Rendimiento agroindustrial de la variedad L 68-40 (Sacharum SP) en respuesta a las aplicaciones de N, P y K, cultivada en un suelo rojo en caña planta

El presente estudio se realizó en el ingenio AGROINSA, de junio de 1994 a febrero de 1995. Se evaluó el rendimiento agro­ industrial en caña de azúcar <Saccharum sp.). En respuesta a aplicaciones de N, P y K, cultivada en un suelo rojo . Se plantó la variedad L 68-40. El diseño experimental utilizado fue el de Bloques Completamente Azarizado (BCA), las variables analizadas fueron brotación, ahijamiento, diámetro, población, altura, peso promedio de tallos, rendimiento agrícola, rendimiento industrial y rendimiento agro-industrial. Los datos que se obtuvieron se sometieron al análisis de varianza y de regresión, además se realizó la separación de medias según Duncan a un 5 % de margen de error. En todas las variables evaluadas se observó diferencia significativa a excepción del diámetro y el rendimiento industrial, siendo el nitrógeno el elemento que presentó mayor influencia positiva, no encontrándose ningún efecto para el fósforo y el potasio. Las mejores dosis de nitrógeno para producir el 90 por ciento del rendimiento máximo agrícola y agro-industrial, obtenida a través del modelo matemático cuadrático fueron 58 y 55 kg/ha de N, respectivamente.

Análisis de riesgos de plagas de problemas fitosanitarios en la importación a Nicaragua de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) para consumo, procedente de Estados Unidos

El presente estudio de Análisis de Riesgos de Plagas fue realizado en Managua. durante los meses de Noviembre-98 a Noviembre-99 y se basó en una recopilación bibliográfica de plagas con el objeto de proporcionar elementos técnicos a Cuarentena Vegetal. para la toma de decisiones y la aplicación de medidas fitosanitarias en la importación a Nicaragua de bulbos de cebolla para consumo procedentes de Estados Unidos. La información fue obtenida de Bases de datos Internacionales de Plagas. Centros de Documentación. Organismos Internacionales. consulta a especialistas en Fitoprotección listados de plagas presentes en los cultivos de Nicaragua y búsquedas en Internet. Se obtuvo un listado de 16 plagas asociadas al cultivo de cebolla presentes en Estados Unidos (Ver listado de plagas en Anexos 1) y fueron analizadas las plagas cuarentenarias para Nicaragua. Después de revisar la información obtenida de cada una de las plagas se descartaron del análisis aquellas plagas que no presentaban posibilidades de sobrevivir a las condiciones ambientales del país debido a su biología y comportamiento y porque no se reportaban causando daños en Estados Unidos al cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepa L.). A las plagas que si se les considero como posibles plagas cuarentenarias para Nicaragua y que pueden causar grandes daños al país si llegaran a introducirse son: Dvtilenchus dipsaci. Urocystis cepulae, Botryotinia squamosa, Puccinia allii, Onoin yellow dwarf potivirus y Saccharum .spontaneum. Para desarrollar este estudio se utilizó la Norma Centroamericana para Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas del OIRSA; A las plagas seleccionadas se les evaluó el riesgo de introducción, establecimiento y dispersión; además se determinaron las medidas de manejo del Riesgo de Plagas (Medidas Fitosanitarias). De todas las plagas analizadas el nematodo Ditylenchus dipsaci es la especie que presento el mayor riesgo fitosanitario. Por lo tanto las medidas para evitar su introducción fueron entre otras: Verificación en origen para constatar la ausencia de la plaga y reconocimiento de zonas libres. Como una medida preventiva al ingresar el producto (bulbo de cebolla) aplicar un tratamiento con Bromuro de Metilo en dosis de 32 gr/m3 durante dos horas de exposición y a temperatura de 32-35ºc (Alas, 1990). El bulbo de cebolla para consumo que se importa de Estados Unidos debe de venir amparado con un Certificado Fitosanitario Internacional que lo emite el país exportador. Si se encuentran evidencias de que el nematodo viene en el cargamento proceder a aplicar las medidas fitosanitarias indicadas como es la destrucción del cargamento o regresar el cargamento al país de origen para evitar la introducción de una nueva plaga al país.

