Evaluación del efecto residual de los sistemas de labranza y control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas, crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

El ensayo se estableció en postrera de 1997 (octubre- diciembre), en la finca experimental La Compañía, ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos Carazo, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto residual de sistemas de labranza y métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas, crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del frijol común ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ). Los tratamientos en estudio fueron arreglados en bloques completos al azar, en un diseño de parcela dividida. Los factores en estudio fueron A: Sistemas de labranza (Cero, mínima y convencional) y B: métodos de control de malezas (químico, período crítico, limpia periódica). Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y separación de medias a través de la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey, al 5 %. La diversidad de malezas en el área del experimento estuvo representada por 11 especies de la clase monocotiledóneas y 18 especies de la clase dicotiledóneas. Los resultados obtenidos en síntesis son los siguientes: En la abundancia y dominancia de las malezas (cobertura y peso seco), el mejor resultado lo presentó donde se realizaba la labranza mínima, para el caso de los controles el tratamiento que redujo mejor la abundancia fue donde se realizaba el control período crítico y en la dominancia donde se practicaba el control limpia periódica seguido del período critico, para las variables estudiadas abundancia, dominancia (cobertura y peso seco) no hubo efecto residual del experimento anterior después de un año de barbecho. No se presentó diferencias significativas por lo tanto no hubo efecto residual del experimento anterior después de un año de barbecho, para el factor labranza para las variables altura de plantas, número de plantas por hectárea, número de vainas por plantas, peso de mil granos, rendimiento de grano. En los controles no se presentaron diferencias significativas en las variables antes mencionadas por lo tanto no hubo efecto residual del experimento anterior después de un año de barbecho.

Residual Stress And Deformation Analysis Of Anodic Bonded Multi-Layer Of Glass And Aluminum

The bonding of glass wafer to aluminum foils in multi-layer assemblies was made by the common anodic bonding process. The bonding was performed at temperatures in the range 350-450 degrees C and with an applied voltage in the range 400-700 V under a pressure of 0.05 MPa. Residual stress and deformation in samples of two-layer (aluminum/glass) and three-layer (glass/aluminum/glass) were analyzed by nonlinear finite element simulation software MARC. The stress and strain varying with cooling time were obtained. The analyzed results show that deformation of the three-layer sample is significantly smaller than that of the two-layer sample, because of the symmetric structure of the three-layer sample. This has an important advantage in MEMS fabrication. The maximum equivalent stresses locate in the transition layer in both samples, which will become weakness in bonded sample.

Influence of thermal residual stresses on the composite macroscopic behavior

The influence of the thermal residual stress on the deformation behavior of a composite has been analyzed with a new micromechanical method. The method is based on secant moduli approximation and a new homogenized effective stress to characterize the plastic state of the matrix. It is found that the generated thermal residual stresses after cooling and their influence on the subsequent deformation behavior depends significantly on the aspect ratio of the inclusions. With prolate inclusions, the presence of thermal residual stresses generate a higher compressive hardening curves of the composite, but it is reversed with oblate inclusions. For particle reinforced composite, thermal residual stresses induce a tensile hardening curve higher than the compressive one and this is in agreement with experimental observations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Nonlinear fatigue damage model based on the residual strength degradation law

In this paper, a logarithmic expression to describe the residual strength degradation process is developed in order to fatigue test results for normalized carbon steel. The definition and expression of fatigue damage due to symmetrical stress with a constant amplitude are also given. The expression of fatigue damage can also explain the nonlinear properties of fatigue damage. Furthermore, the fatigue damage of structures under random stress is analyzed, and an iterative formula to describe the fatigue damage process is deduced. Finally, an approximate method for evaluating the fatigue life of structures under repeated random stress blocking is presented through various calculation examples.

