Professional situation of prosthetics and orthotics recent graduates in ESTeSL

The career of prosthetics and orthotics in Portugal have a recent formative path: need to investigate the employability and employment of the graduates in Prosthetic and Orthotics (P&O) in ESTeSL between the academic years of 2004/05 and 2012/13; approaching to socio-demographic data and also academic and professional path. The questionnaire was applied to the P&O professional population graduated in ESTeSL. The results had been important to observe the future perspectives trends for the profession.

A shared-disk parallel cluster file system

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Informática Pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Strategies for price reduction of HIV medicines under a monopoly situation in Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze Government strategies for reducing prices of antiretroviral medicines for HIV in Brazil. METHODS Analysis of Ministry of Health purchases of antiretroviral medicines, from 2005 to 2013. Expenditures and costs of the treatment per year were analyzed and compared to international prices of atazanavir. Price reductions were estimated based on the terms of a voluntary license of patent rights and technology transfer in the Partnership for Productive Development Agreement for atazanavir. RESULTS Atazanavir, a patented medicine, represented a significant share of the expenditures on antiretrovirals purchased from the private sector. Prices in Brazil were higher than international references, and no evidence was found of a relationship between purchase volume and price paid by the Ministry of Health. Concerning the latest strategy to reduce prices, involving local production of the 200 mg capsule, the price reduction was greater than the estimated reduction. As for the 300 mg capsule, the amounts paid in the first two years after the Partnership for Productive Development Agreement were close to the estimated values. Prices in nominal values for both dosage forms remained virtually constant between 2011 (the signature of the Partnership for Productive Development Agreement), 2012 and 2013 (after the establishment of the Partnership). CONCLUSIONS Price reduction of medicines is complex in limited-competition environments. The use of a Partnership for Productive Development Agreement as a strategy to increase the capacity of local production and to reduce prices raises issues regarding its effectiveness in reducing prices and to overcome patent barriers. Investments in research and development that can stimulate technological accumulation should be considered by the Government to strengthen its bargaining power to negotiate medicines prices under a monopoly situation.

analytical model and measurements of the target erosion depth profile of balanced and unbalanced planar magnetron cathodes

The erosion depth profile of planar targets in balanced and unbalanced magnetron cathodes with cylindrical symmetry is measured along the target radius. The magnetic fields have rotational symmetry. The horizontal and vertical components of the magnetic field B are measured at points above the cathode target with z = 2 x 10(-3) m. The experimental data reveal that the target erosion depth profile is a function of the angle. made by B with a horizontal line defined by z = 2 x 10(-3) m. To explain this dependence a simplified model of the discharge is developed. In the scope of the model, the pathway lengths of the secondary electrons in the pre-sheath region are calculated by analytical integration of the Lorentz differential equations. Weighting these lengths by using the distribution law of the mean free path of the secondary electrons, we estimate the densities of the ionizing events over the cathode and the relative flux of the sputtered atoms. The expression so deduced correlates for the first time the erosion depth profile of the target with the angle theta. The model shows reasonably good fittings to the experimental target erosion depth profiles confirming that ionization occurs mainly in the pre-sheath zone.

Sistemas de prevenção de cuidados de saúde

A tomada de decisão na saúde pode-se tornar um processo complexo e moroso. A complexidade associada ao processo de decisão na saúde advém da diversidade de opções clinicamente razoáveis, ou seja, nenhuma opção se sobrepõem _a outra, visto que cada uma possui os seus riscos e benefícios, que são normalmente interpretados de modo diferente entre os indivíduos. Desta forma, cabe ao paciente e _a sua equipa médica optarem pela opção que melhor se enquadra na situação clínica do paciente Para tornar este processo menos complexo, cada vez mais se utiliza as chamadas "ferramentas de decisão", que se caraterizam por fornecer informação sobre as diferentes opções clínicas, traduzindo-se numa diminuição da dificuldade da tomada de decisão. De uma forma geral, as ferramentas de decisão são desenvolvidas com o intuito de facilitar a tomada de decisão, através do aumento do conhecimento científico sobre um determinado problema (tomada de decisão informada) e uma mudança de atitude do paciente face aos seus cuidados de saúde. Na realização da presente dissertação foi desenvolvido um sistema de informação na web, que engloba informação relativa ao rastreio do cancro da próstata. Este sistema também surge acoplado a um conjunto de componentes de decisão, que têm como objetivo auxiliar os indivíduos no processo de decisão para a realização do rastreio do cancro da próstata, assim como a prevenção de doenças relacionadas com a próstata. A implementação desta aplicação web teve como base as necessidades do indivíduo, ou seja informações clínicas sobre possíveis riscos e benefícios associados ao rastreio, assim como fornecer uma maior interatividade com o utilizador. A primeira versão da aplicação já foi testada e avaliada através da participação de um conjunto de indivíduos que compõem o público-alvo para este tipo de aplicações. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que os requisitos definidos para esta aplicação, permitem o aumento do conhecimento do indivíduo e o auxílio na tomada de decisão para a realização do rastreio do cancro da próstata.

