Detección, análisis y acciones remediales de las dificultades críticas en las materias fundamentales del primer curso de carrera de las Escuelas Técnicas Superiores de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

Diseño y aplicación de una prueba de conocimientos que permitiese obtener información acerca del perfil de conocimientos con los que acceden a la Universidad los alumnos del primer curso de carrera de las Escuelas Técnicas Superiores de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Curso 1979-80: 583 alumnos de nuevo ingreso de la Facultad de Informática, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Navales y ETS de Ingenieros de Caminos. Curso 1980-81: 1113 alumnos no repetidores. De la muestra global se tomaron dos colectivos de 102 alumnos cada uno (Navales e Informática) para el análisis de correlación entre las puntuaciones obtenidas en la prueba y las obtenidas en el primer año de carrera. Se tomaron 35 profesores de Escuelas Técnicas Superiores y de la Facultad de Informática y 16 de Escuelas Técnicas de Grado Medio y 269 alumnos. La prueba diseñada versa sobre 3 materias básicas y fundamentales para cursar sin dificultades supletorias el primer curso de carrera: Matemáticas, Física y Química. Cada materia se clasificó en 3 áreas. 2 Aplicaciones: 1) Curso 79-80, 2) En el 80-81. La aplicación se desarrolló en 2 sesiones (2 horas de duración cada una). Se pasó una encuesta a una muestra de profesores y alumnos para conocer su opinión acerca de la prueba y obtener información adicional. Se analizaron las materias que son menos conocidas por los alumnos y su orden de dificultad. Bibliografía. Prueba objetiva de perfil de conocimientos. Encuesta. Estadística descriptiva. Del análisis global se deduce: Los alumnos muestran un nivel bajo de conocimientos en las áreas de Geometría y Aritmética elemental, propio del primer ciclo de EGB. En Física se aprecia una falta conceptual y de coordinación en la secuencia de conocimientos y falta de base en Cinemática y Electricidad. Falta de preparación en temas como Química Orgánica. De la correlación entre los resultados de la prueba y los obtenidos por los alumnos en los cursos de carrera, se observa: existe una buena correlación con las asignaturas de Álgebra y Cálculo y mejor aún en Geometría, Trigonometría y Logaritmos. La correlación es mayor en el caso de Física que en el de Química. En general, las pruebas han sido bien acogidas por profesores y alumnos. Existe una fuerte dependencia entre el nivel de los alumnos al acceder a la Universidad Politécnica y los resultados académicos que en ella se obtienen y esta dependencia es más fuerte en Matemáticas que en Física y Química.

Introducción de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en el aula de matemáticas.

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Análise estática e dinâmica, linear e não-linear geométrica, através de elementos hexaédricos de oito nós com um ponto de integração

Para a análise estática e dinâmica, linear e não-linear de placas, cascas e vigas, implementa-se neste trabalho o elemento hexaédrico com integração reduzida, livre de travamento volumétrico e travamento de cisalhamento e que não apresenta modos espúrios. Na formulação do elemento, utiliza-se apenas um ponto de integração. Desta forma, a matriz de rigidez é dada de forma explícita e o tempo computacional é significativamente reduzido, especialmente em análise não-linear. Os modos espúrios são suprimidos através de um procedimento de estabilização que não exige parâmetros especificados pelo usuário. Para evitar o travamento de cisalhamento, desenvolve-se o vetor de deformações num sistema co-rotacional e remove-se certos termos não constantes nas componentes de deformações de cisalhamento. O travamento volumétrico é resolvido fazendo-se com que a parte dilatacional (esférica) da matriz gradiente seja avaliada apenas no ponto central do elemento. Como a eliminação do travamento de cisalhamento depende de uma abordagem no sistema local, emprega-se um procedimento co-rotacional para obter o incremento de deformação no sistema local e atualizar os vetores de tensões e forças internas na análise não-linear Para a solução das equações de equilíbrio na análise estática, utilizam-se métodos diretos baseados na eliminação de Gauss ou métodos iterativos de Gradientes Conjugados Precondicionado elemento-por-elemento (EBE). Para a análise dinâmica, as equações de equilíbrio são integradas através do método explícito de Taylor-Galerkin ou do método implícito de Newmark. Através de exemplos numéricos demonstra-se a eficiência e o potencial do elemento tridimensional na análise de casca, placas e vigas submetidas a grandes deslocamentos e grande rotações. Os resultados são comparados com trabalhos que utilizam elementos clássicos de placa e casca.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de propriedades de misturas de poliestireno (PS) e copolímeros em bloco estireno-butadieno-estireno (SBS)

