Personality and the healthy lifestyle as predictors of physical health: Can the healthy lifestyle be explained by personality?

In health and epidemiological research, the Healthy Lifestyle (HLS) is often invoked as an explanation for inconsistent effects. Modifiable components of the HLS are advocated as a panacea for the most common threats to public health. Biases resulting from the HLS are theorized to result from covariance among its components. This covariance has not yet been formally modeled. Furthermore, no mechanism has been proposed to explain this covariance among these factors. Using three large nationally representative samples, I evaluated the HLS as a latent variable. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) I evaluated the degree to which the shared variance of HLS components is accounted for by personality traits, and tested the HLS as a mediator of the personality health relationship. Across all three samples, the HLS fits well as a latent variable, is partially accounted for by personality traits, and mediates the effects of personality traits on health. In all cases personality traits have direct effects on health independent of the HLS. These results suggest that the utility of personality traits as predictors of health exceeds that provided by commonly used lifestyle predictors.

TESTING THE JOINT ROLES OF CAREER DECISION SELF-EFFICACY AND PERSONALITY TRAITS IN THE PREDICTION OF CAREER INDECISION

Career decision-making self-efficacy and the Big Five traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness were examined as predictors of career indecision in a sample of 181 undergraduates. Participants completed an online survey. I predicted that the Big Five traits and career decision-making self-efficacy would (a) interrelate moderately and (b) each relate significantly and moderately to career indecision. In addition, I predicted that career decision-making self-efficacy would partially mediate the relationships between the Big Five traits and career indecision, while the Big Five traits were predicted to moderate the relationship between career decision-making self-efficacy and career indecision. Finally, I predicted that career decision-making self-efficacy would account for a greater amount of unique variance in career indecision than the Big Five traits. All predicted correlations were significant. Career decision-making self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship of Extraversion to career indecision and partially mediated the relationships of Neuroticism and Conscientiousness to career indecision. Conscientiousness was found to moderate the relationship of career decision-making self-efficacy to career indecision such that the negative relation between self-efficacy and career indecision was stronger in the presence of high conscientiousness. This study builds upon existing research on the prediction of career indecision by examining potential mediating and moderating relationships.

Influence des traits et troubles de personnalité sur l’intégration au travail de personnes aux prises avec un trouble mental grave

Bien que le travail soit bénéfique et souhaité par une majorité de personnes aux prises avec un trouble mental grave (TMG), les études réalisées auprès de cette clientèle montrent des taux d’emploi d’environ 10 à 20%. Parmi les services visant le retour au travail, les programmes de soutien à l’emploi (PSE) se sont montrés les plus efficaces avec des taux de placement en emploi standard oscillant entre 50 et 60%, sans toutefois garantir le maintien en emploi. Plusieurs études ont tenté de cerner les déterminants de l’obtention et du maintien en emploi chez cette population sans toutefois s’intéresser à la personnalité, et ce, bien qu’elle soit reconnue depuis toujours comme un déterminant important du fonctionnement des individus. De plus, peu de questionnaires d’évaluation de la personnalité selon le modèle de la personnalité en cinq facteurs (FFM) ont été utilisés auprès d’une clientèle avec un TMG et ceux-ci ont montré des propriétés psychométriques ne respectant pas des normes reconnues et acceptées. Cette thèse porte sur les liens entre la personnalité et l’intégration au travail chez les personnes avec un TMG. La première partie vise la validation d’un outil de mesure de la personnalité selon le FFM afin de répondre aux objectifs de la deuxième partie de la thèse. À cet effet, deux échantillons ont été recrutés, soit 259 étudiants universitaires et 141 personnes avec un TMG. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires ont mené au développement d’un nouveau questionnaire à 15 items (NEO-15) dont les indices d’ajustement, de cohérence interne et de validité convergente respectent les normes établies, ce qui en fait un questionnaire bien adapté à la mesure de la personnalité normale dans des contextes où le temps d’évaluation est limité. La deuxième partie présente les résultats d’une étude réalisée auprès de 82 personnes aux prises avec un TMG inscrites dans un PSE et visant à identifier les facteurs d’obtention et de maintien en emploi chez cette clientèle, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la contribution des éléments normaux et pathologiques de la personnalité. Les résultats de régressions logistiques et de régressions de Cox (analyses de survie) ont démontré que l’historique d’emploi, les symptômes négatifs et le niveau de pathologie de la personnalité étaient prédictifs de l’obtention d’un emploi standard et du délai avant l’obtention d’un tel emploi. Une autre série de régressions de Cox a pour sa part démontré que l’esprit consciencieux était le seul prédicteur significatif du maintien en emploi. Malgré certaines limites, particulièrement des tailles d’échantillons restreintes, ces résultats démontrent la pertinence et l’importance de tenir compte des éléments normaux et pathologiques de la personnalité dans le cadre d’études portant sur l’intégration au travail de personnes avec un TMG. De plus, cette thèse a permis de démontrer l’adéquation d’un nouvel instrument de mesure de la personnalité auprès de cette clientèle. Des avenues futures concernant la réintégration professionnelle et le traitement des personnes avec un TMG sont discutées à la lumière de ces résultats.

