1000 resultados para Stress e Trabalho
Resumo:
A asma é a doença crônica mais freqüente na infância e o stress é considerado um dos agentes desencadeantes e agravantes do broncoespasmo nesses pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência do stress na expressão clínica da asma e sua associação com as crises em crianças. Para verificar a presença de stress, utilizou-se a Escala de Stress Infantil (LIPP E LUCARELLI, 1998) e por meio de um questionário aplicado aos pais, observou-se freqüência de sintomas e crises de asma, as alterações do sono, o absenteísmo escolar, as limitações à prática de atividade física, a freqüência de uso de broncodilatador, as condutas dos pais durante as crises de asma, os fatores associados ao desencadeamento das crises, o poder aquisitivo e o grau de instrução do chefe da família. Observou-se que as crianças com asma estavam mais estressadas que as crianças do grupo controle, principalmente aquelas com maior gravidade da doença. Os resultados indicam que a presença de stress pode intensificar a freqüência de sintomas da asma, a limitação à atividade física, o absenteísmo escolar e as interrupções do sono. O maior tempo de diagnóstico de asma implicou em menor ocorrência de stress, sugerindo a existência de um fator de adaptação à doença. Conclui-se que o stress é um fator importante no desencadeamento e agravamento das crises de asma nas crianças e observa-se a necessidade de maiores pesquisas na aérea para aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre esse assunto.
Resumo:
The teaching profession is often associated with extensive workload inside and outside the classroom, poor teaching conditions, among other challenges that can cause sleep problems. These problems may be even greater in women, due to the professional and domestic work hours and to the major sleep necessity. Considering that sleeping problems may result from the practice of poor sleep habits, sleep education programs are conducted with the aim to reduce sleep deprivation, irregularity on sleep schedules, daytime sleepiness and improve sleep quality. In this sense, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of working hours, gender and a sleep education program on sleeping habits, quality of sleep, daytime sleepiness and the level of stress in teachers of elementary and secondary education. For that, teachers filled the questionnaires that assessed: 1. Sleeping habits (Sleep & Health), 2. Chronotype (Horne & Ostberg), 3. Daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), 4. Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), 5. Level of stress (The Inventory of Stress for Adults of Lipp) and 6. Daily pattern of sleep/wake cycle (Sleep Diary). The questionnaires 1, 4, 5 and 6 were repeated 3 weeks after the sleep education program. Teachers who begin work in the morning (7:11 ± 0:11 h) wake up earlier in the week and often have poor sleep quality compared to those who start in the afternoon (13:04 ± 00:12 h). Among those who begin work in the morning, the intermediate types and those with an evening tendency were more irregular in the wake up time than morning types and increased sleep duration on weekend. In relation to gender, women had longer sleep duration than men, although the majority presented excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. However, when work schedule and age are similar between genders, the difference in sleep duration becomes a tendency and the difference in the percentage of excessive daytime sleepiness disappears, but the poor sleep quality persists in women. With respect to teachers who have gone through the sleep education program, there was an increase in knowledge about the subject, which may have contributed to the reduction in the frequency of coffee consumption close to bedtime and to the sleep quality improved in 18 % of participants. In the control group, there were random differences in knowledge in 3rd stage, and sleep quality improved in only 9% of teachers. The participation in the sleep education program was not enough to change the hours of sleep and decrease stress of teachers. Therefore, the start time school in the morning was preponderant in determining the wake up time of teachers, especially for intermediates types and those with an evening tendency. Furthermore, the poor quality of sleep was more common in women, and the sleep education program contributed to increase knowledge on the subject and to improve sleep quality.