Neste trabalho foram avaliados a morfologia e os comportamentos reológico, mecânico e viscoelástico de misturas de poliestireno (PS) com copolímeros em bloco de estireno-butadieno-estireno (SBS) com estruturas radial ou linear. Os elastômeros termoplásticos foram empregados como modificadores de impacto com o objetivo de tenacificar o poliestireno. Os polímeros puros foram caracterizados por cromatografia de permeação em gel e reometria rotacional. As misturas PS/SBS foram preparadas em extrusora de rosca simples em frações mássicas de 5, 10, 15 e 20% de SBS e analisadas por plastometria, reometria capilar, análises dinâmico-mecânicas e microscopia de transmissão. Os corpos de prova para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas das misturas, do PS e do HIPS foram moldados por injeção e os ensaios realizados foram de resistência à tração e resistência ao impacto. Todas as misturas PS/SBS apresentaram variação de viscosidade sob cisalhamento e algumas apresentaram comportamento e resistência ao impacto similares àquelas apresentadas pelas resinas de HIPS comercial. A morfologia das misturas PS/SBS diferentemente da observada no HIPS, não apresentou estrutura tipo salame com oclusões de PS em PB. Foram observadas partículas dispersas de PB em formas esférica e irregular distribuídas em uma matriz contínua. Isto é uma conseqüência da natureza química do polímero, do seu processamento, da composição e da razão de viscosidades entre os componentes.

Análise estática e dinâmica de placas e cascas de materiais compósitos laminados usando elementos finitos hexaédricos de oito nós com integração reduzida

Neste trabalho implementou-se o elemento hexaédrico com um ponto de integração para análise estática e dinâmica de placas e cascas de materiais compósitos laminados com ou sem enrijecedores. O elemento está livre de travamento volumétrico e travamento de cisalhamento, não apresentando modos espúrios. São também incluídos problemas com não-linearidade geométrica A matriz de rigidez e de massa são dadas de forma explícita, reduzindo o tempo computacional, especialmente na análise não-linear. Para evitar o travamento de cisalhamento as componentes de deformações são referidas a um sistema co-rotacional. O travamento volumétrico é também eliminado, já que a parte dilatacional (esférica) da matriz gradiente é avaliada apenas no ponto central do elemento. Para a solução das equações de equilíbrio na análise estática, utilizam-se um método direto baseado na eliminação de Gauss ou um método iterativo de gradientes conjugados com precondicionamento executado através da eliminação incompleta de Choleski. Para a análise dinâmica, as equações de equilíbrio são integradas através do método explícito ou implícito de Taylor-Galerkin ou do método implícito de Newmark. Para análise não-linear utiliza-se o Método Generalizado de Controle dos Deslocamentos. Através de exemplos numéricos demonstra-se a eficiência e o potencial do elemento tridimensional na análise linear e não-linear de placas e cascas de materiais laminados. Os resultados são comparados com trabalhos que utilizam diferentes elementos de placas e cascas.

