La incidencia de la Reunificación Alemana como factor a destacar en el análisis del desarrollo de la xenofobia en los Nuevos Estados Federados

A partir de las Pasiones, fundamento sociológico de las Relaciones Internaciones en un Prejuicio a la Racionalidad del teórico Marcel Merle; se analizó como la Reunificación Alemana es un factor a destacar, en el análisis del desarrollo de la xenofobia en los nuevos estados federados alemanes (nuevos Länder). De tal forma, se empleó un análisis holístico en el estudio de la nueva realidad social de los nuevos estados tras la transición del sistema socialista al capitalista, haciéndose énfasis en los principales factores políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales. La nueva realidad social en los nuevos estados está marcada por el descontento de su población, en donde son los jóvenes los más afectados y quienes resultan ser los perdedores del capitalismo. La preocupación obedece al desequilibrio en términos económicos entre la parte oriental alemana y la occidental. Esta situación crea un ambiente propicio para que el discurso de la extrema derecha alemana sea aceptado, este discurso se convierte en herramienta política de los partidos políticos y grupos neonazis; la discursiva de extrema derecha contiene un trasfondo ideológico ultranacionalista, que justifica los comportamientos de sus seguidores. Estas influencias desencadenan violencia contra las minorías, dentro de las cuales se encuentran los inmigrantes. Es especialmente en los nuevos estados federados alemanes en donde los actos violentos contra extranjeros han aumentado, estas acciones obedecen a un trasfondo xenófobo.

¿Hijos de la guerra o huérfanos del Estado?

El estudio pone en consideración una amplia caracterización del fenómeno de las «maras» en el contexto guatemalteco, escudriñando en la naturaleza de su violencia. En este sentido, se analiza la violencia juvenil, relacionándola con las problemáticas estructurales e institucionales de este país, considerando el legado de las dictaduras y del conflicto armado, así como la construcción de realidad social realizada por los agentes que reproducen el fenómeno. Se revisan también las respuestas gubernamentales y no gubernamentales para controvertir este problema, resaltando sus aciertos y desaciertos. Finalmente, los resultados de la investigación indican que las «maras» se han nutrido de problemáticas estructurales como la desigualdad y la marginalización; de debilidades institucionales como la impunidad y la corrupción; de falencias al interior del núcleo familiar, como el maltrato; así como de las decisiones de quienes las conforman consolidando carreras delincuenciales y violentas.

La inclusión para las personas con discapacidad: entre la igualdad y la diferencia

Este documento presenta un análisis sobre discapacidad, inclusión social, igualdad, diferencia desde distintos paradigmas de aproximación a la realidad social de las personas con discapacidad. A partir de los planteamientos de Díaz (1), se hace una reflexión de la discapacidad desde los puntos de vista especialista, materialista y posmodernista; de la comprensión y aplicación de los conceptos de inclusión y equidad usados cotidianamente por las entidades en sus políticas, planes, programas y proyectos. La postura de diferentes organizaciones, partiendo de los paradigmas liberal, marxista y postestructuralista, permite entender desde cuáles concepciones se construyen las propuestas de acción. Finalmente, se ordenan las respuestas sociales según el planteamiento de Avaría (2) a partir de las matrices culturales de sobreprotección y esfuerzo; las alternativas postuladas por Santos (3) y Díaz (1) quienes destacan la diversidad y el reconocimiento de la diferencia como una forma de inclusión y de libertad recuperando el papel protagónico de los sujetos con discapacidad, su entorno local y el estado.

La política exterior colombiana de asistencia a connacionales detenidos en México (periodo 2010-2014)

El objetivo del presente estudio de caso es analizar y describir la política pública encargada de brindar asistencia consular a los colombianos detenidos en México. Dicha política implementada en el primer gobierno del presidente Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, ha contribuido a mejorar la situación de los nacionales privados de su libertad fortaleciendo la figura institucional del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores a través del Consulado y las herramientas empleadas durante su administración. Sin embargo, mediante la perspectiva teórica de Richard Elmore, se recalca la importancia de la participación de diversos actores dentro del proceso de implementación de la política pública, realizando recomendaciones en busca de mejorar y generar aportes a la política para responder a la realidad social que viven los connacionales detenidos.

