Estudo das propriedades termofísicas com variação da expansibilidade de compósito desenvolvido com matriz PUR-NOP e carga funcional de argilomineral

In this study were conducted experimental procedures for determination of variation of the expandability of rigid polyurethane foam (PUR) from a natural oil polyol (NOP), specifically the Castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, pure and additions of the vermiculite in phase dispersed in different percentage within a range from 0% to 20%, mass replacement. From the information acquired, were defined the parameters for production of bodies of test, plates obtained through controlled expansion, with the final volume fixed. Initially, the plates were subjected to thermal performance tests and evaluated the temperature profiles, to later be extracted samples duly prepared in accordance with the conditions required for each test. Was proceeded then the measurement of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, volumetric capacity heat and thermal diffusivity. The findings values were compared with the results obtained in the tests of thermal performance, contributing to validation of the same. Ultimately, it was investigated the influence that changes in physical-chemical structure of the material had exerted on the variation of thermophysical quantities through gas pycnometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), infrared spectroscopy using Fourier transform (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Based on the results obtained was possible to demonstrate that all load percentage analyzed promoted an increase in the potential expansion (PE) of the resin. In production of the plates, the composites with density near at the free expansion presented high contraction during the cure, being the of higher density adopted as definitive standard. In the thermal performance tests, the heating and cooling curves of the different composites had presented symmetry and values very close for lines of the temperature. The results obtained for the thermophysical properties of composites, showed little difference in respect of pure foam. The percentage of open pores and irregularities in the morphology of the composites were proportionate to the increment of vermiculite. In the interaction between the matrix and dispersed phase, there were no chemical transformations in the region of interface and new compounds were not generated. The composites of PUR-NOP and vermiculite presented thermal insulating properties near the foam pure and percentage significantly less plastic in its composition, to the formulation with 10% of load

Efficiency of seed treatment with fungicides in castor bean crop genotypes

With the objective of assessing castor bean genotypes in relation to the influence of seeds treatment on agronomic characteristics and physiological quality of seeds, two experiments were conducted between November, 2005 and March, 2006. In the first study, experimental design used was randomized complete blocks, in factorial scheme (2 x 10), by comparing Lyra hybrid and AL Guarany 2002 cultivar and nine fungicides, including its mixtures and test, with four repetitions. Plant height, stem diameter, medium yield and observation of diseases incidence were evaluated. In the second study, conducted in randomized entirely design, in factorial scheme 2 x 10 with four repetitions, Savana and AL Guarany 2002 genotypes were analyzed, using the same fungicides. Germination, infected and dead seeds, vigor, initial moisture content and simulation of field emergency and seeds sanitary quality were also evaluated. The results obtained point that there is positive influence of seed treatment on agronomic characteristics in castor bean crop, increasing grain yield for AL Guarany cultivar and Lyra hybrid. In the analysis of seed quality, it was observed that seed treatments with fungicides and their mixtures provided superior percentages of germination and vigor, reduced the number of infected and dead seeds and increased seeds emergency for Guarany 2002 cultivar and Savana hybrid.

Narrow row spacing and high plant population to short height castor genotypes in two cropping seasons

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nutrient extraction and exportation by castor bean hybrid lyra

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desenvolvimento de compósito de pu de mamona com carga de resíduo de couro para isolação térmica

The standardization of the bovine skin thickness in the leather industry generates a residue known as wet-blue . At the end of twentieth century, the brazilian industry discarded about 131 thousand tons of this residue in nature, provoking a great environmental liability. In this paper is presented the analyses of the termophysical properties, thermal and volumetric expansion performance of a composite of vegetable resin of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) with load of industrial residue of leather "wet-blue", for application as thermal isolation material of warm surfaces. There were considered four percentile levels of residue load in the proportions in mass of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, added to the expansible resin of castor oil plant in two configurations: sawed leather and crushed leather in a smaller particle (powder) by grinding in a mill of balls. Twenty-one proof bodies were produced for termophysical properties analysis (three for each configuration) and four proof bodies for rehearsals of thermal acting. Analyses of thermal acting were done in test cameras. The results of the rehearsals were compared to those obtained considering the castor oil plant foam without residue addition. A small reduction of the thermal conductivity of the composite was observed in the proportion of 10% of leather residue in both configurations. Regarding thermal conductivity, calorific capacity and diffusivity, it was verified that the proposed composite showed very close values to the commercial insulating materials (glass wool, rock wool, EPS). It was still demonstrated the technical viability of the use of composite as insulating thermal for systems of low potency. The composite presented larger volumetric expansion with 15% of sawed residue of leather.