The role of the efflux mechanisms in multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract The emergence of multi and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB and XDRTB) has increased the concern of public health authorities around the world. The World Health Organization has defined MDRTB as tuberculosis (TB) caused by organisms resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, the main first-line drugs used in TB therapy, whereas XDRTB refers to TB resistant not only to isoniazid and rifampicin, but also to a fluoroquinolone and to at least one of the three injectable second-line drugs, kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin. Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mainly due to the occurrence of spontaneous mutations and followed by selection of mutants by subsequent treatment. However, some resistant clinical isolates do not present mutations in any genes associated with resistance to a given antibiotic, which suggests that other mechanism(s) are involved in the development of drug resistance, namely the presence of efflux pump systems that extrude the drug to the exterior of the cell, preventing access to its target. Increased efflux activity can occur in response to prolonged exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of anti-TB drugs, a situation that may result from inadequate TB therapy. The inhibition of efflux activity with a non-antibiotic inhibitor may restore activity of an antibiotic subject to efflux and thus provide a way to enhance the activity of current anti-TB drugs. The work described in this thesis foccus on the study of efflux mechanisms in the development of multidrug resistance in M. tuberculosis and how phenotypic resistance, mediated by efflux pumps, correlates with genetic resistance. In order to accomplish this goal, several experimental protocols were developed using biological models such as Escherichia coli, the fast growing mycobacteria Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium avium, before their application to M. tuberculosis. This approach allowed the study of the mechanisms that result in the physiological adaptation of E. coli to subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline (Chapter II), the development of a fluorometric method that allows the detection and quantification of efflux of ethidium bromide (Chapter III), the characterization of the ethidium bromide transport in M. smegmatis (Chapter IV) and the contribution of efflux activity to macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex (Chapter V). Finally, the methods developed allowed the study of the role of efflux pumps in M. tuberculosis strains induced to isoniazid resistance (Chapter VI). By this manner, in Chapter II it was possible to observe that the physiological adaptation of E. coli to tetracycline results from an interplay between events at the genetic level and protein folding that decrease permeability of the cell envelope and increase efflux pump activity. Furthermore, Chapter III describes the development of a semi-automated fluorometric method that allowed the correlation of this efflux activity with the transport kinetics of ethidium bromide (a known efflux pump substrate) in E. coli and the identification of efflux inhibitors. Concerning M. smegmatis, we have compared the wild-type M. smegmatis mc2155 with knockout mutants for LfrA and MspA for their ability to transport ethidium bromide. The results presented in Chapter IV showed that MspA, the major porin in M. smegmatis, plays an important role in the entrance of ethidium bromide and antibiotics into the cell and that efflux via the LfrA pump is involved in low-level resistance to these compounds in M. smegmatis. Chapter V describes the study of the contribution of efflux pumps to macrolide resistance in clinical M. avium complex isolates. It was demonstrated that resistance to clarithromycin was significantly reduced in the presence of efflux inhibitors such as thioridazine, chlorpromazine and verapamil. These same inhibitors decreased efflux of ethidium bromide and increased the retention of [14C]-erythromycin in these isolates. Finaly, the methods developed with the experimental models mentioned above allowed the study of the role of efflux pumps on M. tuberculosis strains induced to isoniazid resistance. This is described in Chapter VI of this Thesis, where it is demonstrated that induced resistance to isoniazid does not involve mutations in any of the genes known to be associated with isoniazid resistance, but an efflux system that is sensitive to efflux inhibitors. These inhibitors decreased the efflux of ethidium bromide and also reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of isoniazid in these strains. Moreover, expression analysis showed overexpression of genes that code for efflux pumps in the induced strains relatively to the non-induced parental strains. In conclusion, the work described in this thesis demonstrates that efflux pumps play an important role in the development of drug resistance, namely in mycobacteria. A strategy to overcome efflux-mediated resistance may consist on the use of compounds that inhibit efflux activity, restoring the activity of antimicrobials that are efflux pump substrates, a useful approach particularly in TB where the most effective treatment regimens are becoming uneffective due to the increase of MDRTB/XDRTB.