Une étude sur les déterminants biologiques, psychologiques et du travail de l'épuisement professionnel

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à mieux comprendre, d’une part, ce qui influence la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire, et d’autre part, ce qui influence l’épuisement professionnel. Plusieurs objectifs en découlent. D’abord, elle vise à mieux cerner la contribution des conditions de l’organisation du travail (utilisation des compétences, autorité décisionnelle, demandes psychologiques, demandes physiques, horaire de travail irrégulier, nombre d’heures travaillées, soutien social des collègues, soutien social des superviseurs, insécurité d’emploi) sur la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire, ainsi que le rôle modérateur de certains traits de personnalité (extraversion, agréabilité, névrosisme, conscience, ouverture d’esprit, estime de soi, centre de contrôle) sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. Par ailleurs, cette thèse vise à établir la contribution des conditions de l’organisation du travail sur l’épuisement professionnel, ainsi que le rôle modérateur des traits de personnalité sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel. Finalement, cette thèse vise à vérifier si la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire joue un rôle médiateur sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel, ainsi qu’à identifier les effets de médiation modérés par les traits de personnalité sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. Ces objectifs sont inspirés de nombreuses limites observées dans la littérature, principalement l’intégration de déterminants à la fois biologiques, psychologiques et du travail dans la compréhension de l’épuisement professionnel. La thèse propose un modèle conceptuel qui tente de savoir comment ces différents stresseurs entraînent une dérégulation de la sécrétion de cortisol dans la salive des travailleurs. Ensuite, ce modèle conceptuel vise à voir si cette dérégulation s’associe à l’épuisement professionnel. Finalement, ce modèle conceptuel cherche à expliquer comment la personnalité peut influencer la manière dont ces variables sont reliées entre elles, c’est-à-dire de voir si la personnalité joue un rôle modérateur. Ce modèle découle de quatre théories particulières, notamment la perspective biologique de Selye (1936). Les travaux de Selye s’orientent sur l’étude de la réaction physiologique d’un organisme soumis à un stresseur. Dans ces circonstances, l’organisme est en perpétuel effort de maintien de son équilibre (homéostasie) et ne tolère que très peu de modifications à cet équilibre. En cas de modifications excessives, une réponse de stress est activée afin d’assurer l’adaptation en maintenant l’équilibre de base de l’organisme. Ensuite, le modèle conceptuel s’appuie sur le modèle de Lazarus et Folkman (1984) qui postule que la réponse de stress dépend plutôt de l’évaluation que font les individus de la situation stressante, et également sur le modèle de Pearlin (1999) qui postule que les individus exposés aux mêmes stresseurs ne sont pas nécessairement affectés de la même manière. Finalement, le modèle conceptuel de cette thèse s’appuie sur le modèle de Marchand (2004) qui postule que les réactions dépendent du décodage que font les acteurs des contraintes et ressources qui les affectent. Diverses hypothèses émergent de cette conceptualisation théorique. La première est que les conditions de l’organisation du travail contribuent directement aux variations de la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. La deuxième est que les conditions de l’organisation du travail contribuent directement à l’épuisement professionnel. La troisième est que la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire médiatise la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel. La quatrième est que la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire est modérée par les traits de personnalité. La cinquième est que la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail, la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire et l’épuisement professionnel est modérée par les traits de personnalité. Des modèles de régression multiniveaux et des analyses de cheminement de causalité ont été effectués sur un échantillon de travailleurs canadiens provenant de l’étude SALVEO. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés sous forme de trois articles, soumis pour publication, lesquels constituent les chapitres 4 à 6 de cette thèse. Dans l’ensemble, le modèle intégrateur biopsychosocial proposé dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat permet de mieux saisir la complexité de l’épuisement professionnel qui trouve une explication biologique, organisationnelle et individuelle. Ce constat permet d’offrir une compréhension élargie et multiniveaux et assure l’avancement des connaissances sur une problématique préoccupante pour les organisations, la société ainsi que pour les travailleurs. Effectivement, la prise en compte des traits de personnalité et de la sécrétion du cortisol salivaire dans l’étude de l’épuisement professionnel assure une analyse intégrée et plus objective. Cette thèse conclue sur les implications de ces résultats pour la recherche, et sur les retombées qui en découlent pour les milieux de travail.