Resumo:
Objective: Evaluate the work structure and process in Psychos ocial Care Centers (CAPS) and the professionals profile, the satisfaction, conditions and work overload. Methods: Cross - sectional study conducted in five CAPS in Campina Grande city. The study sample consisted of five coordinators, 42 graduate professional s, 26 mid - level (technical and auxiliary nurses, and caregivers), and the medical records pertaining to 413 users followed up. Data were collected using validated questionnaires (CAPSUL - rating CAPS in southern Brazil) and adapted to the study, between July and October 2014. The questionnaires were double entered and submitted to validation in the sub - program “Validate Epi Info 3.5.4” , used along with the “SPSS 17.0” for processing the statistical analyzes. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were ap plied to the descriptive analyzes; “Fisher's” exact test to check the CAPS impact on hospital admissions and the “Bonferroni” adjusted to verify the diagnoses according to sex. 5% significance level was adopted. The study was approved by the Ethics Committ ee of the Rio Grande do Norte Federal University (UFRN), protocol 719.435, of 05.30.2014. Results: From the structure analysis were identified contextual factors that influenced the work process of CAPS professionals, such as: deficiencies with regard to h uman resources; forms of health professionals employment and qualifications; temporary contract existence. As to process dimension, it was found that the home visits performance by health professionals shows to be ineffective, given its insufficiency and i rregularity, which can be explained by the high demand, reduced staff and transportation lack. It was low coverage of items inherent to Therapeutic Individual Project, as the income generation program, insertion at work and home visit. The reference and co unter reference flow are still not satisfactorily organized. There was statistically significant difference for the diagnosis, with a predominance of mood disorders related to stress among women and those related to alcohol and other drugs among men (p <0. 05). There was an association between the degree of health professionals satisfaction and working conditions, overload and factors related to the content and working conditions, the security measures, comfort and CAPS appearance, contact between the teams and users, families treatment by the teams, temporary employment relationship. Conclusion: The data collected indicate the need for the CAPS organization through increased investments in the sector in order to enhance the infrastructure as potentiating el ement of practices with a view to changing the care model for mental health proposed by the Psychiatric Reform. It is hoped therefore that this research will contribute to better planning in CAPS unit management, with another tool to improve the dimensions involving the structure and the professional work process and improve this mental health care model.
Resumo:
The Brazilian prison system is going through a serious crisis, not only due to the growth in the number of prisoners and the consequent overcrowding of prisons, but also for the violation of human rights, institutionalization and difficulty in social rehabilitation of inmates. Furthermore, the harmful effects of the prison system affect their workers, who generally are not prioritized by researchers, health programs and government policies. The literature pointing to some consequences of work in prison, among them, the mental illness, stress, alcohol abuse, etc., but little is known about this profession, their problems, the difficulties of their work routine, so as subjective processes involved. So, what are the effects of this work in the prison in the lives of correctional officers? What strategies developed to address the work in prison? This research aims to analyze the effects of this work in the prison in the lives of correctional officers from the state prison in Parnamirim, located in the metropolitan region of Natal-RN. Within the theoretical and methodological perspective of institutional analysis and cartography were carried conversation circles, interviews, in addition to participant observation of the correctional officers work’s routine. The results point to a working routine marked by the performance of procedures that involve risk to the worker, generating situations of tension and stress. Besides, the culture of violence (which is implemented in jail everyday) as well as the training and initial learning of the profession, are responsible for the militarization process of the subjectivities of the correctional officers, producing hard subject, disciplined, stiff, likely to violent practices and other rights violations. Other mapped effects relate to the acquisition of knowledge about the human (“psy” knowledge) responsible for forging the conception of the criminal as "dangerous subject", which, in turn, acts as subjectivity vector in the daily life of prison guards by setting up a way of life crossed by fear and insecurity outside the work environment. Produces a control in the open about their lives and their families, limiting them with regard to family and community life and the realization of leisure activities in public spaces. In this sense, it appears that the arrest acts producing “bad meetings” (from Espinosa's perspective), once it produces sad affections responsible for weakening the conatus, limiting the possibilities of action of these subjects. Although agents develop some strategies to deal with the difficulties of working in prison (among which stand out the development of other professional or leisure activities, spirituality / religiosity and the ability to separate the labor moments from those of their the personal lives, is advocated that such strategies do not offer significant resistance, since they do not question the contemporary legal-criminal logic. The thesis presented supports the proposals of penal abolitionism to present other conceptions of crime and justice through the invention of other practical and conceptual strategies.