Resposta das lideranças para a articulação curricular, do pré-escolar ao secundário, num Agrupamento de Escolas

As constantes evoluções da realidade social e consequentes exigências demandam à escola uma readaptação permanente e uma constante busca de sentido, na tentativa de adequação a novos públicos e a novos papéis. Partindo do pressuposto, que o objetivo central de qualquer organização escolar é o de preparar os seus alunos para uma plena e efetiva inserção na sociedade, cabe à mesma encontrar mecanismos que garantam as condições de sucesso a todos eles. Nesta lógica, uma vez que a ausência da articulação curricular pode constituir-se como um obstáculo ao sucesso educativo, coloca-se a seguinte questão: em que medida as lideranças dos agrupamentos verticais de escolas poderão contribuir para uma articulação curricular mais eficaz, do pré-escolar ao secundário? Conscientes desta problemática, apresentamos um trabalho de projeto, cuja abordagem temática se centra no papel que o diretor escolar pode ter na coordenação e liderança das estruturas de topo e intermedias, de forma a promover entre os vários departamentos, uma articulação curricular mais eficaz. A estrutura deste trabalho vai afunilando na construção de um projeto de intervenção destinado ao agrupamento, baseado na análise de conteúdo do relatório elaborado pela inspeção geral de educação (IGE), aquando da sua avaliação externa. Os resultados esperados sugerem que, o órgão de gestão de topo, na figura do diretor, desenvolva uma ação concertada e articulada com as estruturas intermédias, num caminho para o desenvolvimento de uma escola de qualidade com vista ao sucesso educativo.

A sociologia da educação na formação de professores : potencialidades e limitações

Este estudo, com o título “A sociologia da educação na formação de professores”: potencialidades e limitações tem como principal objetivo, analisar as dificuldades que os professores revelam em mobilizar conhecimentos da disciplina sociologia da educação na sua prática pedagógica. Para realizá-lo, utilizaram-se as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa. O que permitiu constatar que na formação inicial da educação superior destes professores, os conteúdos mais presentes durante a ministração da disciplina sociologia da educação foram as teorias sociológicas no campo da educação, com base no consenso e também com base no conflito. Mais de 50% dos professores da amostra declararam que durante o desenvolvimento da disciplina sociologia da educação foram proporcionadas atividades que oportunizassem ao aluno o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão. Em relação à prática docente, cerca de 69,70% não têm tempo para planejar as aulas na escola.

Una lectura de Baldomera (Del Fabulador)

El autor realiza un análisis sociológico de la novela de Pareja, amparado en los criterios del crítico Lucien Goldmann. Las categorías narratológicas que sirven de pauta son: el narrador, el espacio, el tiempo y los personajes. Se detiene en el análisis de los tres espacios que Pareja proyecta en la novela: campo, ciudad (ámbito identificado con la pobreza, el robo y el abuso de las autoridades) y mundo exterior (apenas referencial, pero gravitante en los inicios de modernización del país). Revisa los personajes y la estructura mental del autor. Concluye que el texto plantea una concepción diferente del arte de novelar, a tono con la vanguardia europea, a pesar de que muestra una realidad social que no cambia (Baldomera nació pobre, se desplaza entre el burdel, la cantina, el hospital y, finalmente, la cárcel). El texto se aleja del simple documento testimonial gracias al diseño del personaje: pese a su descomunal físico ya que personifica la desgracia, Baldomera expresa, al mismo tiempo, los valores de fidelidad, amor maternal y solidaridad.