Determinación de la acción residual en diferentes dosis de chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) con énfasis en la dosis mínima, para control de cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith; Lepidotera: Noctuidae) en maíz

Este ensayo fue realizado con el objetivo de conocer cuál es el efecto de diferente dosis de chlorpyripos sobre el tiempo de protección, buscando la dosis más adecuada para control del gusano cogollero, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e Smith) , en maíz. De manera que este estudio nos permitiera decidir cuál es el momento indicado de un recuento para una posterior aplicación del pesticida y 6 fundamentalmente bajar los costos de protección. Al evaluar la acción residual se encontró diferencia significativa entre las dosis de 1,0.5, 0.25, 0.125,0.0625 1t/mz de chlorpyrifos. La dosis de 0.25 1t/mz no es diferente de la dosis de 1 1t/mz cuanto a la acción residual de chlorpyrifos y sus promedio de rendimiento tienen también mucha similiridad pero su costo determinan la diferencia. Los resultado conducen a decidir la recomendación de la dosis de 0.25 1t/mz por ser la más económica con una acción residual de 23.3 días y un costo de control de $ 242.55 con 2.2 aplicaciones promedio en todo el periodo del cultivo, a diferencia de la dosis más alta usada de 1 1t/mz con una acción residual de 21.9 días, un promedio de 2.6 aplicaciones y un costo de $ 795.6 y el rendimiento final no es diferente entre ellas. Por otro lado de asegura que con una sola aplicación de chlorpyrifos se garantiza la mortalidad de larvas de spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. Smith) durante a los 5 a 10 días después de aplicación. Todo los anteriores permite dar un lapso estable en el tiempo que se sabe tomar para recuento, decidir la dosis mínima más económica, por su acción residual y bajar así los costó de producción.

Acción residual del hongo entomopatógeno Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson, en el follaje del maíz (Zea mays) aplicado para control del cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: noctuidae)

El maíz al igual que otros cultivos es atacado por un complejo de plagas que cuasan merma en la producción. Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith ( Lep. Noctidae) es una de las plagas claves en el cultivo del maíz. El costo de control de S. Frugiperda asciende hasta US$ 9,500.000 anulaes utilizando Chlorpyrifos (Lorasban 4 E) ( hrusca y Gladstone), 1987). Con el propósito de disminuir los costos de control de S. frugiperda se buscan alternativas de control que disminuyen la utilización de los productos químicos: es un candidato con potencial para ser utilizado como insecticida microbial para control de plagas lepidopteras (Ignoffo, 1981). Nomuraea fileye ha sido objeto de muchos estudios en Nicaragua para tratar de implementar su uso. Se realizó una evaluación de la acción residual de conidias de N. Fileyi en el follaje de maíz aplicado para control de SA. Frigiperda: Se probo el efecto sobre la acción residual de dos dosis de conidias; 4.1 x1012 conidias /0.4 ha. Y 4.1 x1011 conidias /0.4 ha y el efecto de tres formulasciones de conidias: conidias mas agua; conidias mas adherente Tritòn x-100 al 0.05% y conidias mas adherente protectivo melaza al 0.05%. El estudio se realizó en el Centro Nacional de Investigación de Granos Básicos “ San Cristóbal” del MIDINRA, Managua, el diseño experimental fue bloques completamente al Azar: las pruebas de acción residual consistieron en bioensayos con larvas de S. Frugiperda y hojas de maíz tratado con conidias recolectadas en el ensayo a los 0,1,2,4y 9 días después de aplicación. Se encontró que no existe efecto significativo de dosis y formulaciones de conidias sobre acción residual: sin embargo hubo una tendencia a obtener una mayor acción residual con la utilización de adherentes: con el adherente protectivo melaza debido a la acción residual hasta 4 días después de aplicación debido a la acción de protección que ejerce sobre las conidias: Se encontró efecto significativo del tiempo de exportación de conidias en el campo sobre acción residual. La acción residual fue poca debido probablemente a la influencia negativa de factores ambientales: El viento y la lluvia provocan diseminación de las conidias: el Vientos y la lluvia provocan diseminación de las conidias: La radiación solar inactiva las conidias reduciendo el periodo de desintegración en el follaje hasta solamente 2-3 días (Ignoffo, 1977). Sabiendo que la acción residual en el follaje del maíz es poca, se debe hacer la aplicación de conidias cuando esté presente en el hospedero en el cultivo: De esta menara habrá mayor oportunidad de inicia un brote de epizootia de micosis en el cultivo. Para investigaciones futuras se recomienda probar dosis más altas de conidias y el uso de adherente protectivos para tratar bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales para comprobar los resultados obtenidos.

