = 1,58) a frequentar o ensino básico e secundário do sistema regular de ensino público (7ºano de escolaridade ao 12º ano de escolaridade). Do protocolo constam os seguintes instrumentos: escala de memórias precoces de calor e segurança no contexto familiar (EMPCSFamília) e na interação com o grupo de pares (EMPCSPares); escala de auto-compaixão (SCS-A); escala de vergonha externa (OAS – A); questionário de vinculação (AQ-C); escala de ansiedade, depressão e stress (EADS-21). Os resultados obtidos mostram que a escala tem uma estrutura unidimensional, possui uma excelente consistência interna, uma estabilidade temporal adequada, assim como uma boa validade convergente e divergente. Revelou igualmente discriminar os jovens com uma vinculação segura dos que apresentam uma vinculação insegura. Apesar da necessidade de mais estudos, nomeadamente a realizar em amostras clínicas, a EMPCSPares mostrou ser um instrumento robusto e útil na avaliação de memórias emocionais no contexto de interação com os pares, constituindo um contributo relevante para a investigação e prática clínica com adolescentes. / This research intends to validate for the Portuguese population of adolescents the Early Memories Scale Heat and Safety Relative to Peer Group (EMPCSPares) and see fulfilled its main objectives: 1) The early warm and security memories scale adaptation (EMPCS), as a global measure for the interaction context with the peer group; 2) Explore the construct validity by exploratory factor analysis (study of dimensionality); 3) To analyze the internal consistency of the instrument and explore the quality of the items; 4) Examine the convergent and divergent validity by association with other similar and different variables of the construct in question; 5) Analyze possible effects of sociodemographic variables such as age, gender and education in the scale results, as well as its association with the global perception of quality of life; 6) compare the emotional early memories due to the link quality (secure and insecure). The sample consists of 354 children (152 boys and 202 girls), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.81, SD = 1.58) attending basic and secondary education in the regular public education system (7th grade to 12th grade). The Protocol contains the following instruments: Scale of early heat and security memories in the family context (EMPCSFamily) and interaction with the peer group (EMPCSPairs) ; Self - compassion scale (SCS-A); external shame scale (OAS - A); linking questionnaire (AQ- C) ; scale of anxiety, stress and depression (EADS 21) . The results obtained show that the scale has a one-dimensional structure, has an excellent internal consistency, an adequate temporal stability as well as good convergent and divergent validity. It also showed discriminate young people with a secure attachment of those who have an insecure attachment. Despite the need for further studies, including the conduct of clinical samples, the EMPCSPares proved to be a robust and useful tool in the evaluation of emotional memories in the context of interaction with peers, constituting an important contribution to research and clinical practice with adolescents.
Resumo:
The purpose of the present study was to test the efficacy of an 8-week online intervention-based Positive Mindfulness Program (PMP) that integrated mindfulness with a series of positive psychology variables, with a view to improving wellbeing scores measured in these variables. The positive mindfulness cycle, based on positive intentions and savouring, provides the theoretical foundation for the PMP. The study was based on a randomised wait-list controlled trial; and 168 participants (128 females, mean age = 40.82) completed the intervention which included daily videos, meditations, and activities. The variables tested included wellbeing measures, such as gratitude, self-compassion, self-efficacy, meaning, and autonomy. Pre- and post- intervention data, including one month after the end of the intervention, were collected from both experimental and control groups. The post-test measurements of the experimental participants showed a significant improvement in all the dependent variables compared with the pre-test ones and were also significantly higher than those of the control group. One month after the intervention, the experimental group participants retained their improvement in 10 out of the 11 measurements. These positive results indicate that PMP may be effective in enhancing wellbeing and other positive variables in adult, non-clinical populations.
Resumo:
O auto-criticismo é um traço de personalidade preditor de psicopatologia. Sabe-se que indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo tendem a processar a compaixão como um estímulo ameaçador. Apesar destes dados, a literatura é escassa no que se refere à forma como os indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo reagem perante emoções complexas, como o criticismo e a compaixão. Desta forma, no presente estudo foram utilizadas faces de compaixão, criticismo e neutras como estímulos distratores, em que o estímulo relevante consistiu na identificação de uma letra num conjunto delas. Os resultados mostraram que as pessoas com elevado auto-criticismo tenderam a errar mais e a ter maiores tempos de resposta na tarefa principal quando o estímulo distrator foi uma face de compaixão. Estes dados sugerem que a atenção automática de indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo pode ser afetada perante estímulos faciais de compaixão.