Evaluación de dos dietas para terneros de destete bajo el sistema de estabulación en la finca Santa Rosa del municipio de Camoapa durante el período de Marzo - Abril 2014

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de e valuar dos dietas para terneros de destete bajo el sistema de estabulación en la finca Santa Rosa del municipio de Camoapa, durante el periodo de febrero a mayo del 2014. Se utilizó diseño de muestras pareadas, compuesto por un lote de 18 animales, divididos en 2 grupos de 9 terneros. Cada grupo se seleccionó al azar y se sometió a diferentes tratamientos: Grupo I, King grass (Pennisetum purpureun) + miel-urea al 5%, y Grupo II, King grass (Pennisetum purpureun)+ Pollinaza + caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum),a cada uno se les adicionó minerales, sal y semolina en iguales proporciones. Todos los terneros fueron sometidos durante el experimento a las mismas condiciones ambientales de galera, comedero, saladero, pilas de agua y corral. Así como también se les dio el mismo manejo zoosanitario; es decir todos fueron vitaminados, desparasitados (interno y externo) e implantados. Los terneros del grupo I con un peso promedio de 180.88 kg, necesitaron una ganancia de peso de 13 kg para aumentar un grado de condición corporal (CC), iniciaron el ensayo con 2 grados y finalizaron en 3; por otra parte los terneros del tratamiento II con 183.27 kg de peso promedio, requirieron ganar 19.61 kg de peso para pasar de 2 a 4 grados de condición corporal (CC). Al someter los datos a la prueba t de muestras pareadas, presentaron diferencias significativas al nivel de significación de 0.05, obteniendo mejores resultados productivos la dieta Santa Rosa (tratamiento II) con 676. 21g de GMD (ganancia media diaria) con respecto al tratamiento I (dieta UNA), que presento una GMD (ganancia media diaria) de 448.10g. El tratamiento II (dieta Santa Rosa) presento la mejor relación beneficio/costo que por cada córdoba invertido generó 1.18 córdobas en comparación al tratamiento I (dieta UNA) que generó 0.28 córdobas. Por tanto la dieta santa rosa es la opción con mayores beneficios económicos.

Cana + uréia: volumoso para suplementação alimentar do rebanho no período seco.

2008

El cluster del azúcar en el valle geográfico del Río Cauca, Colombia

El azúcar es un commodity específico y uno de los mayores contribuyentes al producto interno bruto agrícola de los países en desarrollo para el consumo interno y el comercio internacional. A nivel mundial, el azúcar es obtenido industrialmente a partir de remolacha azucarera (Beta vulgaris) y de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) como las únicas fuentes importantes para el comercio (...). El mercado internacional del azúcar es uno de los mercados de commodities agrícolas más altamente distorsionado. El comercio del azúcar crudo y refinado se caracteriza en general, por la ayuda interna significativa y generalizada, y algunas políticas que distorsionan el mercado como: pagos mínimos garantizados a productores, controles de producción y comercialización, regulación de precios, aranceles, cuotas de importación y subvenciones a la exportación (...). A nivel general, se pueden distinguir, básicamente, dos tipos de mercados de azúcar: el mercado protegido y el mercado libre. El mercado protegido consiste en acuerdos preferenciales y contratos de largo plazo que incluyen el sistema de cuotas entre diferentes países. En general, los precios del azúcar presentan fuertes fluctuaciones que obedecen a factores económicos, especulaciones, cambios políticos, recesiones y efectos climáticos (...). No obstante lo anterior, en los últimos años se ha observado una clara tendencia a la globalización de los mercados, y mercado del azúcar no es la excepción. Recientemente, se han centrado esfuerzos para liberalizar parcialmente algunos de los mercados más importantes, como es el caso de EEUU, la UE, Brasil y Australia (...). La creciente demanda de fuentes de energía renovable, entre las cuales se destacan los biocombustibles, también ha afectado significativamente la dinámica comercial y productiva de algunos sectores, en particular el sector azucarero. La caña de azúcar, se ha constituido en la principal materia prima para la elaboración de bioetanol, por lo cual, los países productores han experimentado un reciente cambio en su estructura productiva y comercial, buscando productos de mayor valor agregado, a fin de mejorar su posición competitiva. Bajo este esquema, las industrias productoras de azúcar, sobretodo en países en desarrollo enfrenta enormes retos para convertir sus ventajas comparativas en ventajas competitivas. La estructura de los costos de producción y el rendimiento de cada industria azucarera domestica son unos de los principales impulsores de su competitividad, la determinación de los futuros centros de la producción y el crecimiento de las exportaciones. En medio de este contexto, el presente estudio aborda los principales determinantes de la competitividad de la industria azucarera en Colombia, concentrada en un 98,07 por ciento en el cluster del valle geográfico del rio Cauca.