Resumo:
Health results from the interaction of biological, social, economic, political and cultural factors. Under this perspective, we aim to analyze the relationship among working in public emergency hospitals and the health-sickness of the professionals who work there. We are based in a quantitative and qualitative research, in which 240 health professionals (doctors, nurses, social workers, psychologists, dentists, nutritionists, audiologists, physiotherapists and occupational therapists) answered a survey. All of them recognize the importance of work to guarantee favorable conditions to good health. However, they highlight its physical and mental wear effects on workers like stress, absence of a healthy life-style, high blood pressure, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and sleep disorders. It becomes urgent to face this reality, to enhance professionals' health and, consequently, the quality of user’s assistance, since the illness of health workers is strongly correlated with the existing health model in society.
Resumo:
O stress é a doença da actualidade, devido à exigência e à pressão emocional que o meio pode exercer sobre todas as pessoas, quer no seu ambiente pessoal quer no ambiente profissional. O termo stress serve cada vez mais como justificação ou forma de expressão de irritações, mal-estar físico e mental, cansaço, ansiedade e depressões. Todavia torna-se pertinente percebermos a evolução do stress enquanto conceito e enquanto doença. Neste trabalho contextualizamos o stress no âmbito da Emergência Pré – Hospitalar, explorando-o, avaliando-o e analisando-o, de modo a podermos perceber os níveis de stress e de que forma os Profissionais de Emergência a ele estão sujeitos. Considerando a base teórica deste estudo definimos, como objectivo geral do trabalho, a avaliação de níveis e factores de stress percepcionados pelos profissionais de emergência médica e como objectivos específicos do estudo a descrever e caracterizar, a nível da região centro, os indivíduos que desempenham funções na emergência préhospitalar, verificar a percepção dos mesmos no que respeita ao stress na sua vida profissional, conhecer como percepcionam os níveis de stress em situações profissionais de emergência e identificar a sua percepção no que concerne aos níveis de stress diário no seu quotidiano. Com estes objectivos, utilizamos uma amostra de 184 profissionais de Emergência Médica divididos por quatro profissões [Médicos, Enfermeiros, Técnicos de Ambulância de Emergência (TAE) e Operadores de Central de Emergência Médica(OPCEM)], com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 56 anos. Realizámos ainda um estudo descritivo explorando os questionários de stress no INEM (Instituto Nacional de Emergência Médica) e o Questionário de Vulnerabilidade do Stress com variáveis do estudo demográfico. Podemos concluir que o stress está presente nas actividades de emergência. A sua presença relaciona-se, por um lado, com uma maior ou menor discriminação dos factores stressantes e, por outro, numa maior ou menor centração no sujeito, nomeadamente, um maior perfeccionismo e intolerância à frustração que se apresentam como distressantes para a actividade profissional de emergência. Os aspectos estudados permitem-nos clarificar o sentido e a utilidade do conceito, a sua operacionalidade e a sua importância nos profissionais de emergência. / Stress is the disease of our time, due to the requirement and emotional pressure that the media can have on all people, both in their personal environment and in the professional environment. The word stress increasingly serves as a justification or form of expression of irritation, physical discomfort and mental fatigue, anxiety and depression. However it is pertinent to realize the evolution of stress as a concept and as a disease. In this work, we contextualize under the stress of the Pre - Hospital Emergency, exploring it, assessing it and analyzing it, so you can see the stress levels and how the Emergency Professionals are subject to it. Whereas the theoretical basis of this study as a strategic objective of the work, the assessment of levels and stress factors perceived by medical emergency professionals and specific objectives of the study description and characterization, the level of the center, individuals who perform functions in pre-hospital emergency, check their perception with regard to the stress in your life, know how they experience the stress levels of professionals in emergency situations and identify the perceptions of individuals regarding the levels of daily stress in their daily lives. For this we used a sample of 184 professionals of Medical Emergency divided by four professions [(Doctors, Nurses, Technicians Ambulance Emergency (TAE), Operators of Emergency Medical Center (OPCEM)], aged 20 to 56 years. We conducted a descriptive study also exploring the questionnaires of stress in INEM(National Institute of Medical Emergency) and Vulnerability Questionnaire Stress with variables of the study population. We can conclude that stress is present in emergency activities. Its presence is related to, first, with more or less stressful factors of discrimination and, secondly, a greater or lesser concentration on the subject, in particular, greater perfectionism and intolerance to frustration that stand as unstressed for the activity of emergency professionals. The areas studied will clarify the meaning and usefulness of the concept, its operation and its importance in day-to-day occupation of emergency.
