Behavioral changes, used and benefits of a community program for the promotion in physical activity

Objective: To determine the change of behavior in physical activity and the characteristics associated with the use and benefits of Local Physical Activity Center (CLAF) in the population of the town of Santa Fe de Bogota. Materials and methods: We conducted a longitudinal study before and after, which was assessed at admission and 3 months in the intervention program CLAF physical activity, behavior change compared to the physical activity of users. Inclusion criteria: were being active user of CLAF, aged between 15 and 65 years and voluntarily express their participation in the study. Exclusion criteria: Fill incomplete measurement instruments used. The sampling frame of CLAF users, we selected n=55 subjects. To gather information, a questionnaire, which contained the behavioral stages of change, also conducted a survey which determined semistructured features about the benefits and use of CLAF. Results: The total study participants was n = 55, mean age was 40.4 ± 15.3 years, with a minimum 15 and maximum of 64 years, 83.6% were women. 78.2% do not know the purpose of the Local Centre for Physical Activity. The outreach strategy that most came to the group was 58.2 with a verbal type. The time for links to CLAF more frequently in the group evaluated was 1 to 6 months 36.4. The motivation to regularly attend the CLAF in the majority was to improve the physical and / or a 74.5% mental. 89.1% would be willing to recommend to others the use of CLAF. A 81.8% of the population physical activity performed by more than 150 min / wk at moderate intensity; Post CLAF intervention in the subjects showed positive changes in the level of physical activity (p<0.001, Test de Wilcoxon) and behavioral state (p<0.001, Test de Wilcoxon).

A Strategic-Equilibrium Based

The strategic equilibrium of an N-person cooperative game with transferable utility is a system composed of a cover collection of subsets of N and a set of extended imputations attainable through such equilibrium cover. The system describes a state of coalitional bargaining stability where every player has a bargaining alternative against any other player to support his corresponding equilibrium claim. Any coalition in the sable system may form and divide the characteristic value function of the coalition as prescribed by the equilibrium payoffs. If syndicates are allowed to form, a formed coalition may become a syndicate using the equilibrium payoffs as disagreement values in bargaining for a part of the complementary coalition incremental value to the grand coalition when formed. The emergent well known-constant sum derived game in partition function is described in terms of parameters that result from incumbent binding agreements. The strategic-equilibrium corresponding to the derived game gives an equal value claim to all players.  This surprising result is alternatively explained in terms of strategic-equilibrium based possible outcomes by a sequence of bargaining stages that when the binding agreements are in the right sequential order, von Neumann and Morgenstern (vN-M) non-discriminatory solutions emerge. In these solutions a preferred branch by a sufficient number of players is identified: the weaker players syndicate against the stronger player. This condition is referred to as the stronger player paradox.  A strategic alternative available to the stronger players to overcome the anticipated not desirable results is to voluntarily lower his bargaining equilibrium claim. In doing the original strategic equilibrium is modified and vN-M discriminatory solutions may occur, but also a different stronger player may emerge that has eventually will have to lower his equilibrium claim. A sequence of such measures converges to the equal opportunity for all vN-M solution anticipated by the strategic equilibrium of partition function derived game.    [298-words]

Attention to health cues on product packages

The objectives of the study were (a) to examine which information and design elements on dairy product packages operate as cues in consumer evaluations of product healthfulness, and (b) to measure the degree to which consumers voluntarily attend to these elements during product choice. Visual attention was measured by means of eye-tracking. Task (free viewing, product healthfulness evaluation, and purchase likelihood evaluation) and product (five different yoghurt products) were varied in a mixed within-between subjects design. The free viewing condition served as a baseline against which increases or decreases in attention during product healthfulness evaluation and purchase likelihood evaluation were assessed. The analysis revealed that the only element operating as a health cue during product healthfulness evaluation was the nutrition label. The information cues used during purchase likelihood evaluation were the name of the product category and the nutrition label. Taken together, the results suggest that the only information element that consumers consistently utilize as a health cue is the nutrition label and that only a limited amount of attention is devoted to read nutrition labels during purchase likelihood evaluations. The study also revealed that the probability that a consumer will read the nutrition label during the purchase decision process is associated with gender, body mass index and health motivation.