Preditores da Emergência da Liderança em Contexto Militar

Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar quais as variáveis que são preditoras e explicativas da emergência da liderança no contexto da educação e treino da Academia Militar. Participaram 378 Cadetes-Alunos do 1º ao 4º anos, a frequentar o ano letivo 2013/14, maioritariamente do sexo masculino (n=89,7%). Foram utilizados as seguintes medidas de modo a operacionalizar o estudo: questionário de experiência de liderança, questionário de auto liderança RSLQ, Inventário Big Five e questionário de emergência da liderança. Da análise dos resultados, verifica-se que no contexto da educação e treino, os traços de personalidade Conscienciosidade (β=0,18; p<0,001) e Extroversão (β=0,43; p<0,001), bem como a estratégia do pensamento construtivo da auto liderança (β=0,13; p<0,001) são preditores da emergência da liderança, exercendo efeitos indiretos. Estas variáveis contribuem para a auto identidade do Cadete-Aluno (β=0,43; p<0,001), que por sua vez contribui para a quantidade de experiência de liderança (β=0,38; p<0,001), esta com efeitos diretos sobre a emergência da liderança. A auto identidade assume-se como uma variável mediadora do processo de emergência da liderança.

Time Orientation in Organizations: Polychronicity and Multitasking

This dissertation consists of four studies examining two constructs related to time orientation in organizations: polychronicity and multitasking. The first study investigates the internal structure of polychronicity and its external correlates in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 732). Results converge to support a one-factor model and finds measures of polychronicity to be significantly related to extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience. The second study quantitatively reviews the existing research examining the relationship between polychronicity and the Big Five factors of personality. Results reveal a significant relationship between extraversion and openness to experience across studies. Studies three and four examine the usefulness of multitasking ability in the prediction of work related criteria using two organizational samples (N = 175 and 119, respectively). Multitasking ability demonstrated predictive validity, however the incremental validity over that of traditional predictors (i.e., cognitive ability and the Big Five factors of personality) was minimal. The relationships between multitasking ability, polychronicity, and other individual differences were also investigated. Polychronicity and multitasking ability proved to be distinct constructs demonstrating differential relationships with cognitive ability, personality, and performance. Results provided support for multitasking performance as a mediator in the relationship between multitasking ability and overall job performance. Additionally, polychronicity moderated the relationship between multitasking ability and both ratings of multitasking performance and overall job performance in Study four. Clarification of the factor structure of polychronicity and its correlates will facilitate future research in the time orientation literature. Results from two organizational samples point to work related measures of multitasking ability as a worthwhile tool for predicting the performance of job applicants.