Resumo:
Este estudo aborda a questão da conciliação entre o trabalho e família, nomeadamente a questão da importância da existência de medidas de conciliação. A pesquisa decorreu em três contextos, numa empresa com medidas de conciliação efectivas, uma empresa sem medidas de conciliação e no setor público, através de questionários Os principais resultados mostram que a existência de medidas de conciliação e de uma cultura organizacional apoiante (para a qual contribui o apoio de colegas e chefias) aumentam a perceção de capacidade de conciliação\ e permitem diminuir o stress sentido pelos trabalhadores. Percebeu-se também que existe uma maior interferência do trabalho na família do que o contrário e que as mulheres continuam a ser quem sente mais dificuldades em relação à conciliação. / This study addresses the issue of balancing work and family, namely the issue of importance of conciliation measures. The research took place in three contexts, a company with actual measures of conciliation, a company without conciliation measures and the public sector, through questionnaires The main results show that the existence of reconciliation measures and a supportive organizational culture (which contributes to the support of colleagues and supervisors) increase the perception of ability to compromise and they reduce the stress felt by workers. We also noticed that there is a greater interference of work in the family than otherwise and that women continue to be who feels more difficulties regarding the conciliation.
Resumo:
Apesar de todos nós nos esquecermos, é comum atribuir-se os lapsos de memória às pessoas com idades avançadas. A evidência científica tem, no entanto, demonstrado que o esquecimento advém de uma multiplicidade de factores, como por exemplo, o excesso de trabalho, falta de descanso, entre outros. Neste estudo pretende-se saber se existe associação entre a tríade conceptual ansiedade, stress e depressão e os lapsos de memória, numa população em idade activa e com habilitações académicas de nível superior. A amostra é constituída por 68 professores que exercem a sua actividade profissional na Escola E.B. 2,3 de Cantanhede. A recolha dos dados foi efectuada recorrendo a: um questionário elaborado por nós, constituído por questões abertas e fechadas, uma Escala de Ansiedade, Depressão e Stress (EADS-21) e um Questionário de lapsos de memória (QLM). As análises estatísticas dos questionários foram efectuadas recorrendo ao programa informático SPSS (versão 15). As análises tiveram com objectivo final a testagem das hipóteses e tomaram em consideração a natureza métrica das variáveis. / In spite of all of we forget ourselves, it is common the lapses of memory are attributed to the persons with advanced ages. The scientific evidence has, however, when that the oblivion results from a multiplicity of factors was demonstrated, I eat for example, the excess of work, rest lack, between others. In this study one intends to know if there is association between the conceptual triad anxiety, stress and depression and the lapses of memory, in a population in active age and with academic competences of superior level. The sample is constituted by 68 teachers who practice his professional activity in the School E.B. 2,3 of Cantanhede. The gathering of the data was effectuated resorting to: a questionnaire prepared by us, constituted by questions open and shut, a Scale of Anxiety, Depression and Stress (EADS-21) and a Questionnaire of lapses of memory (QLM). The statistical analyses of the questionnaires were effectuated when there is resorting to the program informatics SPSS (version 15). The analyses had with final objective the testate of the hypotheses and took in consideration the metric nature of the variables.
