Energy and entropy radiated by a black hole embedded in a de Sitter braneworld

We study the Hawking radiation of a (4+n)-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole imbedded in space-time with a positive cosmological constant. The greybody and energy emission rates of scalars, fermions, bosons, and gravitons are calculated in the full range of energy. Valuable information on the dimensions and curvature of space-time is revealed. Furthermore, we investigate the entropy radiated and lost by black holes. We find their ratio near 1 in favor of the Bekenstein's conjecture.

Dynamical horizon entropy and equilibrium thermodynamics of generalized gravity theories

We study the relation between the thermodynamics and field equations of generalized gravity theories on the dynamical trapping horizon with sphere symmetry. We assume the entropy of a dynamical horizon as the Noether charge associated with the Kodama vector and point out that it satisfies the second law when a Gibbs equation holds. We generalize two kinds of Gibbs equations to Gauss-Bonnet gravity on any trapping horizon. Based on the quasilocal gravitational energy found recently for f(R) gravity and scalar-tensor gravity in some special cases, we also build up the Gibbs equations, where the nonequilibrium entropy production, which is usually invoked to balance the energy conservation, is just absorbed into the modified Wald entropy in the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetime with slowly varying horizon. Moreover, the equilibrium thermodynamic identity remains valid for f(R) gravity in a static spacetime. Our work provides an alternative treatment to reinterpret the nonequilibrium correction and supports the idea that the horizon thermodynamics is universal for generalized gravity theories.

Entropy of Kaluza-Klein black hole from Kerr/CFT correspondence

We extend the recently proposed Kerr/CFT correspondence to examine the dual conformal field theory of four-dimensional Kaluza-Klein black hole in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory. For the extremal Kaluza-Klein black hole, the central charge and temperature of the dual conformal field are calculated following the approach of Guica, Hartman, Song and Strominger. Meanwhile, we show that the microscopic entropy given by the Cardy formula agrees with Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of extremal Kaluza-Klein black hole. For the non-extremal case, by studying the near-region wave equation of a neutral massless scalar field, we investigate the hidden conformal symmetry of Kaluza-Klein black hole, and find the left and right temperatures of the dual conformal field theory. Furthermore, we find that the entropy of non-extremal Kaluza-Klein black hole is reproduced by Cardy formula. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enthalpy/entropy compensation: Influence of DNA flanking sequence on the binding of 7-amino actinomycin D to its primary binding site in short DNA duplexes

The effect of the context of the flanking sequence on ligand binding to DNA oligonucleotides that contain consensus binding sites was investigated for the binding of the intercalator 7-amino actinomycin D. Seven self-complementary DNA oligomers each containing a centrally located primary binding site, 5'-A-G-C-T-3', flanked on either side by the sequences (AT)(n) or (AA)(n) (with n = 2, 3, 4) and AA(AT)(2), were studied. For different flanking sequences, (AA)(n)-series or (AT)(n)-series, differential fluorescence enhancements of the ligand due to binding were observed. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the flanking sequences not only affected DNA stability and secondary structure but also modulated ligand binding to the primary binding site. The magnitude of the ligand binding affinity to the primary site was inversely related to the sequence dependent stability. The enthalpy of ligand binding was directly measured by isothermal titration calorimetry, and this made it possible to parse the binding free energy into its energetic and entropic terms.

Volumetric consequences of particle loss by grading entropy.

Chemical and biological processes, such as dissolution in gypsiferous sands and biodegradation in waste refuse, result in mass or particle loss, which in turn lead to changes in solid and void phase volumes and grading. Data on phase volume and grading changes have been obtained from oedometric dissolution tests on sand–salt mixtures. Phase volume changes are defined by a (dissolution-induced) void volume change parameter (Λ). Grading changes are interpreted using grading entropy coordinates, which allow a grading curve to be depicted as a single data point and changes in grading as a vector quantity rather than a family of distribution curves. By combining Λ contours with pre- to post-dissolution grading entropy coordinate paths, an innovative interpretation of the volumetric consequences of particle loss is obtained. Paths associated with small soluble particles, the loss of which triggers relatively little settlement but large increase in void ratio, track parallel to the Λ contours. Paths associated with the loss of larger particles, which can destabilise the sand skeleton, tend to track across the Λ contours.

Entropy Loss is Maximal for Uniform Inputs

A secure sketch (defined by Dodis et al.) is an algorithm that on an input w produces an output s such that w can be reconstructed given its noisy version w' and s. Security is defined in terms of two parameters m and m˜ : if w comes from a distribution of entropy m, then a secure sketch guarantees that the distribution of w conditioned on s has entropy m˜ , where λ = m−m˜ is called the entropy loss. In this note we show that the entropy loss of any secure sketch (or, more generally, any randomized algorithm) on any distribution is no more than it is on the uniform distribution.

Local kinetic interpretation of entropy production through reversed diffusion.

The time reversal of stochastic diffusion processes is revisited with emphasis on the physical meaning of the time-reversed drift and the noise prescription in the case of multiplicative noise. The local kinematics and mechanics of free diffusion are linked to the hydrodynamic description. These properties also provide an interpretation of the Pope-Ching formula for the steady-state probability density function along with a geometric interpretation of the fluctuation-dissipation relation. Finally, the statistics of the local entropy production rate of diffusion are discussed in the light of local diffusion properties, and a stochastic differential equation for entropy production is obtained using the Girsanov theorem for reversed diffusion. The results are illustrated for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.

Likelihood, entropy and species diversity; some comparisons in a Sumatran forest

In attempts to conserve the species diversity of trees in tropical forests, monitoring of diversity in inventories is essential. For effective monitoring it is crucial to be able to make meaningful comparisons between different regions, or comparisons of the diversity of a region at different times. Many species diversity measures have been defined, including the well-known abundance and entropy measures. All such measures share a number of problems in their effective practical use. However, probably the most problematic is that they cannot be used to meaningfully assess changes, since thay are only concerned with the number of species or the proportions of the population/sample which they constitute. A natural (though simplistic) model of a species frequency distribution is the multinomial distribution. It is shown that the likelihood analysis of samples from such a distribution are closely related to a number of entropy-type measures of diversity. Hence a comparison of the species distribution on two plots, using the multinomial model and likelihood methods, leads to generalised cross-entropy as the LRT test statistic of the null that the species distributions are the same. Data from 30 contiguous plots in a forest in Sumatra are analysed using these methods. Significance tests between all pairs of plots yield extremely low p-values, indicating strongly that it ought to been "Obvious" that the observed species distributions are different on different plots. In terms of how different the plots are, and how these differences vary over the whole study site, a display of the degrees of freedom of the test, (equivalent to the number of shared species) seems to be the most revealing indicator, as well as the simplest.

On Entropy-Based Molecular Descriptors: Statistical Analysis of Real and Synthetic Chemical Structures

This paper presents an analysis of entropy-based molecular descriptors. Specifically, we use real chemical structures, as well as synthetic isomeric structures, and investigate properties of and among descriptors with respect to the used data set by a statistical analysis. Our numerical results provide evidence that synthetic chemical structures are notably different to real chemical structures and, hence, should not be used to investigate molecular descriptors. Instead, an analysis based on real chemical structures is favorable. Further, we find strong hints that molecular descriptors can be partitioned into distinct classes capturing complementary information.