Conflito Trabalho-Família/Família-Trabalho e Capital Psicológico Positivo em Professores

Este estudo teve três grandes objetivos. Por um lado procurámos conhecer a prevalência do conflito trabalho-família e os níveis de capital psicológico positivo em professores; por outro, foi nosso intuito analisar a relação existente na perceção do conflito trabalho-família e os seus reflexos no capital psicológico individual; por fim, quisemos compreender a influência de algumas variáveis sociodemográficas nos dois constructos em estudo. Voluntariamente participaram nesta investigação 231 professores do ensino público e privado, aos quais foi aplicado o Questionário CTF_CP, composto por um conjunto de questões de caracterização sociodemográfica, pela escala S.W.I.N.G. (para avaliação do conflito trabalho-família) e pelo PsyCap Questionnaire (para determinação do capital psicológico positivo). No geral estes profissionais apresentaram níveis moderados de conflito trabalho-família negativo e de conflito família-trabalho-família positivo, assim como níveis moderados de autoeficácia, de resiliência e de capital psicológico positivo. Relativamente às variáveis sociodemográficas verificou-se que o conflito trabalho-família e família-trabalho negativo é significativamente mais elevado nos professores do ensino público, enquanto o conflito família-trabalho-família positivo é mais elevado nos professores do ensino privado. Verificou-se também que é o sexo feminino quem apresenta maiores índices de conflito trabalho-família negativo. Através da regressão linear constatou-se que as três dimensões do conflito trabalho-família estudadas explicam 24,3% da variação obtida no capital psicológico positivo dos inquiridos.

Grau de procura da acupunctura como opção terapêutica numa amostra da população de Lisboa

Este é um estudo exploratório e correlacional, com um número inicial de 150 participantes, utilizando uma amostra de conveniência constituída por cinco clínicas médicas e cinco casas de medicina tradicional chinesa, em Lisboa, onde os indivíduos foram autorizados a responder voluntariamente a questionários. Apresenta uma taxa de resposta de 74% (N=111). A adesão à acupunctura é maior no sexo feminino e na faixa etária de 31 a 50 anos (40% homens e 48% mulheres). A procura de tratamento de problemas musculares e articulares e para problemas do foro psicológico são as mais descritas, apesar de ser referida como eficaz noutro tipo de queixas, e não ser o primeiro tipo de tratamento que a população procura. É reconhecido que os resultados podem ocorrer a médio e longo prazo, após várias sessões terapêuticas, o que não parece afetar a perceção da população em estudo que se diz satisfeita (53%) com uma muita boa e / ou boa relação benefício-custo. Em geral, a maioria da população (93%) confia na terapia pelo resultado bom ou muito bom (79%) ou razoável (16%) obtido, e deposita confiança (88%) nas competências do profissional de saúde que executa a acupunctura.

Switching curve control of functional electrical stimulation assisted rowing exercise in paraplegia

An indoor rowing machine has been modified for functional electrical stimulation (FES) assisted rowing exercise in paraplegia. To perform the rowing manoeuvre successfully, however, the voluntarily controlled upper body movements must be co-ordinated with the movements of the electrically stimulated paralysed legs. To achieve such co-ordination, an automatic FES controller was developed that employs two levels of hierarchy. At the upper level, a finite state controller identifies the state or phase of the rowing cycle and activates the appropriate lower-level controller, in which electrical stimulation to the paralysed leg muscles is applied with reference to switching curves representing the desired seat velocity as a function of the seat position. In a pilot study, the hierarchical control of FES rowing was shown to be intuitive, reliable and easy to use. Compared with open-loop control of stimulation, all three variants of the closed-loop switching curve controllers used less muscle stimulation per rowing cycle (73% of the open-loop control on average). Further, the closed-loop controller that used switching curves derived from normal rowing kinematics used the lowest muscle stimulation (65% of the open-loop control) and was the most convenient to use for the client.