Síntese, estudo cinético e análise microestrutural do sistema cério-níquel obtido pelo método pechini

The cerium oxide has a high potential for use in removing pollutants after combustion, removal of organic matter in waste water and the fuel-cell technology. The nickel oxide is an attractive material due to its excellent chemical stability and their optical properties, electrical and magnetic. In this work, CeO2-NiO- systems on molars reasons 1:1(I), 1:2(II) e 1:3(III) metal-citric acid were synthesized using the Pechini method. We used techniques of TG / DTG and ATD to monitor the degradation process of organic matter to the formation of the oxide. By thermogravimetric analysis and applying the dynamic method proposed by Coats-Redfern, it was possible to study the reactions of thermal decomposition in order to propose the possible mechanism by which the reaction takes place, as well as the determination of kinetic parameters as activation energy, Ea, pre-exponential factor and parameters of activation. It was observed that both variables exert a significant influence on the formation of complex polymeric precursor. The model that best fitted the experimental data in the dynamic mode was R3, which consists of nuclear growth, which formed the nuclei grow to a continuous reaction interface, it proposes a spherical symmetry (order 2 / 3). The values of enthalpy of activation of the system showed that the reaction in the state of transition is exothermic. The variables of composition, together with the variable temperature of calcination were studied by different techniques such as XRD, IV and SEM. Also a study was conducted microstructure by the Rietveld method, the calculation routine was developed to run the package program FullProf Suite, and analyzed by pseudo-Voigt function. It was found that the molar ratio of variable metal-citric acid in the system CeO2-NiO (I), (II), (III) has strong influence on the microstructural properties, size of crystallites and microstrain network, and can be used to control these properties

Micropartículas de poli (ácido lático-co-ácido glicólico) obtidas por spray drying para a liberação prolongada de metotrexato

Methotrexate (MTX) is a drug used in the chemotherapy of some kind of cancers, autoimmune diseases and non inflammatory resistant to corticosteroids uveits. However, the rapid plasmatic elimination limits its therapeutic success, which leads to administration of high doses to maintain the therapeutic levels in the target tissues, occurring potential side effects. The aim of this study was to obtain spray dried biodegradable poly-lactic acid co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles containing MTX. Thus, suitable amounts of MTX and PLGA were dissolved in appropriate solvent system to obtain solutions at different ratios drug/polymer (10, 20, 30 and 50% m/m). The physicochemical characterizing included the quantitative analysis of the drug using a validate UV-VIS spectrophotometry method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrophotometry (IR), thermal analyses and X-ray diffraction analysis. The in vitro release studies were carried out in a thermostatized phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (0.05 M KH2PO4) medium at 37°C ± 0.2 °C. The in vitro release date was subjected to different kinetics release models. The MTX-loaded PLGA microparticles showed a spherical shape with smooth surface and high level of entrapped drug. The encapsulation efficiency was greater then 80%. IR spectroscopy showed that there was no chemical bond between the compounds, suggesting just the possible occurrence of hydrogen bound interactions. The thermal analyses and X-ray diffraction analysis shown that MTX is homogeneously dispersed inside polymeric matrix, with a prevalent amorphous state or in a stable molecular dispersion. The in vitro release studies confirmed the sustained release for distinct MTX-loaded PLGA microparticles. The involved drug release mechanism was non Fickian diffusion, which was confirmed by Kornmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The experimental results demonstrated that the MTX-loaded PLGA microparticles were successfully obtained by spray drying and its potential as prolonged drug release system.

A obra de triangulis omnimodis libri quinque de Johann Müller Regiomontanus (1436 1476): uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento da trigonometria