La escritura de la historia en Ecuador tiene cuerpo de mujer: a propósito de Baldomera de Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco (Del Fabulador)

"El lenguaje despojado del realismo le sirve al autor, un sobreviviente al igual que su personaje, para pensar una representación de los hechos cuando los gusanos hayan destruído la materialidad de los cuerpos y sus testimonios." En Baldomera, los referentes locales adquieren universalidad en las cuestiones de género: la historia de esta heroína fracasada puede ser leída como la del país, inscrita en el cuerpo de una mujer pobre, fea y negra, que termina sus días en una cárcel. Aunque es fuerte y resiste (sobrevive sin armas la matanza de noviembre de 1922), en los enfrentamientos con la ley -con la violencia racional de sus armas-, ella pierde, esto agrega un elemento más a las tensiones entre la pequeñez y lo grande, presentes en toda la novela. Un poco como el mismo autor, sobreviviente del Grupo de Guayaquil, cuando testifica sobre el trabajo literario de los Cinco como un Puño, intelectuales modernos con voz crítica ante las realidades sociales y las contradicciones de los años treinta.

Theory and practice in value management: a reply to Ellis et al (2005)

The constructivist model of 'soft' value management (VM) is contrasted with the VM discourse appropriated by cost consultants who operate from within UK quantity surveying (QS) practices. The enactment of VM by cost consultants is shaped by the institutional context within which they operate and is not necessarily representative of VM practice per se. Opportunities to perform VM during the formative stages of design are further constrained by the positivistic rhetoric that such practitioners use to conceptualize and promote their services. The complex interplay between VM theory and practice is highlighted and analysed from a non-deterministic perspective. Codified models of 'best practice' are seen to be socially constructed and legitimized through human interaction in the context of interorganizational networks. Published methodologies are seen to inform practice in only a loose and indirect manner, with extensive scope for localized improvization. New insights into the relationship between VM theory and practice are derived from the dramaturgical metaphor. The social reality of VM is seen to be constituted through scripts and performances, both of which are continuously contested across organizational arenas. It is concluded that VM defies universal definition and is conceptualized and enacted differently across different localized contexts.

A new parenthood paradigm for twenty-first century family law in England and Wales?

There are few other areas in family law where incongruence between the legal and social positions is as evident as that concerning parenthood. Recent cases involving lesbian couples and known sperm donors serve to highlight the increasing tension between the respective roles of biology, intention and functional parenting in the attribution of legal parental status. As both legislative and case-law developments have shown, intention is central in some circumstances, but not in others. The main claim of this paper is that this ad hoc approach leads to incoherent and unsatisfactory law: instead of striving to identify a status, what we are really looking to do is to identify the people who assume responsibility for a child. Drawing upon recent case-law, this paper explores how a conceptual reform of the law could result in a principled framework which would place formally recognised intention at the heart of parental status in order to reconnect legal duty with social reality for as many children and parents as possible. Moreover, it would ensure that parental status would not be dictated by the mode of conception of the child (natural or assisted). The analysis identifies the objectives of reform before proposing a new model which, while recognising the social importance of the biological parentage link, would reserve legal status for functional parenthood.

Retórica testimonial entre verosimilitud y ficción en La Vorágine

For the author, the concept of testimonial rhetoric means the discursive strategy with which the narrator attempts to make understood that narration is not a product of fiction, but the product of a social reality which he witnessed and lived. The First World War brought with it an increase in the demand for rubber which entailed an attitude on thepart of the consumer countries as well as of the producers, of silencing and refusing to recognize the infrahuman conditions to which thousands of people who worked on the rubber plantations were submitted. This is the social reality, the context in which José Eustasio Rivera wrote La Vorágine.