Evaluation of technologies of weed control in the sugarcane field

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Evaluation of technologies of weed control in the sugarcane field

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Quantitative response of the longevity of seed of twelve crops to temperature and moisture in hermetic storage

Seeds of 39 seed lots of a total of twelve different crops were stored hermetically in a wide range of air-dry environments (2-25% moisture content at 0-50 degrees C), viability assessed periodically, and the seed viability equation constants estimated. Within a species, estimates of the constants which quantify absolute longevity (K-E) and the relative effects on longevity of moisture content (C-W) and temperature (C-H and C-Q) did not differ (P >0.05 to P >0.25) among lots. Comparison among the 12 crops provided variant estimates of K-E and C-W (P< 0.01), but common values of C-H and C-Q (0.0322 and 0.000454, respectively, P >0.25). Maize (Zea mays) provided the greatest estimate of K-E (9.993, s.e.= 0.456), followed by sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (9.381, s.e. 0.428), pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) (9.336, s.e.= 0.408), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) (8.988, s.e.= 0.387), African rice (Oryza glaberrima) (8.786, s.e.= 0.484), wheat (Triticum aestivum) (8.498, s.e.= 0.431), foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (8.478, s.e.= 0.396), sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) (8.454, s.e.= 0.545), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) (8.288, s.e.= 0.392), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) (8.138, s.e.= 0.418), rice (Oryza sativa) (8.096, s.e.= 0.416) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) (8.037, s.e.= 0.397). Similarly, estimates of C-W were ranked maize (5.993, s.e.= 0.392), pearl millet (5.540, s.e.= 0.348), sorghum (5.379, s.e.=0.365), potato (5.152, s.e.= 0.347), sugar beet (4.969, s.e.= 0.328), sugar cane (4.964, s.e.= 0.518), foxtail millet (4.829, s.e.= 0.339), wheat (4.836, s.e.= 0.366), African rice (4.727, s.e.= 0.416), kodo millet (4.435, s.e.= 0.360), finger millet (4.345, s.e.= 0.336) and rice (4.246, s.e.= 0.355). The application of these constants to long-term seed storage is discussed.

Elevated CO(2) increases photosynthesis, biomass and productivity, and modifies gene expression in sugarcane

Because of the economical relevance of sugarcane and its high potential as a source of biofuel, it is important to understand how this crop will respond to the foreseen increase in atmospheric [CO(2)]. The effects of increased [CO(2)] on photosynthesis, development and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in sugarcane (Saccharum ssp.). Plants were grown at ambient (similar to 370 ppm) and elevated (similar to 720 ppm) [CO(2)] during 50 weeks in open-top chambers. The plants grown under elevated CO(2) showed, at the end of such period, an increase of about 30% in photosynthesis and 17% in height, and accumulated 40% more biomass in comparison with the plants grown at ambient [CO(2)]. These plants also had lower stomatal conductance and transpiration rates (-37 and -32%, respectively), and higher water-use efficiency (c.a. 62%). cDNA microarray analyses revealed a differential expression of 35 genes on the leaves (14 repressed and 22 induced) by elevated CO(2). The latter are mainly related to photosynthesis and development. Industrial productivity analysis showed an increase of about 29% in sucrose content. These data suggest that sugarcane crops increase productivity in higher [CO(2)], and that this might be related, as previously observed for maize and sorghum, to transient drought stress.

High homologous gene conservation despite extreme autopolyploid redundancy in sugarcane

P>Modern sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is the leading sugar crop and a primary energy crop. It has the highest level of `vertical` redundancy (2n = 12x = 120) of all polyploid plants studied to date. It was produced about a century ago through hybridization between two autopolyploid species, namely S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. In order to investigate the genome dynamics in this highly polyploid context, we sequenced and compared seven hom(oe)ologous haplotypes (bacterial artificial chromosome clones). Our analysis revealed a high level of gene retention and colinearity, as well as high gene structure and sequence conservation, with an average sequence divergence of 4% for exons. Remarkably, all of the hom(oe)ologous genes were predicted as being functional (except for one gene fragment) and showed signs of evolving under purifying selection, with the exception of genes within segmental duplications. By contrast, transposable elements displayed a general absence of colinearity among hom(oe)ologous haplotypes and appeared to have undergone dynamic expansion in Saccharum, compared with sorghum, its close relative in the Andropogonea tribe. These results reinforce the general trend emerging from recent studies indicating the diverse and nuanced effect of polyploidy on genome dynamics.