Trigonometry, branch of mathematics related to the study of triangles, developed from practical needs, especially relating to astronomy, Surveying and Navigation. Johann Müller, the Regiomontanus (1436-1476) mathematician and astronomer of the fifteenth century played an important role in the development of this science. His work titled De Triangulis Omnimodis Libri Quinque written around 1464, and published posthumously in 1533, presents the first systematic exposure of European plane and spherical trigonometry, a treatment independent of astronomy. In this study we present a description, translation and analysis of some aspects of this important work in the history of trigonometry. Therefore, the translation was performed using a version of the book Regiomontanus on Triangles of Barnabas Hughes, 1967. In it you will find the original work in Latin and an English translation. For this study, we use for most of our translation in Portuguese, the English version, but some doubt utterance, statement and figures were made by the original Latin. In this work, we can see that trigonometry is considered as a branch of mathematics which is subordinated to geometry, that is, toward the study of triangles. Regiomontanus provides a large number of theorems as the original trigonometric formula for the area of a triangle. Use algebra to solve geometric problems and mainly shows the first practical theorem for the law of cosines in spherical trigonometry. Thus, this study shows some of the development of the trigonometry in the fifteenth century, especially with regard to concepts such as sine and cosine (sine reverse), the work discussed above, is of paramount importance for the research in the history of mathematics more specifically in the area of historical analysis and critique of literary sources or studying the work of a particular mathematician

Construção e avaliação térmica de um fogão solar tipo caixa

The present work presents a contribution in the study of modelings of transference of heat for foods submitted to the experimental tests in the considered solar oven, where the best modeling for the beefburger of chicken in study was evaluated, comparing the results, considering this food as a half-infinite(1er object considered model) and,after that, considered the chicken beefburger as a plain plate in transient regimen in two distinct conditions: not considering and another model considering the contribution of the generation term, through the Criterion of Pomerantsev. The Sun, beyond life source, is the origin of all the energy forms that the man comes using during its history and can be the reply for the question of the energy supplying in the future, a time that learns to use to advantage in rational way the light that this star constantly special tax on our planet. Shining more than the 5 billion years, it is calculated that the Sun still in them will privilege for others 6 billion years, or either, it is only in the half of its existence and will launch on the Earth, only in this year, 4000 times more energy that we will consume. Front to this reality, would be irrational not to search, by all means technical possible, to use to advantage this clean, ecological and gratuitous power plant. In this dissertation evaluate the performance of solar cooker of the type box. Laboratory of Solar Energy of the Federal University of the Great River of North - UFRN was constructed by the group (LES) a model of solar stove of the type box and was tested its viability technique, considering modeling foods submitted when baking in the solar oven, the cooker has main characteristic the easiness of manufacture and assembly, the low cost (was used material accessible composition to the low income communities) and simplicity in the mechanism of movement of the archetype for incidence of the direct solar light. They had been proposals modeling for calculations of food the minimum baking time, considering the following models of transference of heat in the transient state: object the halfinfinite, plain plate and the model of the sphere to study the necessary temperature for the it bakes of bread (considering spherical geometry). After evaluate the models of transmission of heat will be foods submitted you the processes of to it bakes of, the times gotten for the modeling with the experimental times of it bakes in the solar oven had been compared, demonstrating the modeling that more good that it portraies the accuracies of the results of the model

Formação de particulas submicrometricas de pmma por cristalização termica de solução polimérica

Polymer particles in the nanometer range are of fundamental interest today, especially when used as carrier systems in the controlled release of drugs, cosmetics and nutraceuticals, as well as in coating materials with magnetic properties. The main objective of the present study concerns the production of submicron particles of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by crystallization of a polymer solution by thermally controlled cooling. In this work, PMMA solutions in ethanol and 1-propanol were prepared at different concentrations (1% to 5% by weight) and crystallized at different cooling rates (0.2 to 0.8 ° C / min) controlled linearly. Analysis of particle size distribution (DLS / CILAS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed in order to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the produced particles. The results demonstrated that it is possible to obtain submicron polymer perfectly spherical particles using the technique discussed in this study. It was also observed that, depending on the cooling rate and the concentration of the polymer solution, it is possible to achieve high yield in the formation of submicron particles. In addition, preliminary tests were performed in order to verify the ability of this technique to form particulated carrier material with magnetic properties. The results showed that the developed technique can be an interesting alternative to obtain polymer particles with magnetic properties

Geometrias não-eucludianas como anomalias: implicações para o ensino de geometria e medidas