Thermal Residual Stresses in SiCw/Al Composite

<正> The SiCw/6061Al composites were fabricated by squeeze casting method. Varia-tions of thermal residual stresses with quenching temperature, cooling manner, aging time and thethermal-cold cycle process in thin specimens,and the distributions of thermal residual stresses alongthe distances from the surface and changes with heating temperatnres in thick specimens were stud-ied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effects of residual stresses on the mierostructure, di-mensional stability and age-hardening behavior were studied by SEM, TEM observations, and tensiletest. The results showed that there existed macrostress, microstress and thermal mismatch stress inSiCw/Al compo-site,and the presence of microstress and thermal mismatch stress has no influenceon the measurement of macrostress, but the macrostress can affect the measured value of thermalmismatch stress. Thermal res dual stress induced during the composite fabrication process, will be further in-creased when the composite were subjected to the e

Analytical Methods of Residual Strength in Injecting Water Pipeline

In this paper, common criterions about residual strength evaluation at home and abroad are generalized and seven methods are acquired, namely ASME-B31G, DM, Wes-2805-97, CVDA-84, Burdekin, Irwin and J integral methods. BP neural network are Combined with Genetic Algorithm (GA) named by modified BP-GA methods to successfully predict residual strength and critical pressure of injecting water, corrosion pipelines. Examples are shown that calculation results of every kind of method have great difference and calculating values of Wes-2805-97 criterion, ASME-B31G criterion, CVDA-84 criterion and Irwin fracture mechanics model are conservative and higher than, those of J integral methods while calculating values of Burdiken model and DM fracture mechanics model are dangerous and less than those of J integral methods and calculating values of modified BP-GA methods are close and moderate to those of J integral methods. Therefore modified BP-GA methods and J integral methods are considered better methods to calculate residual strength and critical pressure of injecting water corrosion pipelines

¿Qué impacto ambiental tiene el tratamiento del agua residual de una localidad?

Nivel educativo: Grado. Duración (en horas): Más de 50 horas

New materials for biological applications prepared by olefin metathesis reactions

With the advent of well-defined ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts that are highly active and stable to a variety of functional groups, the synthesis of complex organic molecules and polymers is now possible; this is reviewed in Chapter 1. The majority of the rest of this thesis describes the application of these catalysts towards the synthesis of novel polymers that may be useful in biological applications and investigations into their efficacy.

A method was developed to produce polyethers by metathesis, and this is described in Chapters 2 and 3. An unsaturated 12-crown-4 analog was made by template- directed ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and utilized as a monomer for the synthesis of unsaturated polyethers by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The yields were high and a range of molecular weights was accessible. In a similar manner, substituted polyethers with various backbones were synthesized: polymers with benzo groups along the backbone and various concentrations of amino acids were prepared. The results from in vitro toxicity tests of the unsubstituted polyethers are considered.

The conditions necessary to synthesize polynorbornenes with pendent bioactive peptides were explored as illustrated in Chapter 4. First, the polymerization of various norbornenyl monomers substituted with glycine, alanine or penta(ethylene glycol) is described. Then, the syntheses of polymers substituted with peptides GRGD and SRN, components of a cell binding domain of fibronectin, using newly developed ruthenium initiators are discussed.

In Chapter 5, the syntheses of homopolymers and a copolymer containing GRGDS and PHSRN, the more active forms of the peptides, are described. The ability of the polymers to inhibit human dermal fibroblast cell adhesion to fibronectin was assayed using an in vitro competitive inhibition assay, and the results are discussed. It was discovered that the copoymer substituted with both GRGDS and PHSR peptides was more active than both the GRGDS-containing homopolymer and the GRGDS free peptide.