Housing densities and consumer choice

From 2001, the construction of flats and high-density developments increased in England and the building of houses declined. Does this indicate a change in taste or is it a result of government planning policies? In this paper, an analysis is made of the long-term effects of the policy of constraint which has existed for the past 50 years but the increase in density is identified as occurring primarily after new, revised, planning guidance was issued in England in 2000 which discouraged low-density development. To substantiate this, it is pointed out that the change which occurred in England did not occur in Scotland where guidance was not changed to encourage high-density residential development. The conclusion that the change is the result of planning policies and not of a change in taste is confirmed by surveys of the occupants of new high-rise developments in Leeds. The new flat-dwellers were predominantly young and childless and expressed the intention, in the near future, when they could, of moving out of the city centre and into houses. From recent changes in guidance by the new coalition government, it is expected that the construction of flats in England will fall back to earlier levels over the next few years.

Sharing power? Prospects for a U.S. concert-balance strategy

The Pax Americana and the grand strategy of hegemony (or “Primacy”) that underpins it may be becoming unsustainable. Particularly in the wake of exhausting wars, the Global Financial Crisis, and the shift of wealth from West to East, it may no longer be possible or prudent for the United States to act as the unipolar sheriff or guardian of a world order. But how viable are the alternatives, and what difficulties will these alternatives entail in their design and execution? This analysis offers a sympathetic but critical analysis of alternative U.S. National Security Strategies of “retrenchment” that critics of American diplomacy offer. In these strategies, the United States would anticipate the coming of a more multipolar world and organize its behavior around the dual principles of “concert” and “balance,” seeking a collaborative relationship with other great powers, while being prepared to counterbalance any hostile aggressor that threatens world order. The proponents of such strategies argue that by scaling back its global military presence and its commitments, the United States can trade prestige for security, shift burdens, and attain a more free hand. To support this theory, they often look to the 19th-century concert of Europe as a model of a successful security regime and to general theories about the natural balancing behavior of states. This monograph examines this precedent and measures its usefulness for contemporary statecraft to identify how great power concerts are sustained and how they break down. The project also applies competing theories to how states might behave if world politics are in transition: Will they balance, bandwagon, or hedge? This demonstrates the multiple possible futures that could shape and be shaped by a new strategy. viii A new strategy based on an acceptance of multipolarity and the limits of power is prudent. There is scope for such a shift. The convergence of several trends—including transnational problems needing collaborative efforts, the military advantages of defenders, the reluctance of states to engage in unbridled competition, and hegemony fatigue among the American people—means that an opportunity exists internationally and at home for a shift to a new strategy. But a Concert-Balance strategy will still need to deal with several potential dilemmas. These include the difficulty of reconciling competitive balancing with cooperative concerts, the limits of balancing without a forward-reaching onshore military capability, possible unanticipated consequences such as a rise in regional power competition or the emergence of blocs (such as a Chinese East Asia or an Iranian Gulf), and the challenge of sustaining domestic political support for a strategy that voluntarily abdicates world leadership. These difficulties can be mitigated, but they must be met with pragmatic and gradual implementation as well as elegant theorizing and the need to avoid swapping one ironclad, doctrinaire grand strategy for another.