This present research the aim to show to the reader the Geometry non-Euclidean while anomaly indicating the pedagogical implications and then propose a sequence of activities, divided into three blocks which show the relationship of Euclidean geometry with non-Euclidean, taking the Euclidean with respect to analysis of the anomaly in non-Euclidean. PPGECNM is tied to the line of research of History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science in the Teaching of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. Treat so on Euclid of Alexandria, his most famous work The Elements and moreover, emphasize the Fifth Postulate of Euclid, particularly the difficulties (which lasted several centuries) that mathematicians have to understand him. Until the eighteenth century, three mathematicians: Lobachevsky (1793 - 1856), Bolyai (1775 - 1856) and Gauss (1777-1855) was convinced that this axiom was correct and that there was another geometry (anomalous) as consistent as the Euclid, but that did not adapt into their parameters. It is attributed to the emergence of these three non-Euclidean geometry. For the course methodology we started with some bibliographical definitions about anomalies, after we ve featured so that our definition are better understood by the readers and then only deal geometries non-Euclidean (Hyperbolic Geometry, Spherical Geometry and Taxicab Geometry) confronting them with the Euclidean to analyze the anomalies existing in non-Euclidean geometries and observe its importance to the teaching. After this characterization follows the empirical part of the proposal which consisted the application of three blocks of activities in search of pedagogical implications of anomaly. The first on parallel lines, the second on study of triangles and the third on the shortest distance between two points. These blocks offer a work with basic elements of geometry from a historical and investigative study of geometries non-Euclidean while anomaly so the concept is understood along with it s properties without necessarily be linked to the image of the geometric elements and thus expanding or adapting to other references. For example, the block applied on the second day of activities that provides extend the result of the sum of the internal angles of any triangle, to realize that is not always 180° (only when Euclid is a reference that this conclusion can be drawn)

Uma análise teórica da evolução da rotação estelar

In the past 50 years, large efforts have been made toward the understanding of the stellar evolution. In the observational context, large sets of precise measurements of projected rotational velocity were produced, in particular by the Natal and Geneva groups. From these data, it is now possible to establish the behavior of stellar rotation from the turnoff to the red giant branch. In addition, these data have shown the role of tidal effects on stellar rotation in close binary systems. Nevertheless, relatively little attention has been paid to theoretical studies on the evolution of rotation along the HR Diagram, a topic itself directly associated to the evolution of the stars. Basically, there are two reasons for such a fact, (i) spherical symmetry is not assumed, what leads to a substantial increase in the numerical complexity of equations and (ii) non rotating models have been very successful in explaining relevant observational data, including the mass-luminosity relation and chemical abundances. In spite of these facts, it is clear that considerable work remains to be done on the role of rotation in the later stages of the evolution, where clear disagreements arise from confrontations between theoretical predictions and observations. In the present work we study the evolutionary behavior of stellar rotation along the HR Diagram, taking into account constraint conditions issued from recent observational survey of rotational velocity carried out with high precision procedures and new evolutionary codes

Avaliação microscópica dos fragmentos ósseos obtidos por diferentes métodos de osteotomia e de irrigação em aloenxertos irradiados e congelados de coelho