Sociologin, hybriderna och den sociala verkligheten : exemplet kärnavfall

Sociology, hybrids and social reality: the case of nuclear waste The continuing technological transformation of nature means that sociology’s traditional vision of a sharp divide between nature and society is becoming ever harder to defend. Starting from Bruno Latour’s critique of modernity, and Nikolas Rose’s explorations of political power beyond the state, this article presents a framework for analysing the expanding wealth of hybrids of nature and society surrounding us today, and the problems of government they pose. These hybrids confront us with the need to rethink sociology’s conception of ‘the social’. With Latour’s help, the interplay of nature and society can be understood as subject to technical mediation, opening the way for studies of the varying arrangements through which different configurations of nature and society are produced. Rather than alternative social constructions of nature, what sociologists should be at pains to analyse and question are different programmes and strategies for bringing together natural and social forces in durable combinations. In the article, the geological disposal of nuclear waste serves as a useful example for exploring the fruitfulness of the analytical framework put forward. This complex undertaking constitutes just one component in a larger field of technoscientific endeavour that has irrevocably transformed nature while simultaneously re-making society. Addressing this case, we seek to reveal the promise of a sociology that does not bound ‘the social’ in advance, but rather makes the co-production of technology and society one of its most important objects of study.

Motståndets betydelse : Ett bidrag till aktör-strukturdebatten

The significance of inhibition: a contribution to the agency-structure debate A central problem in social theory today is how to integrate agency and structure. The vital question is how to explain social reality by proceeding from both the notion of people doing things which affect the social relationships in which they are embedded (agency) and the idea of the social context moulding social activity (structure). Sociologists as Pierre Bourdieu, Anthony Giddens and Jürgen Habermas call attention to social practices as the ”missing link” between agency and structure. In accentuating social practices, the aim is to explain how people in their daily encounters actively contribute to the production and reproduction of social structures. This article puts forth the posthumous contribution of George Herbert Mead to the agency-structure debate. I argue that his social pragmatist theory gives us a compound and thorough– but not fully recognized – explanation of the dynamics and the course of events in structurally framed encounters. By especially emphasizing the importance Mead ascribes to the inhibited social act, I examine how his theory deepens the understanding of social practices as a bridge between agency and structure.

Drawing and the subjectivity of the 'other'

Scenes of the Aboriginal family sitting around a table in the film The Fringe Dwellers present the boy quietly drawing, while other members of the family are engaged in discussion. The boy is less visible, more passive and contemplative, and his subjectivity is suggested rather than explored in the film. He repeats the same activity and the same inward concentration. My hypothesis is that the boy's subjectivity and agency are projected elsewhere, towards an imaginary field beyond the film's structure and beyond the social reality of the film's outside. What is the aboriginal boy drawing? In one scene, is a glimpse of his 'projection', he draws a house. The boy is mesmerised and pre-occupied by his drawing. We have seen the mystery of this preoccupation in images of heroic modernist architects (Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Oscar Niemeyer come to mind) presenting a connection between the hand of the architect and his sketch as an essential gift in the making of a 'master architect'. Through this visual association, the 'Aboriginal boy drawing' is associated with the field of 'a universal human subject' and the essay investigates how his practice might participate in new subjective positions across disciplines. Through his inscriptions, the Aboriginal boy expresses more than a wish: he articulates and inhabits another dwelling, an imaginary dwelling of a subjectivity and 'identity' beyond the black and white divide. The boy, however, is not a 'master', making his drawing a subversive and risky practice.

Education to gain sustainability : analysis and approach from the experience obtained from two high school systems in mexican rural communities

The decade “Education for Sustainability” is just emerging and one of its goals emphasized the importance of considering the currícula in a transdisciplinary and community based programs. This includes recognizing local and regional interests as relevant topics into the currícula. “Education for sustainability” does not appear to have a strong basis on their actions as its theoretical discourse does. The study we present here about content analysis in the curricula of two high schools systems in rural Mexican communities is an example. In this research we analyzed: 1) how the curricula is oriented towards forest management and the way is connected to the social reality of the communities; 2) how does the learning process develops in the classroom and its dynamics with teachers and students and 3) how does the environmental learning take place. Results revealed that more research is needed with adolescents in order to change the educational structure in rural Mexican high schools.