Mandatory and voluntary information disclosure and the effects on financial analysts: evidence from China

Purpose – This paper aims to make a comparison, different from existing literature solely focusing on voluntary earnings forecasts and ex post earnings surprise, between the effects of mandatory earnings surprise warnings and voluntary information disclosure issued by management teams on financial analysts in terms of the number of followings and the accuracy of earnings forecasts. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses panel data analysis with fixed effects on data collected from Chinese public firms between 2006 and 2010. It uses an exogenous regulation enforcement to minimise the endogeneity problem. Findings – This paper finds that financial analysts are less likely to follow firms which mandatorily issue earnings surprise warnings ex ante than those voluntarily issue earnings forecasts. Moreover, ex post, they issue less accurate and more dispersed forecasts on former firms. The results support Brown et al.’s (2009) finding in the USA and suggest that the earnings surprise warnings affect information asymmetries. Practical implications – This paper justifies the mandatory earnings surprise warnings policy issued by Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission in 2006. Originality/value – Mandatory earnings surprise is a unique practical regulation for publicly listed firms in China. This paper, for the first time, provides empirical evaluation on the effectiveness of a mandatory information disclosure policy in China. Consistent with existing literature on information disclosure by public firms in other countries, this paper finds that, in China, voluntary information disclosure captures more private information than mandatory information disclosure on corporate earnings ability.

A psychometric analysis of reliability and validity of the index of learning styles (ILS)

Prior literature showed that Felder and Silverman learning styles model (FSLSM) was widely adopted to cater to individual styles of learners whether in traditional or Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL). In order to infer this model, the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) instrument was proposed. This research aims to analyse the soundness of this instrument in an Arabic sample. Data were integrated from different courses and years. A total of 259 engineering students participated voluntarily in the study. The reliability was analysed by applying internal construct reliability, inter-scale correlation, and total item correlation. The construct validity was also considered by running factor analysis. The overall results indicated that the reliability and validity of perception and input dimensions were moderately supported, whereas processing and understanding dimensions showed low internal-construct consistency and their items were weakly loaded in the associated constructs. Generally, the instrument needs further effort to improve its soundness. However, considering the consistency of the produced results of engineering students irrespective of cross-cultural differences, it can be adopted to diagnose learning styles.

Two Faces of AIDS in Hong Kong: Culture and the Construction of the `AIDS Celebrity'

Since the first reported case of HIV infection in Hong Kong in 1985, only two HIV-positive individuals in the territory have voluntarily made public their seropositivity: a British dentist named Mike Sinclair, who disclosed his condition to the media in 1992 and died in 1995, and J.J. Chan, a local Chinese disc-jockey, who came forward in 1995 and died just a few months later. When they made their revelations, both became instant media personalities and were invited by the Hong Kong Government to act as spokespeople for AIDS awareness and prevention. Mike Sinclair worked as an education officer for the Hong Kong AIDS Foundation, and J.J. Chan appeared in Government television commercials about AIDS. This article explores how the public identities of these two figures were constructed in the cultural context of Hong Kong where both Eastern and Western values exist side by side and interact. It argues that the construction of `AIDS celebrities' is a kind of `identity project' negotiated among the players involved: the media, the Government, the public, and the person with AIDS (PWA) himself, each bringing to the construction their own `theories' regarding the self and communication. When the players in the construction hold shared assumptions about the nature of the self and the role of communication in enacting it, harmonious discourses arise, but when cultural models among the players differ, contradictory or ambiguous constructions result. The effect of culture on the way `AIDS celebrities' are constructed has implications for the way societies view the issue of AIDS and treat those who have it. It also helps reveal possible sites of difficulty when individuals of different cultures communicate about the issue.

A relevância do profissionalismo no futebol e os impactos da credibilidade dos dirigentes na obtenção de patrocício

A maioria dos clubes do futebol brasileiros tem suas principais posições de liderança ocupadas por gestores amadores que trabalham de forma voluntária e sem remuneração. São pessoas que agem impulsionadas pela paixão que carregam por seu time do coração e que se dedicam parcialmente as suas funções nos clubes, pois têm outro emprego. Esses mesmos indivíduos são responsáveis por negociar os patrocínios, que – junto com as cotas de televisão - formam uma das principais fontes de receita dos clubes. São contratos milionários, mas num patamar ainda bem inferior aos dos clubes europeus. O que se busca investigar aqui é se há alguma relação entre o vinculo amador desses dirigentes com a capacidade de obtenção de patrocínio dos clubes. Isto é, identificar se as empresas que vinculam suas marcas a clubes de futebol pagariam mais para patrocinar um clube liderado por indivíduos dedicados integralmente as suas funções nos clubes, bem remunerados e com experiência de mercado. Este trabalho demonstra que mais profissionalismo na gestão dos clubes não trará, necessariamente, maiores receitas de patrocínio. O foco das empresas que investem nas camisas dos clubes de futebol é a exposição da marca, podendo direcionar maior investimento a clubes com mais torcedores e exposição. Não há uma preocupação clara com a forma com que os clubes são geridos e com o que é feito com as receitas oriundas deste tipo de patrocínio.