Oral and facial bone defects can undertake appearance, psychosocial well-being and stomathognatic function of its patients. Over the yerars several strategies for bone defect regeneration have arised to treat these pathologies, among them the use of frozen and irradiated bone allograft. Manipulation of bone grafts it s not determined yet, and several osteotomy alternatives can be observed. The present work evaluated with a microscope the bone fragments obtained from different osteotomy methods and irrigation on rings and blocks allografts irradiated and frozen at 80° negative in a rabbit model. The study is experimental in vitro and it sample was an adult male New Zealand rabbit. The animal was sacrificed to obtain long bones, that were submitted to freezing at 80º negative and irradiated with Cobalt- 60. Then the long bones were sectioned into 24 bone pieces, divided into 4 groups: G1 (n=06) osteotomy was performed with bur No. 6 forming rings with 5 mm thickness with high-speed handpiece with manual irrigation; G2 (n=06) osteotomy was performed with bur No. 6 forming rings with 5 mm thick with surgical motor with a manual irrigation rotation 1500 rpm; GA (n=06), osteotomy with trephine using manual irrigation with saline; and GB (n=06), osteotomy with trephine using saline from peristaltic pumps of surgical motor. Five bone pieces of each group were prepared for analysis on light microscopy (LM) and one on electronic scan electronic microscopy (SEM). On the SEM analysis edges surface, presence of microcracks and Smear Layer were evaluated. Analyzing osteotomy technics on SEM was observed: increased presence of microcracks cutting with high speed; increased presence of areas covered by Smear Layer when cutting with motor implant. The irrigation analysis with SEM was observed: that the presence of microcracks does not depend on the type of irrigation; on manual irrigation, there was greater discrepancy between the cutting lines. The descriptive analysis of the osteotomy and irrigation process on LM showed: histological analysis showing the bony margins with clear tissue changed layer, composed of blackened tissue of charred appearance near to the cortical bone; on the edges of the bony part, bone fragments that were displaced during the bone cut and bone irregularities were observed. After analysis of results we can conclude: that there was greater regularity of the bone cut using high-speed handpiece than using motor implant; the cut with trephine using saline irrigated from peristaltic pumps of surgical motor showed greater homogeneity when compared with manual irrigation; charred tissue was found in all obtained bone samples, whit no significant statistically difference on the proportion of carbonization of the two analysed technics

Caracterização dos eletrocatalisadores LaMnO3, LaFeO3, LaFe0,2Mn0,8O3 E La0,5Fe0,5MnO3 preparados por autocombustão assistida por microondas para cátodos de células a combustível do tipo SOFC

Materials consisting of perovskite-type oxides (ABO3) have been developed in this work for applications in fuel cell cathodes of solid oxide type (SOFC). These ceramic materials are widely studied for this type of application because they have excellent electrical properties, conductivity and electrocatalytic. The oxides LaMnO3, LaFeO3, LaFe0.2Mn0.8O3 e La0.5Fe0.5MnO3 were synthesized by the method of microwave assisted combustion and after sintering at 800°C in order to obtain the desired phases. The powders were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and voltammetric analysis (cyclic voltammetry and polarization curves). The results obtained by XRF technique showed that the microwave synthesis method was effective in obtaining doping oxides with values near stoichiometric. In general, powders were obtained with particle size less than 0.5 μm, having a porous structure and uniform particle size distribution. The particles showed spherical form, irregular and crowded of varying sizes, according to the analysis of SEM. The behavior of the oxides opposite the thermal stability was monitored by thermogravimetric curves (TG), which showed low weight loss values for all samples, especially those of manganese had its structure. By means of Xray diffraction of the samples sintered at 800°C was possible to observe the formation of powders having high levels of crystallinity. Furthermore, undesirable phases such as La2O3 and MnOx were not identified in the diffractograms. These phases block the transport of oxygen ions in the electrode/electrolyte interface, affecting the electrochemical activity of the system. The voltammetric analysis of the electrocatalysts LF-800, LM-800, LF2M8-800 e L5F5M-800 revealed that these materials are excellent electrical conductors, because it increased the passage of electrical current of the working electrode significantly. Best performance for the oxygen reduction reaction was observed with iron-rich structures, considering that the materials obtained have characteristics suitable for use in fuel cell cathodes of solid oxide type

Área e volume da esfera

In this dissertation, we present a study on the teaching of volume of the sphere and the area of spherical surface. On this topic, a quali-quantitative was taken survey with the objective of identifying how these topics are addressed. For this, we made 14 questions to 30 teachers of Natal and the results of this survey are presented and discussed. After that, we present alternative ways to derive the formulas of the volume of a sphere and the are of a spherical surface