Resumo:
As situações indutoras de stress são uma constante imutável no dia-a-dia do ser humano e quando esta perturbação não é gerida de forma adequada, acarreta graves prejuízos na saúde dos indivíduos refletindo-se em diversas áreas das suas vidas nomeadamente no trabalho. O presente estudo tem como finalidade identificar a relação entre o stress e as estratégias de coping e perceber se os indivíduos com vulnerabilidade ao stress diferem dos indivíduos sem stress no que concerne às estratégias de coping utilizadas. A vulnerabilidade ao stress foi medida pela escala 23QVS, enquanto as estratégias de coping foram avaliadas pelo Inventário de Resolução de Problemas (IRP), tendo sido, ainda, utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico. A amostra foi composta por 62 trabalhadores de uma empresa de venda a retalho com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 44 anos (M=32,02 DP=5,770). Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a vulnerabilidade ao stress se correlaciona de forma negativa e altamente significativa com as estratégias de coping e que indivíduos com e sem vulnerabilidade ao stress não diferem quanto ao uso destas estratégias. / The stress-induction situations are a constant unchanging in human being life, and if this disturbance is not managed adequately can be harmful to the health of individuals and reflected in many areas of their lives including their work. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between stress and coping strategies, and understand if individuals with stress vulnerability differs from individuals without stress in respect to the use of coping strategies. Stress vulnerability was measured by the 23QVS scale and coping strategies by the Inventário de Resolução de Problemas – IRP (Inventory of Problem Solving), and we also used a sociodemographic questionnaire. The sample consisted of 62 workers of a retailing company with ages between 20 and 40 years old (M = 32,02; DP = 5,770). Our research studies reveal that stress vulnerability correlates negatively and highly with coping strategies, and individuals with and without stress vulnerability not differ in the use of these strategies.
Resumo:
The theoretical recital of the present study it is initiated of the evidence that the work occupies an important space in the man s life in way that the majority of the people works and passes great part of its time inside organizati ons. However, it is verified that the relation between man and work is becoming increasingly disagreement a time that the employees had started to complain work s routines, stress, not use all their potential and inadequate work s conditions. It can be observed by the way of Dejours (1994) studies. Thus, as contribution for the quality of work life s (QWL) studies the research developed here objectified to characterize the public employees quality of work life at EMATER -RN taking as reference an instrumen t of research synthesized from the typical academic literature of the subject. The synthesis of an ampler instrument is a necessity not taken care to the literature that treats on the subject but already perceived by some studies like Moraes et al (1990); Rodrigues (1989); Siqueira & Coleta (1989); Moraes et al (1992); Carvalho & Souza (2003); El -Aouar & Souza (2003) and Mourão, Kilimnick & Fernandes (2005); Adorno, Marques & Borges (2005) amongst others. These studies point out weak points of the existing models in the QWL s literature, as well as they recommend the elaboration of a model more flexible, that contemplates Brazilian cultural characteristics, and that contemplates the entire variable studied in the main existing models. For reach this objectiv e the adopted methodology was characterized as a case study with collected data in qualitative and quantitative way. Questionnaires and comments had been used as sources of evidences. These evidences had been tabulated through of statistical package SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Science), in which the main technique of multivariate analysis used were the factorial analysis. As for the gotten results, it was verified the grouping of the quality of work life s indicators in 11 factors which are: Work s execution, Individual accomplishment, Work s equity, Relation individual and organization, Work s organization, Adequacy of the remuneration, Relation between head and subordinate, Effectiveness of the communication and the learning, Relation between work and personal life, Participation and Effectiveness of the work processes. Whatever to the characterization of the EMATER -RN s quality of work life it was clearly that to the measure that the satisfaction s evaluation with the QWL in the organization walks to intrinsic factors for extrinsic factors this level of satisfaction goes diminishing what points to the importance to improve these extrinsic factors in the institution. In summary it is possible to conclude that the organization studied has offered a significant set of referring variable to the quality of work life of the individual
Resumo:
The balance between the demands of two important spheres of human life, work and family, has become a challenge due to the pressures of the contemporary that is expanding around the difficulties of reconciling these two comínios. In this sense, this research aimed to understand the work-family interaction in the perception of executive secretaries. The analysis approach used was qualitative research, by worrying about a reality that can not be quantified due to the subjectivity of his goal. The data collection technique used was the semistructured interview to twenty executive secretaries, servants of a Federal Institution of Higher Education. For the understanding and interpretation of the data, we used the technique of content analysis. The results of both analyzes identified the existence of conflict as enrichment in this interaction. The time was identified as the largest generator of conflict work. The overload, relationship stress and conflict emerged as elements common to both domains. As main implications of labor disputes, were revealed: problamas health for secretaries and stress. As main implications of family conflicts emerged: motivation for work, lower performance