Ter ou ser? Eis a questão: O efeito moderador das características de personalidade sobre a relação entre o person-job fit e o engagement

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário

Modero eu? Moderamos nós?: Efeito moderador dos traços de personalidade e da cultura organizacional na relação entre metacognição e engagement laboral

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia especialidade em Psicologia Social e das Organizações

Entrepreneurship: a long way to go

Entrepreneurship education has emerged as one popular research domain in academic fields given its aim at enhancing and developing certain entrepreneurial qualities of undergraduates that change their state of behavior, even their entrepreneurial inclination and finally may result in the formation of new businesses as well as new job opportunities. This study attempts to investigate the Colombian student´s entrepreneurial qualities and the influence of entrepreneurial education during their studies.

Molecular risk assessment of BIG 1-98 participants by expression profiling using RNA from archival tissue.

Background: The purpose of the work reported here is to test reliable molecular profiles using routinely processed formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from participants of the clinical trial BIG 1-98 with a median follow-up of 60 months. Methods: RNA from fresh frozen (FF) and FFPE tumor samples of 82 patients were used for quality control, and independent FFPE tissues of 342 postmenopausal participants of BIG 1-98 with ER-positive cancer were analyzed by measuring prospectively selected genes and computing scores representing the functions of the estrogen receptor (eight genes, ER_8), the progesterone receptor (five genes, PGR_5), Her2 (two genes, HER2_2), and proliferation (ten genes, PRO_10) by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) on TaqMan Low Density Arrays. Molecular scores were computed for each category and ER_8, PGR_5, HER2_2, and PRO_10 scores were combined into a RISK_25 score. Results: Pearson correlation coefficients between FF- and FFPE-derived scores were at least 0.94 and high concordance was observed between molecular scores and immunohistochemical data. The HER2_2, PGR_ 5, PRO_10 and RISK_25 scores were significant predictors of disease free-survival (DFS) in univariate Cox proportional hazard regression. PRO_10 and RISK_25 scores predicted DFS in patients with histological grade II breast cancer and in lymph node positive disease. The PRO_10 and PGR_ 5 scores were independent predictors of DFS in multivariate Cox regression models incorporating clinical risk indicators; PRO_10 outperformed Ki-67 labeling index in multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. Conclusions: Scores representing the endocrine responsiveness and proliferation status of breast cancers were developed from gene expression analyses based on RNA derived from FFPE tissues. The validation of the molecular scores with tumor samples of participants of the BIG 1-98 trial demonstrates that such scores can serve as independent prognostic factors to estimate disease free survival (DFS) in postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer.

Big Datan liiketoiminnalliset mahdollisuudet ja haasteet

Tämän kandidaatintutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää minkälaisia liiketoiminnallisia mahdollisuuksia ja haasteita Big Dataan ja sen ominaispiirteisiin liittyy, ja miten Big Data määritellään nykyaikaisesti ja ajankohtaisesti. Tutkimusongelmaa lähestyttiin narratiivisen kirjallisuuskatsauksen keinoin. Toisin sanoen tutkielma on hajanaisen tiedon avulla koostettu yhtenäinen katsaus nykytilanteeseen. Lähdeaineisto koostuu pääosin tieteellisistä artikkeleista, mutta käytössä oli myös oppikirjamateriaalia, konferenssijulkaisuja ja uutisartikkeleja. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt akateemisen kirjallisuuden lähteet sisälsivät keskenään paljon samankaltaisia näkemyksiä tutkimusaihetta kohtaan. Niiden perusteella muodostettiin kaksi taulukkoa havaituista mahdollisuuksista ja haasteista, ja taulukoiden rivit nimettiin niitä kuvaavien ominaispiirteiden mukaan. Tutkimuksessa liiketoiminnalliset mahdollisuudet ja haasteet jaettiin viiteen pääkategoriaan ja neljään alakategoriaan. Tutkimus toteutettiin liiketoiminnan näkökulmasta, joten siinä sivuutettiin monenlaisia Big Datan teknisiä aspekteja. Tutkielman luonne on poikkitieteellinen, ja sen avulla pyritään havainnoimaan tämän hetken yhtä uusinta tietojenkäsittelykäsittelytieteiden termiä liiketoiminnallisessa kontekstissa. Tutkielmassa Big Dataan liittyvillä ominaispiirteillä todettiin olevan mahdollisuuksia, jotka voitiin jaotella korrelaatioiden havaitsemisen perusteella markkinoiden tarkemman segmentoinnin mahdollisuuksiin ja päätöksenteon tukena toimimiseen. Reaaliaikaisen seurannan mahdollisuudet perustuvat Big Datan nopeuteen ja kokoon, eli sen jatkuvaan kasvuun. Ominaispiirteisiin liittyvät haasteet voidaan jakaa viiteen kategoriaan, joista osa liittyy toimintaympäristöön ja osa organisaation sisäiseen toimintaan.

"Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference" : further exploration of attitude alignment in the context of close relationship dyads /

One hundred and five primarily Caucasian undergraduate couples were tested to study the phenomenon of attitude alignment, or the way in which individuals change their opinions to achieve greater attitudinal congruence with their romantic partners, and the hypotheses that relationship closeness, affect, attachment, social desirability, and centrality are each related to attitude alignment for individuals in close couples. The couples filled out an attitude questionnaire consisting of 50 issues in which they were asked to give their attitude on a scale from 1 to 9 as well as to rate the centrality, or importance, of that issue on a scale from 1 to 9. Before discussing four of these issues with each other - 2 were more central to the man and less central, or peripheral, to the woman, whereas the other 2 were central to the woman and peripheral to the man - the individuals completed established measures of relationship closeness, affect, attachment, and social desirability. The couples then filled out the identical attitudes questionnaire again, and their answers on the four discussion issues were compared to their prediscussion answers to determine whether attitude alignment had occurred. There were two experimental groups: a social desirability group, where the couples were told it was natural and normal to disagree with their partners, and a control group. Results indicated that attitude alignment did significantly occur across all couples, but most other variables - including centrality, relationship closeness, and affect - did not predict attitude alignment behaviour. As well, the social desirability experimental groups did not significantly differ on attitude alignment behaviours, but higher scores on the social desirability scale, specifically self-deception, significantly predicted higher attitude alignment scores across all couples. Large differences between individuals' frequency.

The impact of big-boxes on local retail : What happens when IKEA comes to town?