Vertex component analysis: a geometric-based approach to unmix hyperspectral data

Hyperspectral remote sensing exploits the electromagnetic scattering patterns of the different materials at specific wavelengths [2, 3]. Hyperspectral sensors have been developed to sample the scattered portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from the visible region through the near-infrared and mid-infrared, in hundreds of narrow contiguous bands [4, 5]. The number and variety of potential civilian and military applications of hyperspectral remote sensing is enormous [6, 7]. Very often, the resolution cell corresponding to a single pixel in an image contains several substances (endmembers) [4]. In this situation, the scattered energy is a mixing of the endmember spectra. A challenging task underlying many hyperspectral imagery applications is then decomposing a mixed pixel into a collection of reflectance spectra, called endmember signatures, and the corresponding abundance fractions [8–10]. Depending on the mixing scales at each pixel, the observed mixture is either linear or nonlinear [11, 12]. Linear mixing model holds approximately when the mixing scale is macroscopic [13] and there is negligible interaction among distinct endmembers [3, 14]. If, however, the mixing scale is microscopic (or intimate mixtures) [15, 16] and the incident solar radiation is scattered by the scene through multiple bounces involving several endmembers [17], the linear model is no longer accurate. Linear spectral unmixing has been intensively researched in the last years [9, 10, 12, 18–21]. It considers that a mixed pixel is a linear combination of endmember signatures weighted by the correspondent abundance fractions. Under this model, and assuming that the number of substances and their reflectance spectra are known, hyperspectral unmixing is a linear problem for which many solutions have been proposed (e.g., maximum likelihood estimation [8], spectral signature matching [22], spectral angle mapper [23], subspace projection methods [24,25], and constrained least squares [26]). In most cases, the number of substances and their reflectances are not known and, then, hyperspectral unmixing falls into the class of blind source separation problems [27]. Independent component analysis (ICA) has recently been proposed as a tool to blindly unmix hyperspectral data [28–31]. ICA is based on the assumption of mutually independent sources (abundance fractions), which is not the case of hyperspectral data, since the sum of abundance fractions is constant, implying statistical dependence among them. This dependence compromises ICA applicability to hyperspectral images as shown in Refs. [21, 32]. In fact, ICA finds the endmember signatures by multiplying the spectral vectors with an unmixing matrix, which minimizes the mutual information among sources. If sources are independent, ICA provides the correct unmixing, since the minimum of the mutual information is obtained only when sources are independent. This is no longer true for dependent abundance fractions. Nevertheless, some endmembers may be approximately unmixed. These aspects are addressed in Ref. [33]. Under the linear mixing model, the observations from a scene are in a simplex whose vertices correspond to the endmembers. Several approaches [34–36] have exploited this geometric feature of hyperspectral mixtures [35]. Minimum volume transform (MVT) algorithm [36] determines the simplex of minimum volume containing the data. The method presented in Ref. [37] is also of MVT type but, by introducing the notion of bundles, it takes into account the endmember variability usually present in hyperspectral mixtures. The MVT type approaches are complex from the computational point of view. Usually, these algorithms find in the first place the convex hull defined by the observed data and then fit a minimum volume simplex to it. For example, the gift wrapping algorithm [38] computes the convex hull of n data points in a d-dimensional space with a computational complexity of O(nbd=2cþ1), where bxc is the highest integer lower or equal than x and n is the number of samples. The