Produção e características físicas de sementes de mamoneira em função da posição do racemo e do fruto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Custos de produção e lucratividade de cultivares de mamona em diferentes arranjos de plantas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Concentração da solução de tetrazólio e período de coloração do teste para sementes de mamoneira

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a concentração da solução de tetrazólio e o período de coloração do teste para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.), padronizando a nomenclatura das cores observadas nas sementes após a coloração. Os tratamentos de concentração da solução de tetrazólio e períodos de coloração estudados foram: 0,075% e 0,1% por 120, 180 e 240 minutos, 0,2% por 60, 120 e 180 minutos, 0,5% por 60, 90 e 120 minutos e 1,0% por 30, 60 e 90 minutos. Os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos nos testes de germinação. A coloração das sementes após o teste de tetrazólio, em cada tratamento, foi avaliada mediante comparação com as fichas de cor do catálogo de Munsell, determinando-se a porcentagem de sementes observada em cada cor. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e a comparação de médias realizada pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para avaliar o potencial fisiológico pelo teste de tetrazólio, as sementes de mamoneira devem ser imersas na solução de tetrazólio na concentração de 0,2% por 120 minutos, a 35ºC. Nesse tratamento, as sementes viáveis após a coloração na solução de tetrazólio apresentaram predominantemente as cores rosa e rosa-escuro em suas estruturas essenciais, portanto essas podem ser consideradas como as cores características para o teste de tetrazólio em sementes de mamoneira.

Melhoramento genético da mamona visando incremento de flores femininas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar métodos de seleção visando ao aumento de flores femininas na população FCA-UNESP-PB de mamona (Ricinus communis L.). A seleção foi realizada no município de Botucatu (SP), na safrinha de 2007. Por meio de seleção massal, foram selecionadas plantas com racemo primário estritamente feminino. Destas plantas, as que tinham reversão sexual foram autofecundadas. As avaliações foram realizadas na safrinha de 2008 em Botucatu e São Manuel (SP), onde foram comparados os tratamentos: método de seleção massal; método de seleção massal com autofecundação e testemunha (racemos de plantas colhidos ao acaso, sem seleção). Foram avaliados: porcentagem de flores femininas do racemo primário (%), produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1) e teor de óleo das sementes (%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com 30 repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância individual para cada local e conjuntamente para os dois locais, pelo teste F a 1% de probabilidade. Mediante os resultados conclui- se que o método de seleção massal com autofecundação foi aquele que proporcionou maiores valores de porcentagem de flores femininas no racemo primário, com ganho fenotípico realizado de 18% em Botucatu e 29% em São Manuel (SP). Por meio dos métodos de seleção, notou-se comportamento diferencial em relação aos locais para a característica produtividade de grãos, e o método seleção massal com autofecundação proporcionou a menor produtividade. No teor de óleo não houve diferenças significativas entre os métodos e os locais avaliados.

Uso de extratos vegetais, manipueira e nematicida no controle do nematoide das galhas em cenoura

Extratos aquosos de várias espécies vegetais têm se mostrado promissores no controle alternativo do nematoide de galhas Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White), um dos agentes mais limitantes para o cultivo da cenoura. O presente estudo avaliou a ação de extratos aquosos provenientes de sete espécies vegetais aplicados aos 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 dias após a semeadura da cenoura 'Nantes' em solo infestado com o nematoide. Outros três tratamentos foram constituídos de manipueira, água destilada (testemunha), os quais foram aplicados nos mesmos períodos dos extratos, e carbofuran 50G (80kg/ha), aplicado 60 dias após a semeadura uma única vez. As avaliações foram efetuadas aos 90 dias da inoculação, determinando-se a massa fresca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular total, o diâmetro e o comprimento das raízes comerciais e o número de galhas presentes nas raízes principais e secundárias. Plantas tratadas com manipueira, extratos de sementes de Ricinus communis L., sementes de Crotalaria juncea L., folhas + ramos + frutos de R. communis, folhas + ramos + inflorescências de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. e sementes de Azadirachta indica A. Juss. apresentaram maiores índices de peso total (raiz + parte aérea) e peso de parte aérea. O extrato à base de folha + ramos + fruto de R. communis proporcionou maior peso radicular total além de maior diâmetro da raiz principal da cenoura. Maiores pesos da raiz principal foram encontrados em plantas tratadas com manipueira e extrato de semente de R. communis. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o extrato de sementes de R. communis e manipueira podem ser promissores no manejo alternativo de M. incognita.