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L’épuisement professionnel (ÉP) chez les psychothérapeutes constitue une problématique ayant un impact sur la qualité des soins offerts à des patients généralement vulnérables ou en état de détresse psychologique. Certaines recherches s’intéressant à l’étude de l’ÉP chez les psychothérapeutes ont fait état que certaines vulnérabilités narcissiques puissent prédisposer à l’ÉP. L’objectif principal de cette étude est de mieux comprendre l’influence que peuvent avoir les vulnérabilités narcissiques sur les symptômes de l’ÉP en prenant en considération le contexte de pratique. En deuxième temps, cette étude tente d’explorer la relation que l’empathie peut entretenir à la fois avec l’ÉP et avec le modèle à l’étude. Nous avons également pris en compte certaines variables démographiques. Afin de répondre aux objectifs de recherche, 240 participants âgés entre 24 et 77 ans ont été invités à remplir une batterie de questionnaires auto-administrés sur les variables à l’étude. Ces questionnaires sont le Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), le Hypersensitive Narcissim Scale (HSNS), le Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), le Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), le Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), le Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL), et un questionnaire à propos des informations démographiques et du contexte de pratique de psychothérapie. Des analyses bivariées, de corrélation de Pearson et de régressions multiples hiérarchiques ont été conduites afin de répondre aux objectifs et aux hypothèses proposées. Les résultats indiquent, dans un premier temps, un lien négatif entre l’ÉP et différentes variables liées au contexte de pratique tel que le nombre d’années d’expérience de pratique en psychothérapie, et, dans iv un deuxième temps, plusieurs liens significatifs entre différentes mesures de l’ÉP et plusieurs aspects du narcissisme, majoritairement associé à la dimension vulnérable. L’empathie semble également avoir un rôle prédicteur de l’ÉP. La discussion rend compte du lien entre les variables démographiques et liées au contexte de pratique et l’ÉP, entre le narcissisme, plus particulièrement les aspects s’étant révélés significatifs lors des analyses, et l’ÉP, et du lien entre l’empathie, le narcissisme et l’ÉP, afin de réfléchir au rôle de l’empathie dans le modèle à l’étude. Les implications cliniques et scientifiques découlant des résultats, les limites de l’étude ainsi que les pistes de recherche futures sont présentées.
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Der folgende Beitrag beschreibt am Beispiel einer akademischen Begegnung mit Israelis und Palästinensern Dialogarbeit zur Überwindung von Vorurteilen und Feindbildern. Durch solche Begegnungen können monolithische Schwarz-Weiß-Denkstrukturen überwunden werden. Das Zuhören beim Erzählen persönlicher Lebensgeschichten kann Empathie auslösen und eigene monolithische "Narrative" in Frage stellen. Beim didaktischen Konzept solcher Dialogprozesse ist auf den Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit besonderer Wert zu legen. (DIPF/Orig.)
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This research thesis explored the concept of empathy. The specific purpose was to further understand the idea of empathy in relation to the experience of male support workers who provide residential care to adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) and challenging behaviour. The thesis aimed to provide some insights into how support workers develop and extract meaning from their experiences of relationships with clients and the impact of this on their own self-care, namely, self-compassion. Since personal accounts of experience were required, a qualitative methodology was employed, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (Smith, 2004). This methodology was selected as it allows for the exploration and interpretation of idiographic lived experience and meaning making. 8 experienced support workers were interviewed using a semi structured interview. Four superordinate themes emerged from the data. These included: 1. Making sense of the others inner world; 2. Processes that enhance empathic practice; 3. Tensions and conflicts, and 4. Management of distressing feelings. Differing accounts of interpreting the needs of clients were identified which helped participants understand, make sense of their interpersonal experience and participate in their role. These included utilising academic knowledge and senses, particularly sight and hearing, which were seemingly complemented by a level of reflective practice. Additionally, to make sense of the experience of a client, they appeared to put themselves in their position, suggesting a form of empathy. Participants appeared to engage in a process of reflection on their relationships with clients, which helped them think about what they had learned about the person’s needs, moreover, this process enabled them to identify some of their own responses and feelings. However, participants seemed to struggle to recognise the occurrence or impact of distressing emotional experience and to express their feelings, possibly in response to a deep sense of responsibility and fear of transferring emotional distress to others. This dilemma of holding two potentially conflicting views of experience seemed to inhibit self-compassion. Although not specifically testing theories of empathy, from the overall findings, it could be suggested that empathy may be a dynamic, transient process that is influenced by reflexivity, values and context. The context in which participants discussed their practice, and situated within their accounts, suggested a sense of confusion and uncertainty. Consequently, it is suggested this impacted on how participants understood and related to clients, and to themselves. There were some specific implications for Counselling Psychology practice, mostly concerning training and supervision. These included recommendations for staff training and supervision, systemic organisational intervention, policy development, recommendations for revisions to models of specialist care frameworks and clinical training.