Interações econômicas entre capital humano e fecundidade

O primeiro artigo desta tese procura medir o impacto do programa Bolsa Familia sobre a gravidez juvenil, discutindo também a utilização de programas de transferência condicional de renda para a diminuição da fecundidade em áreas de pobreza. O segundo artigo realiza um exercício contrafactual para estimar o impacto de aumentos no investimento em educação sobre o consumo, considerando não só o aumento da produtividade, mas também o impacto da nova educação sobre a fecundidade das pessoas.

Trajetórias profissionais de executivas aos postos de alto escalão: fatores-chave, barreiras, inibidores de ascensão e estratégias de enfrentamento

Esta pesquisa buscou compreender as trajetórias profissionais de executivas aos postos de alto escalão, os fatores-chave, as barreiras e os inibidores de ascensão por elas enfrentados em seus percursos, bem como as estratégias de enfrentamento empregadas. Para tanto, efetuou-se um estudo de campo eminentemente qualitativo, cuja estratégia de pesquisa baseou-se no método de estudo de casos múltiplos, cuja unidade de análise centrou-se no nível individual, a saber, na exploração das experiências profissionais e de vida de executivas que alcançaram postos de alto escalão. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com 18 profissionais que atuam, ou atuaram, no board de organizações nacionais e multinacionais localizadas na cidade de Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa revelou que o trabalho se constitui como fonte de identidade central para essas mulheres, e que suas trajetórias profissionais, apesar de únicas, apresentavam um padrão comum: essas executivas empreenderam trajetórias diagonais, devolvidas ao longo de várias organizações diferentes, o que poderia ser indicativo de como lidaram com a segregação vertical ao longo de seu desenvolvimento profissional. Chegar ao board de grandes organizações é empreendimento desafiador para homens e mulheres, a trajetória é afuniladora para ambos e, portanto, os que chegam lá – sejam homens ou mulheres – compartilham mais características comuns entre si, ou seja, o habitus do alto executivo, do que com o gênero ao qual pertencem. A pesquisa também revelou que os determinantes familiares, em especial a maternidade, somente foram apontados como barreiras de ascensão profissional pelas executivas sem filhos. Para as executivas com filhos, a maternidade foi encarada como um momento natural de suas vidas, que requereu algumas concessões, porém cujos possíveis conflitos foram equacionados de forma a que essa dimensão de suas vidas se equilibrasse com a esfera do trabalho que, para todas, se constitui em importante fonte de identidade.

Evidence of eligibility manipulation for conditional cash transfer programs

This paper assesses whether eligibility for conditional cash transfer programs have been manipulated, as well as the impact of this phenomenon on time allocation within households. To perform this analysis, we use data from the 2006 PNAD (Brazilian national household survey) and investigate the eligibility manipulation for the Bolsa Família (Family Stipend) program during this time period. The program assists families with a monthly per capita income of around R$120.00 (US$60.00). By applying the tests developed by McCrary (2008), we find suggestive evidence that individuals manipulate their income by voluntarily reducing their labor supply in order to become eligible to the program. Moreover, the reduction in labor supply is greater among women, especially single or divorced mothers. This evidence raises some concern about the unintended consequences related to the eligibility criteria utilized by Bolsa Família, as well as the program’s impact on individuals living in extreme poverty.