Sugarcane Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase: Molecular Characterization of a Phosphate-independent PRS

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRS-EC:2.7.6.1) is an important enzyme present in several metabolic pathways, thus forming a complex family of isoenzymes. However, plant PRS enzymes have not been extensively investigated. In this study, a sugarcane prs gene has been characterized from the Sugar Cane Expressed Sequence Tag Genome Project. This gene contains a 984-bp open reading frame encoding a 328-amino acid protein. The predicted amino acid sequence has 77% and 78% amino acid sequence identity to Arabidopsis thaliana and Spinacia oleracea PRS4, respectively. The assignment of sugarcane PRS as a phosphate-independent PRS isoenzyme (Class II PRS) is verified following enzyme assay and phylogenetic reconstruction of PRS homologues. To gain further insight into the structural framework of the phosphate independence of sugarcane PRS, a molecular model is described. This model reveals the formation of two conserved domains elucidating the structural features involved in sugarcane PRS phosphate independence. The recombinant PRS retains secondary structure elements and a quaternary arrangement consistent with known PRS homologues, based on circular dichroism measurements.

GRASSIUS: A Platform for Comparative Regulatory Genomics across the Grasses

Transcription factors (TFs) are major players in gene regulatory networks and interactions between TFs and their target genes furnish spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression. Establishing the architecture of regulatory networks requires gathering information on TFs, their targets in the genome, and the corresponding binding sites. We have developed GRASSIUS (Grass Regulatory Information Services) as a knowledge-based Web resource that integrates information on TFs and gene promoters across the grasses. In its initial implementation, GRASSIUS consists of two separate, yet linked, databases. GrassTFDB holds information on TFs from maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), and rice (Oryza sativa). TFs are classified into families and phylogenetic relationships begin to uncover orthologous relationships among the participating species. This database also provides a centralized clearinghouse for TF synonyms in the grasses. GrassTFDB is linked to the grass TFome collection, which provides clones in recombination-based vectors corresponding to full-length open reading frames for a growing number of grass TFs. GrassPROMDB contains promoter and cis-regulatory element information for those grass species and genes for which enough data are available. The integration of GrassTFDB and GrassPROMDB will be accomplished through GrassRegNet as a first step in representing the architecture of grass regulatory networks. GRASSIUS can be accessed from www.grassius.org.

Zoneamento da vegetação e sua relação com metais pesados na mina Volta Grande, Lavras do Sul, RS

O conhecimento da vegetação em regiões de ocorrências minerais de cobre e ouro torna-se de grande importância para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias limpas na reabilitação de áreas degradadas pela mineração (fitorremediação) e na bioprospecção mineral no Estado. Buscou-se verificar a relação entre a organização espacial e fitossociológica das unidades e subunidades de vegetação na mina Volta Grande, Lavras do Sul, RS e a presença de cobre nas mineralizações. Com base em Ecologia de Paisagem, realizou-se investigações fitossociológicas, avaliação do conteúdo de cobre em raízes e folhas de Axonopus affinis, Eugenia uniflora, Heterothalamus alienus, Saccharum angustifolium, Schizachyrium microstachyum e Schinus lentiscifolius e o zoneamento da vegetação com sobreposição ao mapa de estruturas mineralizadas conhecidas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, sugere-se que a distribuição das unidades e subunidades de vegetação (unidade de vegetação Eugenia uniflora – Scutia buxifolia, com subunidades Eugenia uniflora – Cupania vernalis e Eugenia uniflora – Allophylus edulis; unidade de vegetação Schinus lentiscifolius – Heterothalamus alienus; unidade de vegetação Eryngium horridum – Saccharum angustifolium, com subunidade Eryngium horridum – Piptochaetium montevidense e unidade de vegetação Axonopus affinis – Paspalum pumilum) pode estar relacionada à posição geomorfológica, à declividade, à umidade do solo e ao manejo para o uso do gado A unidade de vegetação Schinus lentiscifolius – Heterothalamus alienus parece estar relacionada às ocorrências de mineralizações (filões) de cobre e ouro, sendo necessária uma comparação com outras áreas mineralizadas e não-mineralizadas no Estado para utilizar esse dado em prospecção mineral. A espécie Axonopus affinis possui em suas raízes um conteúdo de cobre muito maior do que o considerado normal em plantas, sendo indicada para estudos mais detalhados quanto a sua aplicabilidade na reabilitação de áreas degradadas pela mineração no Rio Grande do Sul.