complexity of the method presented in Ref. [37] is even higher, since the temperature of the simulated annealing algorithm used shall follow a log( ) law [39] to assure convergence (in probability) to the desired solution. Aiming at a lower computational complexity, some algorithms such as the pixel purity index (PPI) [35] and the N-FINDR [40] still find the minimum volume simplex containing the data cloud, but they assume the presence of at least one pure pixel of each endmember in the data. This is a strong requisite that may not hold in some data sets. In any case, these algorithms find the set of most pure pixels in the data. PPI algorithm uses the minimum noise fraction (MNF) [41] as a preprocessing step to reduce dimensionality and to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The algorithm then projects every spectral vector onto skewers (large number of random vectors) [35, 42,43]. The points corresponding to extremes, for each skewer direction, are stored. A cumulative account records the number of times each pixel (i.e., a given spectral vector) is found to be an extreme. The pixels with the highest scores are the purest ones. N-FINDR algorithm [40] is based on the fact that in p spectral dimensions, the p-volume defined by a simplex formed by the purest pixels is larger than any other volume defined by any other combination of pixels. This algorithm finds the set of pixels defining the largest volume by inflating a simplex inside the data. ORA SIS [44, 45] is a hyperspectral framework developed by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory consisting of several algorithms organized in six modules: exemplar selector, adaptative learner, demixer, knowledge base or spectral library, and spatial postrocessor. The first step consists in flat-fielding the spectra. Next, the exemplar selection module is used to select spectral vectors that best represent the smaller convex cone containing the data. The other pixels are rejected when the spectral angle distance (SAD) is less than a given thresh old. The procedure finds the basis for a subspace of a lower dimension using a modified Gram–Schmidt orthogonalizati on. The selected vectors are then projected onto this subspace and a simplex is found by an MV T pro cess. ORA SIS is oriented to real-time target detection from uncrewed air vehicles using hyperspectral data [46]. In this chapter we develop a new algorithm to unmix linear mixtures of endmember spectra. First, the algorithm determines the number of endmembers and the signal subspace using a newly developed concept [47, 48]. Second, the algorithm extracts the most pure pixels present in the data. Unlike other methods, this algorithm is completely automatic and unsupervised. To estimate the number of endmembers and the signal subspace in hyperspectral linear mixtures, the proposed scheme begins by estimating sign al and noise correlation matrices. The latter is based on multiple regression theory. The signal subspace is then identified by selectin g the set of signal eigenvalue s that best represents the data, in the least-square sense [48,49 ], we note, however, that VCA works with projected and with unprojected data. The extraction of the end members exploits two facts: (1) the endmembers are the vertices of a simplex and (2) the affine transformation of a simplex is also a simplex. As PPI and N-FIND R algorithms, VCA also assumes the presence of pure pixels in the data. The algorithm iteratively projects data on to a direction orthogonal to the subspace spanned by the endmembers already determined. The new end member signature corresponds to the extreme of the projection. The algorithm iterates until all end members are exhausted. VCA performs much better than PPI and better than or comparable to N-FI NDR; yet it has a computational complexity between on e and two orders of magnitude lower than N-FINDR. The chapter is structure d as follows. Section 19.2 describes the fundamentals of the proposed method. Section 19.3 and Section 19.4 evaluate the proposed algorithm using simulated and real data, respectively. Section 19.5 presents some concluding remarks.