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Background: The Flexibility of Responses to Self-Critical Thoughts Scale (FoReST) is a questionnaire that was developed to assess whether people can be psychologically flexible when experiencing critical thoughts about themselves. This measure could have important application for evaluating third wave therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Compassion Focused therapy (CFT). This study investigated the validity (concurrent, predictive and incremental), internal consistency and factor structure of the FoReST in a sample of people experiencing mental health difficulties. Method: A total of 132 individuals attending Primary Care and Community Mental Health Teams within NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHS GGC) and Psychological Therapy Teams within NHS Lanarkshire participated in this study. Participants completed a battery of assessments that included the FoReST and related measures of similar constructs (psychological flexibility, self-compassion and self-criticism) and measures of mental health and well-being. A cross-sectional correlational design was used. Results: An Exploratory factor analysis described an interpretable 2-factor structure within the items of the FoReST: unworkable action and experiential avoidance. The FoReST demonstrated good internal consistency ( = .89). Concurrent validity was supported through moderate to strong correlations with similar measures and moderate correlations with other mental health and well-being outcomes. Conclusions: The FoReST appears to be a valid assessment measure for using with individuals experiencing mental health difficulties. This new measure will be of use for practitioners using ACT, CFT and those integrating both, to help monitor the process of change in flexibility and self-critical thinking across therapy. Further longitudinal studies are required to assess the test-retest reliability of the FoReST.
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Au cours du siècle dernier, des améliorations au niveau des conditions de vie ainsi que des avancées importantes dans les sciences biomédicales ont permis de repousser les frontières de la vie. Jusqu’au début du XXe Siècle, la mort était un processus relativement bref, survenant à la suite de maladies infectieuses et avait lieu à la maison. À présent, elle survient plutôt après une longue bataille contre des maladies incurables et des afflictions diverses liées à la vieillesse et a le plus souvent lieu à l’hôpital. Pour comprendre la souffrance du malade d’aujourd’hui et l’aborder, il faut comprendre ce qu’engendre comme ressenti ce nouveau contexte de fin de vie autant pour le patient que pour le clinicien qui en prend soin. Cette thèse se veut ainsi une étude exploratoire et critique des enjeux psychologiques relatifs à cette mort contemporaine avec un intérêt premier pour l’optimisation du soulagement de la souffrance existentielle du patient dans ce contexte. D’abord, je m’intéresserai à la souffrance du patient. À travers un examen critique des écrits, une définition précise et opérationnelle, comportant des critères distinctifs, de ce qu’est la souffrance existentielle en fin de vie sera proposée. Je poserai ainsi l’hypothèse que la souffrance peut être définie comme une forme de construction de l’esprit s’articulant autour de trois concepts : intégrité, altérité et temporalité. D’abord, intégrité au sens où initialement l’individu malade se sent menacé dans sa personne (relation à soi). Ensuite, altérité au sens où la perception de ses conditions extérieures a un impact sur la détresse ressentie (relation à l’Autre). Et finalement, temporalité au sens où l’individu souffrant de façon existentielle semble bien souvent piégé dans un espace-temps particulier (relation au temps). Ensuite, je m’intéresserai à la souffrance du soignant. Dans le contexte d’une condition terminale, il arrive que des interventions lourdes (p. ex. : sédation palliative profonde, interventions invasives) soient discutées et même proposées par un soignant. Je ferai ressortir diverses sources de souffrance propres au soignant et générées par son contact avec le patient (exemples de sources de souffrance : idéal malmené, valeurs personnelles, sentiment d’impuissance, réactions de transfert et de contre-transfert, identification au patient, angoisse de mort). Ensuite, je mettrai en lumière comment ces dites sources de souffrance peuvent constituer des barrières à l’approche de la souffrance du patient, notamment par l’influence possible sur l’approche thérapeutique choisie. On constatera ainsi que la souffrance d’un soignant contribue par moment à mettre en place des mesures visant davantage à l’apaiser lui-même au détriment de son patient. En dernier lieu, j'élaborerai sur la façon dont la rencontre entre un soignant et un patient peut devenir un espace privilégié afin d'aborder la souffrance. J'émettrai certaines suggestions afin d'améliorer les soins de fin de vie par un accompagnement parvenant à mettre la technologie médicale au service de la compassion tout en maintenant la singularité de l'expérience du patient. Pour le soignant, ceci nécessitera une amélioration de sa formation, une prise de conscience de ses propres souffrances et une compréhension de ses limites à soulager l'Autre.