Historically, one of the drawbacks to using metathesis is the removal of the residual ruthenium at the completion of the reaction. Chapter 6 describes a method where the water soluble tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine is utilized to facilitate the removal of residual ruthenium from RCM reaction products.

Hidrodinámica y Combustión de Biomasa Vegetal Residual en Spouted Bed Cónico

En este trabajo se ha analizado la fluidodinámica de diferentes biomasas en spouted bed ademas de la combustión de algunas de ellas. La fluidodínamica también se ha efectuado con diferentes dispositivos internos

Studies of dinucleoside monophosphates and monomer-polynucleotide interactions by proton magnetic resonance

The nature of the intra- and intermolecular base-stacking interactions involving several dinucleoside monophosphates in aqueous solution have been investigated by proton magnetic resonance spectrosocopy, and this method has been applied to a study of the interaction of polyuridylic acid with purine and adenosine monomers.

The pmr spectra of adenylyl (3' → 5') cytidine (ApC) and cytidylyl (3' → 5') adenosine (CpA) have been studied as a function of concentration and temperature. The results of these studies indicate that the intramolecular base-stacking interactions between the adenine and cytosine bases of these dinucleoside monophosphates are rather strong, and that the stacking tendencies are comparable for the two sequence isomers. The chemical shifts of the cytosine H₅ and adenine H₂ protons, and their variations with temperature, were shown to be consistent with stacked conformations in which both bases of the dinucleoside monophosphates are preferentially oriented in the anti conformation as in similar dApdC, and dCpdA (dA = deoxyadenosine; dC = deoxycytidine) segments in double helical DNA. The intramolecular stacking interaction was found to have a pronounced effect on the conformations of the ribose moieties, and these conformational changes are discussed. The concentration studies indicate extensive self-association of these dinucleoside monophosphates, and analysis of the concentration data facilitated determination of the dimerization constant for the association process as well as the nature of the intermolecular complexes.

The dependence of the ribose conformation upon the extent of intramolecular base-stacking was used to demonstrate that the base-base interaction in cytidylyl (3' → 5') cytidine (CpC) is rather strong, while there appears to be little interaction between the two uracil bases of uridylyl (3' → 5') uridine (UpU).

Studies of the binding of purine to several ribose and deoxyribose dinucleoside monophosphates show that the mode of interaction is base-stacking, and evidence for the formation of a purine-dinucleoside monophosphate intercalated complex is presented. The purine proton resonances are markedly broadened in this complex, and estimates of the purine linewidths in the complex and the equilibrium constant for purine intercalation are obtained.

A study of the interaction of unsubstitued purine with polyuridylic acid at 29°C by pmr indicated that purine binds to the uracil bases of the polymer by base-stacking. The severe broadening of the purine proton resonances observed provides strong evidence for the intercalation of purine between adjacent uracil bases of poly U. This interaction does not result in a more rigid or ordered structure for the polymer.

Investigation of the interaction between adenosine and polyuridylic acid revealed two modes of interaction between the monomer and the polymer, depending on the temperature. At temperatures above 26°C or so, monomeric adenosine binds to poly U by noncooperative A-U base stacking. Below this temperature, a rigid triple-stranded 1A:2U complex is formed, presumably via cooperative hydrogen-bonding as has previously been reported.

These results clearly illustrate the importance of base-stacking in non-specific interactions between bases, nucleosides and nucleotides, and also reveal the important role of the base-stacking interactions in cooperatively for med structures involving specific base-pairing where both types of interaction are possible.

Structure and residual stress in gamma-LiAlO2, layer fabricated by vapor transport equilibration on (0001)sapphire

gamma-LiAlO2 layers with a highly preferred (1 0 0) orientation were prepared by vapor transport equilibration (VTE) technique on (0 0 0 1) sapphire substrate. Microststructure of the gamma-LiAlO2 layers was studied by XRD and SEM. In the temperature range from 750 to 1100 degrees C, the residual stress in the gamma-LiAlO2 layers varied from tensile to compressive with the increase of VTE temperature, and the critical point of the change between tensile and compressive stress is around 975 degrees C. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.