Desenvolvimento de código pictográfico para identificação de medicamentos

Trabalho de Projeto

Resistência ao fogo de alvenarias sem função estrutural

Um incêndio é algo difícil de prever, assim como a sua consequência nos elementos de construção. Dessa forma, ao longo das últimas décadas, os elementos de construção têm sido alvo de diversos estudos a fim de avaliar os seus comportamentos quando solicitados em situação de incêndio. O International Building Code (IBC) descreve um método de cálculo analítico para a determinação da resistência ao fogo dos elementos da construção de acordo com os procedimentos de teste estabelecidos na ASTM E119 (Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials). Nesta dissertação foi feita uma análise desse método, que se mostrou inadequado para estimar a resistência ao fogo das alvenarias, sem função estrutural, de blocos cerâmicos e blocos de betão, uma vez que despreza qualquer efeito do ar no interior das mesmas. No seguimento desta análise, é apresentado um desenvolvimento do método descrito tendo em conta o efeito do ar. Depois de uma análise aos vários tipos de blocos cerâmicos e de betão com diferentes dimensões e geometrias foi possível obter uma relação entre a espessura equivalente de ar existente num bloco e a sua respectiva resistência ao fogo, de modo a serem obtidos os valores descritos na normalização existente. O efeito do ar mostrou ter uma maior influência na resistência ao fogo nas alvenarias constituídas por blocos cerâmicos de furação vertical, já que a sua geometria caracterizada por um elevado número de pequenos alvéolos contribui para o aumento do isolamento térmico, e consequentemente da sua resistência ao fogo. Nas alvenarias rebocadas os valores da resistência ao fogo aumentam cerca de 50%, quando revestidos com argamassa de cimento, e 70% quando revestidos com gesso, logo, o emprego de revestimentos representam uma boa alternativa para aumentar a resistência ao fogo.

Multi-Agent Based Smart Grid Management and Simulation: Situation Awareness and Learning in a Test Bed with Simulated and Real Installations and Players

The rising usage of distributed energy resources has been creating several problems in power systems operation. Virtual Power Players arise as a solution for the management of such resources. Additionally, approaching the main network as a series of subsystems gives birth to the concepts of smart grid and micro grid. Simulation, particularly based on multi-agent technology is suitable to model all these new and evolving concepts. MASGriP (Multi-Agent Smart Grid simulation Platform) is a system that was developed to allow deep studies of the mentioned concepts. This paper focuses on a laboratorial test bed which represents a house managed by a MASGriP player. This player is able to control a real installation, responding to requests sent by the system operators and reacting to observed events depending on the context.

Digital marketing strategies

Internship Report presented to Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto for the Master’s degree in Marketing Digital under the guidance of Dr. José Magalhães Author Note This internship was carried out under the Erasmus Program for college students and under the agreement between the sending institution, Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto and the host company, eRise, located in Budapest, Hungary, under the guidance of Vilmos Schwarz.

Acidentes de trabalho com exposição biológica em contexto hospitalar

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão Integrada da Qualidade, Ambiente e Segurança

Investigation of trypanothione synthetase of Leishmania infantum as a potential target for new anti-parasitic drugs