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El Control Financiero constituye una herramienta importante para la toma de decisiones económicas independientemente, si se trata de una empresa privada, institución pública o una Organización sin Fines de Lucro. Los Organismos no Gubernamentales u Organizaciones sin Fines de Lucro se caracterizan por su empeño y contribución en el desarrollo económico-social de la sociedad, objetivo que tratan de alcanzar a través de diferentes vías y una de ellas es por medio de la ejecución de proyectos. La Organización Compassion International a través de los Centros de Desarrollo Integral ubicados en diferentes áreas geográficas de El Salvador, trabaja con familias de escasos recursos proporcionándoles los medios necesarios para la ejecución de proyectos como granjas, agricultura, panadería, entre otros, con el propósito de generar fuentes de ingreso para los sectores más limitados del país. El objetivo general de esta investigación es proveer de una guía de control financiero que sea útil para la toma de decisiones de los responsables en los proyectos de inversión; que impulsan los Centros de Desarrollo Integral, y así mantener un adecuado control administrativo-financiero en los proyectos que estos realizan, ya que cuenta con modelos que ayudará a personas que aunque no poseen amplios conocimientos en materia contable, a llevar un adecuado registro y control de los Ingresos, Costos y Gastos que generan la realización de una actividad, permitiéndoles de esta manera obtener información financiera oportuna, confiable y apropiada para la toma de decisiones. La metodología utilizada consistió en un estudio de tipo analítico-descriptivo, ya que se ha identificado cómo influye la falta de una herramienta de control financiero para la toma de decisiones en los proyectos de inversión de los Centros de Desarrollo Integral y el principal objetivo de la investigación es proporcionar un mecanismo que ayude a los ejecutores responsables de la inversión a mantener un adecuado control sobre las misma, registrando de forma oportuna los gastos y costos necesarios en los que se ha incurrido para llevar a cabo el desarrollo de cada una de las etapas, hasta que los productos estén listos para la venta y posteriormente determinar la utilidad o pérdida que generó la realización de una actividad económica. Las conclusiones más importantes que se obtuvieron en el desarrollo de la investigación son: La falta de un sistema de control administrativo financiero para la toma de decisiones en los proyectos ejecutados por las familias beneficiadas de los Centros de Desarrollo Integral, vuelve susceptible la seguridad y el manejo adecuado de los recursos asignados para el desarrollo de un proyecto. Una orientación previa a una inversión; para saber en qué invertir es de suma importancia sobre todo cuando no se posee experiencia en el área determinada a experimentar puesto que toda inversión lleva implícito un grado de riesgo y no implementar estudios sobre la factibilidad y viabilidad de un proyecto, genera la posibilidad de que este no cumpla con las expectativas económicas esperadas o no llegue a concluirse. El proceso para la toma de decisiones varía dependiendo la naturaleza de la organización ya que este puede ir desde decisiones intuitivas, hasta decisiones basadas en conocimientos científicos, pasando por el tipo de decisiones imitativas, obligadas o simplemente caprichosas entre otras, aunque ahora la tendencia es cada vez mayor a utilizar la base científica, buscando optimizar, maximizar o satisfacer los resultados dependiendo de la situación que se presenta. Las recomendaciones efectuadas son: Es importante la creación de una herramienta diseñada para establecer un control financiero en los proyectos de inversión de los Centros de Desarrollo Integral, ya que el control financiero garantiza que los fondos y los recursos sean utilizados de manera eficiente y adecuada. Realizar una evaluación de criterios para obtener un parámetro sobre la rentabilidad de un proyecto determinado y los beneficios económicos y sociales que genera su ejecución, a través de estudios de factibilidad y viabilidad. Efectuar la toma de decisiones bajo una plataforma de información financiera generada confiablemente a través de un control interno eficiente, debido a que tomar decisiones no es un tema que se pueda ejercer con poco conocimiento por lo que es importante que el responsable previo a tomar una decisión pueda realizar un análisis de las variables internas como externas que puedan afectar el desarrollo normal de las actividades de un negocio. Fomentar un modelo de administración financiera es importante en una empresa porque establece la pauta para tomar decisiones relevantes en la organización, ya que las finanzas reflejan el rumbo de la entidad y cuál es el momento adecuado para tomar la decisión y aplicar medidas correctivas si son necesarias, para alcanzar los objetivos trazados por la administración.