and lack of concentration. The attempt at balance was identified as the strategy most used by secretaries to minimize work-family conflict. The work-family enrichment was seen as resources that contribute to improving the lives of the secretary in both domains. The opportunity to add knowledge was highlighted as enriching element of work and family values as elements enriching family. The support and experience emerged as enrichment items common to both domains. Regarding the implications of enrichment resulting from the interaction of work and family, the more perceived by respondents were: increased knowledge and skills, material and psychological benefits, improved quality of life and personal and professional fulfillment. From the perception of executive secretaries, work and family spheres of human life are essential and complementary, and that help is contrary, however, this relationship is the primary management of conflicts, ie, how the individual sees and manages the negative side of the work-family
Resumo:
Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene no Trabalho
Resumo:
The theoretical recital of the present study it is initiated of the evidence that the work occupies an important space in the man s life in way that the majority of the people works and passes great part of its time inside organizati ons. However, it is verified that the relation between man and work is becoming increasingly disagreement a time that the employees had started to complain work s routines, stress, not use all their potential and inadequate work s conditions. It can be observed by the way of Dejours (1994) studies. Thus, as contribution for the quality of work life s (QWL) studies the research developed here objectified to characterize the public employees quality of work life at EMATER -RN taking as reference an instrumen t of research synthesized from the typical academic literature of the subject. The synthesis of an ampler instrument is a necessity not taken care to the literature that treats on the subject but already perceived by some studies like Moraes et al (1990); Rodrigues (1989); Siqueira & Coleta (1989); Moraes et al (1992); Carvalho & Souza (2003); El -Aouar & Souza (2003) and Mourão, Kilimnick & Fernandes (2005); Adorno, Marques & Borges (2005) amongst others. These studies point out weak points of the existing models in the QWL s literature, as well as they recommend the elaboration of a model more flexible, that contemplates Brazilian cultural characteristics, and that contemplates the entire variable studied in the main existing models. For reach this objectiv e the adopted methodology was characterized as a case study with collected data in qualitative and quantitative way. Questionnaires and comments had been used as sources of evidences. These evidences had been tabulated through of statistical package SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Science), in which the main technique of multivariate analysis used were the factorial analysis. As for the gotten results, it was verified the grouping of the quality of work life s indicators in 11 factors which are: Work s execution, Individual accomplishment, Work s equity, Relation individual and organization, Work s organization, Adequacy of the remuneration, Relation between head and subordinate, Effectiveness of the communication and the learning, Relation between work and personal life, Participation and Effectiveness of the work processes. Whatever to the characterization of the EMATER -RN s quality of work life it was clearly that to the measure that the satisfaction s evaluation with the QWL in the organization walks to intrinsic factors for extrinsic factors this level of satisfaction goes diminishing what points to the importance to improve these extrinsic factors in the institution. In summary it is possible to conclude that the organization studied has offered a significant set of referring variable to the quality of work life of the individual
Resumo:
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações.
Resumo:
The balance between the demands of two important spheres of human life, work and family, has become a challenge due to the pressures of the contemporary that is expanding around the difficulties of reconciling these two comínios. In this sense, this research aimed to understand the work-family interaction in the perception of executive secretaries. The analysis approach used was qualitative research, by worrying about a reality that can not be quantified due to the subjectivity of his goal. The data collection technique used was the semistructured interview to twenty executive secretaries, servants of a Federal Institution of Higher Education. For the understanding and interpretation of the data, we used the technique of content analysis. The results of both analyzes identified the existence of conflict as enrichment in this interaction. The time was identified as the largest generator of conflict work. The overload, relationship stress and conflict emerged as elements common to both domains. As main implications of labor disputes, were revealed: problamas health for secretaries and stress. As main implications of family conflicts emerged: motivation for work, lower performance and lack of concentration. The attempt at balance was identified as the strategy most used by secretaries to minimize work-family conflict. The work-family enrichment was seen as resources that contribute to improving the lives of the secretary in both domains. The opportunity to add knowledge was highlighted as enriching element of work and family values as elements enriching family. The support and experience emerged as enrichment items common to both domains. Regarding the implications of enrichment resulting from the interaction of work and family, the more perceived by respondents were: increased knowledge and skills, material and psychological benefits, improved quality of life and personal and professional fulfillment. From the perception of executive secretaries, work and family spheres of human life are essential and complementary, and that help is contrary, however, this relationship is the primary management of conflicts, ie, how the individual sees and manages the negative side of the work-family