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

O controlo da tuberculose em Portugal : uma apreciação crítica epidemiológica gl

RESUMO - Com tanto ruído informativo e peças de informação incompletas e descontextualizadas, relativos ao controlo da tuberculose em Portugal, a chegarem ao cidadão e aos profissionais de saúde, não é fácil que eles disponham do conhecimento necessário ao desempenho dos respectivos papéis nesse controlo. O presente artigo pretende contribuir para um ganho real em conhecimento quanto (1) ao progresso no controlo da tuberculose em Portugal, enquadrado na evolução desse controlo noutras regiões pertinentes, e (2) aos aspectos do conhecimento disponível e da intervenção na população portuguesa que suscitem especial atenção, para melhoria no futuro imediato. Tem como estratégia integrar, e elevar ao nível de conhecimento, a informação disponibilizada nas fontes mais credíveis e pertinentes, valorizada no contexto da validade das mesmas fontes e da coerência dos diversos componentes. Relata o resultado de um exercício independente de apreciação crítica, com uma perspectiva epidemiológica. São observados: a situação actual, sobretudo a relativa aos anos de 2006 e 2007, e o desempenho do Programa Nacional de Controlo da Tuberculose (PNT), ambos relativizados à evolução recente e ao panorama internacional. O exercício de observação e revisão independentes baseia-se numa selecção de informação oficial e segue o mesmo método de abordagem que a O.M.S. faz nos seus relatórios anuais, à semelhança de outros exercícios já antes realizados. O controlo da tuberculose tem prosseguido a sua tímida, mas firme, evolução favorável, aproximando-se do nível já conseguido nos países seus vizinhos da Europa Ocidental. Em 2007, Portugal contribuiu para os 9 milhões de casos novos anuais, estimados no mundo, com 2916 casos notificados. A este número corresponde a taxa de incidência notificada de 25,7 por 100 000 habitantes e uma redução de 14% em relação ao ano anterior. Esta evolução afigura-se animadora, ainda que seja desejável um impacte mais acentuado do PNT, conforme é de esperar considerando o grau de desenvolvimento do País. A taxa de detecção de casos novos estimada é elevada e continua uma das melhores da Europa Ocidental — o que desfavorece artificialmente a imagem notificada do País, relativamente aos países com pior capacidade de detecção. A taxa de sucesso terapêutico melhorou de novo, situando- -se acima da meta de 85% preconizada pela O.M.S, para um bom controlo da tuberculose. Uma das consequências importantes é que se consegue um melhor aproveitamento da detecção habitualmente alcançada. O conhecimento no seu conjunto aponta para que o grau de controlo possa e deva realmente ser melhorado, sendo imperiosa a discriminação positiva das áreas geográficas e dos grupos populacionais em que tende a concentrar-se a emergência de maior número de casos e de resistências aos medicamentos. Deverão assim ser reforçados selectivamente tanto os meios de detecção e de intervenção clínica, como a qualidade da organização local da intervenção, para o cumprimento efectivo da estratégia DOTS. Enquanto programa vertical que atravessa os diversos níveis do sistema de cuidados de saúde, o desempenho do PNT sofre os efeitos das atribulações desses serviços, sobretudo os de cuidados primários, funcionando como uma «situação-marcadora» quanto ao desempenho do sistema de saúde. A evidência é de que é nesta primeira linha de cuidados que se decide o sucesso na detecção e no tratamento dos casos de tuberculose, reflectindo-se também aí o grau de desenvolvimento social e os comportamentos das populações, por sua vez determinantes do risco de doença e do sucesso terapêutico. ------------------- ABSTRACT - It is not easy that both the citizen and health professionals get enabled with the required knowledge, in order do play the corresponding roles in the control of tuberculosis, considering all the information noise and incomplete, out of context information pieces about the subject, that reach them. This paper is envisaging to contribute for a real gain in knowledge, regarding: (1) the progress in tuberculosis control in Portugal, framed by the evolution of such control in other pertinent regions and (2) the available knowledge and intervention aspects in the Portuguese population that require a special attention, for improvement. The article’s strategy is to integrate, and raise to a knowledge level, information provided by the most accredited and pertinent sources, interpreted as a function of the validity context of the same sources and of the coherence of the several components. Two aspects are observed: the current situation, in particular concerning years 2006 and 2007, and the performance of the National Programme for the Tuberculosis Control (PNT), both made relative to the recent evolution and to the international panorama. This independent observation and revision exercise is based on a selection of official information and follows the same approach that the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) uses in its annual reports, like other similar exercises previously undertaken. The control of tuberculosis is evolving in a shy, but firm, fashion, getting closer to the level already attained by the neighbor countries, in Western Europe. Portugal has contributed with 2916 new notified cases, to the 9 million annual cases estimated in the world, in 2007. This number corresponds to an incidence rate, for notified cases, of 25.7 per 100000 population, and to a reduction of 14% in one year. Such evolution seems encouraging, although a greater impact of PNT is desirable, as expected in relation to the degree of the Country development. Estimated new cases detection rate is high and keeps being one of the best in Western Europe — and this artificially disadvantages the notified image of the Country, as compared with other countries having a worst detection capacity. Treatment success rate has improved again and it is above the 85% target proposed by W.H.O., so that a good control of the disease is achieved. One of the important consequences is a better use of the attained detection. Altogether, knowledge suggests that the degree of control can and must be in fact better; and that a positive discrimination of geographic areas and population groups, in which a greater number of new cases and drug resistances tend to concentrate, is mandatory. Therefore, either clinical detection and intervention resources, or the quality of the local intervention organization have to be reinforced, if a total fulfillment of DOTS strategy is to be obtained. As a vertical programme that crosses the several levels of the health care system, PNT performance suffers the effects of services tribulations, mainly primary care, thus acting as a «markersituation » as to this system performance. Evidence shows that it is in this first line of care that success in both detection and treatment of tuberculosis cases is decided; and that this level also reveals the degree of social developmen

Sol-gel biomimetic material designed to target CEA cancer biomarker

1st ASPIC International Congress