Efeitos da microgravidade em plantas de cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a plant from Poaceae family that has an impressive ability to accumulate sucrose in the stalk, making it a significant component of the economy of many countries. About 100 countries produce sugarcane in an area of 22 million hectares worldwide. For this reason, many studies have been done using sugarcane as a plant model in order to improve production. A change in gravity may be one kind of abiotic stress, since it generates rapid responses after stimulation. In this work we decided to investigate the possible morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular changes resulting from microgravity. Here, we present the contributions of an experiment where sugarcane plants were submitted to microgravity flight using a vehicle VSB-30, a sounding rocket developed by Aeronautics and Space Institute teams, in cooperation with the German Space Agency. Sugarcane plants with 10 days older were submitted to a period of six minutes of microgravity using the VSB-30 rocket. The morphophysiological analyses of roots and leaves showed that plants submitted to the flight showed changes in the conduction tissues, irregular pattern of arrangement of vascular bundles and thickening of the cell walls, among other anatomical changes that indicate that the morphology of the plants was substantially influenced by gravitational stimulation, besides the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, an important signaling molecule in stress conditions. We carried out RNA extraction and sequencing using Illumina platform. Plants subjected to microgravity also showed changes in enzyme activity. It was observed an increased in superoxide dismutase activity in leaves and a decreased in its activity in roots as well as for ascorbate peroxidase activity. Thus, it was concluded that the changes in gravity were perceived by plants, and that microgravity environment triggered changes associated with a reactive oxygen specie signaling process. This work has helped the understanding of how the gravity affects the structural organization of the plants, by comparing the anatomy of plants subjected to microgravity and plants grown in 1g gravity

Avaliação de parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em plantas de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com peróxico de hidrogênio

The genus Saccharum belongs to Poaceae family. Sugarcane has become important monocultures in Brazil due to their products: ethanol and sugar. The production may change between different regions from Brazil. This difference is related to soil, climatic conditions and temperature that promotes oxidative stress that may induce an early flowering. The aim of this work was to identify the effects of oxidative stress. In order to analyse this, sugarcane plants were submitted to oxidative stress using hydrogen peroxide. After this treatment, the oxidative stress were analyzed Then, the plant responses were analyzed under different approaches, using morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular tools. Thus, sugarcane plants were grown under controlled conditions and until two months they were subjected first to a hydroponics condition for 24 hours in order to acclimation. After this period, these plants were submitted to oxidative stresse using 0 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM hydrogen peroxide during 8 hours. The histomorphometric analysis allowed us to verify that both root and leaf tissues had a structural changes as it was observed by the increased in cell volume, lignin accumulation in cell walls. Besides, this observation suggested that there was a change in redox balance. Also, it was analyzed the activity of the SOD, CAT and APX enzymes. It was observed an increase in the SOD activity in roots and it was also observed a lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots. Then, in order to identify proteins that were differently expressed in this conditions it was used the proteomic tool either by bidimensional gel or by direct sequencing using the Q-TOF EZI. The results obtained with this approach identified more than 3.000 proteins with the score ranging from 100-5000 ions. Some of the proteins identified were: light Harvesting; oxygenevolving; Thioredoxin; Ftsh-like protein Pftf precusor; Luminal-binding protein; 2 cys peroxiredoxin e Lipoxygenase. All these proteins are involved in oxidative stress response, photsynthetic pathways, and some were classified hypothetical proteins and/or unknown (30% of total). Thus, our data allows us to propose that this treatment induced an oxidative stress and the plant in response changed its physiological process, it made changes in tissue, changed the redox response in order to survival to this new condition