The development of large discount retailers, or big-boxes as they are sometimes referred to, are often subject to heated debate and their entry on a market is greeted with either great enthusiasm or dread. For instance, the world’s largest retailer Wal-Mart (Forbes 2014) has a number of anti- and pro-groups dedicated to its being and the event of a Wal-Mart entry tends to be met with protests and campaigns (Decamme 2013) but also welcomed by, for instance, consumers (Davis & DeBonis 2013). Also in Sweden, the entry of a big box is a hot topic and before IKEA’s opening i Borlänge 2013, the first in Sweden in more than five years, great expectations were mixed with worry (Västerbottens-Kuriren 2011).The presence of large scale discount retailers is not, however, a novel phenomenon but a part of a long-term change in retailing that has taken place globally over the past couple of decades (Taylor & Smalling, 2005). As noted by Dawson (2006), the trend in Europe has over the past few decades gone towards an increasing concentration of large firms along with a decrease of smaller firms.This trend is also detectable in the Swedish retail industry. Over the past decade, the retailing industry in Sweden has increased by around 190 Billion SEK, and its share of GDP has risen from 2,7% to 2,9%, while the number of employees have increased from 200 000 to 250 000 (HUI 2013). This growth, however, has not been distributed evenly but rather it has been oriented mainly towards out-of-town retail clusters. Parallel to this development, the number of large retailers has risen at the expense of market shares of smaller independent firms (Rämme et al 2010). Thereby, the presence of large scale retailers is simply part of a changing retail landscape.The effects of this development, where large scale retailing agents relocate shopping to out-of-town shopping areas, have been heavily debated. On the one hand, the big-boxes are accused of displacing independent small retail businesses in the city-centers and the residential areas, resulting in, to some extent, reduced employment opportunities and less availability for the consumers - especially the elderly (Ljungberg et al 2006). In addition, as access to shopping now tends to require some sort of a motorized vehicle, environmental aspects to the discussion have emerged. Ultimately these types of concerns have resulted in calls for regulations against this development (Olsson 2010). On the other hand, the proponents of the new shopping landscape argue that this evolution implies productivity gains, the benefits of lower prices and an increased variety of products (Maican & Orth 2012). Moreover it is argued that it leads to, for instance, better services (such as longer opening hours) and a creative destruction transformation pressure on retailers, which brings about a renewal of city-centerIIretail and services, increasing their attractivity (Bergström 2010). The belief in benefits of a big box entry can be exemplified by the attractivity of IKEA, and the fact that municipalities are prepared to commit to expenses amounting up to hundreds of millions in order to attract the entry of this big-box. Borlänge municipality, for instance, agreed to expenses of about 350 million SEK in order to secure the entry of IKEA, which opened in 2013 (Blomgren 2009).Against this backdrop, the overall effects of large discount retailers become important: Are the economic benefits enough to warrant subsidies or are there, on the contrary, some very compelling grounds for regulations against these types of establishments? In other words; how is overall retail in a region where a store like IKEA enters affected? And how are local retail firms affected?In order to answer these questions, the purpose of this thesis is to study how entry of a big-box retailer affects the entry region. The object of this study is IKEA - one of the world’s largest retailers, with 345 stores, active in over 40 countries and with profits of about 3.3 billion (IKEA 2013; IKEA 2014). By studying the effects of IKEA-entry, both on an aggregated level and on firm level, this thesis intends to find indications of how large discount retail establishments in general can be expected to affect the economic development both in a region overall, but also on the local firm level, something which is of interest to both policymakers as well as the retailing industry in general.The first paper examines the effects of IKEA on retail revenues and employment in the municipalities that IKEA chose to enter between 2000 and 2011; Gothenburg, Haparanda, Kalmar and Karlstad. By means of a matching method we first identify non-entry municipalities that have a similar probability of IKEA entry as the true entry municipalities. Then, using these non-entry municipalities as a control group, the causal effects of IKEA entry can be estimated using a treatment-control approach. We also extend the analysis to examine the spatial impact of IKEA by estimating the effects on retail in neighboring municipalities. It is found that a new IKEA store increases revenues in durable goods trade with 20% in the entry municipality and the number of employees with 17%. Only small, and in most cases statistically insignificant, negative effects were found in neighboring municipalities.It appears that there is a positive net effect on durables retail sales and employment in the entry municipality. However, the analysis is based on data on an aggregated municipality level and thereby it remains unclear if and how the effects vary within the entry municipalities. In addition, the data used in the first study includes the sales and employment of IKEA itself, which could account for the majority of the increases in employment and retail. Thereby the potential spillover effects on incumbent retailers in the entry municipalities cannot be discerned in the first study.IIITo examine effects of IKEA entry on incumbent retail firms, the second paper in this thesis analyses how IKEA entry affects the revenues and employment of local retail firms in three municipalities; Haparanda, Kalmar and Karlstad, which experienced entry by IKEA between 2000 and 2010. In this second study, we exclude Gothenburg due to the fact that big-box entry appears to have weaker effects in metropolitan areas (as indicated by Artz & Stone 2006). By excluding Gothenburg we aim to reduce the geographical heterogeneity in our study. We obtain control municipalities that are as similar as possible to the three entry municipalities using the same method as in the previous study, but including a slightly different set of variables in the selection equation. Using similar retail firms in the control municipalities as our comparison group, we estimate the impact of IKEA entry on revenues and employment for retail firms located at varying distances from the IKEA entry site.The results generated in this study imply that entry by IKEA increases revenues in incumbent retail firms by, on average, 11% in the entry municipalities. In addition, we do not find any significant impact on retail revenues in the city centers of the entry municipalities. However, we do find that retail firms within 1 km of the IKEA experience increases in revenues of about 26%, which indicates large spillover effects in the area nearby the entry site. As expected, this impact decreases as we expand the buffer zone: firms located between 0-2 km experiences a 14% increase and firms in 2-5 km experiences an increase of 10%. We do not find any significant impacts on retail employment.

Big Latin American industrial companies and groups

Includes bibliography