Estádios de colheita e repouso pós-colheita dos frutos na qualidade de sementes de mamoneira

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos estádios de colheita e do repouso pós-colheita dos frutos na qualidade de sementes de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) cultivar AL Guarany 2002. Foram avaliadas 9 épocas de colheita dos racemos, dos 30 até 142 dias após a antese (DAA), em intervalos de 14 dias e quatro condições de repouso: sem e com repouso de sete dias de sementes extraídas (nuas), de frutos e de frutos presos ao racemo. Foram avaliados a cor de frutos e de sementes; o teor de água, a massa seca, as porcentagens de germinação e de vigor das sementes (primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência e condutividade elétrica). Sementes com máxima qualidade fisiológica e massa seca foram obtidas de frutos colhidos aos 86 DAA. A colheita pode ser realizada até os 128 DAA sem redução da germinação, mas com prejuízos devido à queda dos frutos, dispersão das sementes aos 100 dias e reduções do vigor. O repouso permitiu a antecipação da colheita para 72 DAA sem prejuízos à germinação e massa seca, mas com reduções de vigor. A cor dos frutos, das sementes e o teor de água das sementes são parâmetros eficientes para a identificação do ponto de colheita, principalmente se usados conjuntamente.

Posição do racemo e do fruto na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de mamona durante o armazenamento

The present research had as objective to evaluate the influence of raceme and fruit position on physiological quality of castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis L.) during storage of cultivar AL Guarany 2002. The treatments were: position of the raceme in plants (primary, secondary and tertiary) and position of fruit in racemes (low, medium and high). After fruit extraction, seeds were stored under environmental conditions for twelve months. The experimental design used was the completely randomized in a split-plot arrangement. Main plots consisted of the interaction raceme x fruit position and subplots were the storage time. Physiological quality was evaluated quarterly through tests of moisture content, germination and vigor (first count, accelerated aging, seedling length and seedling dry matter). Neither the position of racemes in the plant nor fruit in racemes does not affect germination of castor bean seeds. Dormancy of castor bean seeds decreases during storage, but also increases percentage of abnormal seedlings, seedling dry matter and root, hypocotyl and seedling total length.

Desenvolvimento de cultivares de mamoneiras em relação à profundidade de semeadura e seletividade de herbicidas dinitroanilinas

Three trials were carry out at Garca Municipal County, São Paulo, Brazil in order to study the effects of sowing depth of three castor bean cultivars submitted or not to dinitroaniline herbicides application in pre-emergency. The three cultivars chosen as fllow: AL Guarany 2002 variety and Iris and Savana hybrids. The experiments were disposed in randomized complete blocks, with fifteen treatments and four replications, by using factorial scheme 5x3, composed by sowing in 2,5; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 and 20,0 cm depths with application in pre-emergency condition of the herbicides: trifluralin (1125 g a.i. ha(-1)), pendimethalin (1500 g a.i. ha(-1)) and check without herbicide (hand-hold check). Only the sowing depths of 2.5 and 20.0 significantly reduced the initial development of castor bean cultivars AL Guarany 2002 and Iris, without interfering in characteristics number of leaves, stem diameter, insertion height of first raceme and yield. Trifluralin application has increased significantly AL Guarany 2002 yield, in sowings from 5.0 cm deep, unlike Iris and Savana hybrids, where most of sowing depths studied, resulted in yield declines. Pendimethalin herbicide presented high selectivity mainly for AL Guarany 2002 and Savana cultivars, characterizing, generally as the safest option castor bean crop.

Extração e exportação de nutrientes pelo híbrido de mamona Savana: I – macronutrientes

Low height castor bean hybrids and highly productive possibly need larger quantity of macronutients during its development cycle. However, in Brazil there is little information on extraction and exportation of macronutrients by low height castor bean hybrids, as on season as out-of-season growing. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrients extraction and exportation by Savana hybrid castor bean on season and out-of-season growing. The experiments were conducted during the season of 2005/2006 and out-of-season of 2006 in an Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The plots were consisted by harvest times of plants, which were composed by six plant rows to 5 m, spaced 0.45 m between rows. Samples were collected at 17, 31, 45, 59, 73, 97 and 120 days after emergence (DAE) during the season and at 17, 31, 45, 59, 80; 100 and 120 DAE in the out-of-season. The nutrients accumulation by Savana hybrid was small until the flowering (30 DAE), but intensified after this period. The period of greatest nutrient absorption occurred at 65 and 90 DAE for N, 70 and 80 DAE for P, 60 DAE for K and Mg, 55 and 60 DAE for Ca and S. The amounts absorbed per hectare by hybrid Savana ranged 155 to 31 kg of N, 17 to 3 kg of P, 71 to 13 kg of K, 56 to 12 kg of Ca, 28 to 4 kg of Mg and 29,5 to 7 kg of S in season and out-of-season, respectively. The yield was higher in growing season, but the nutrients extraction and exportation per ton of grain were similar among the seasons. Among 40% and 50% of N and S and most part of Mg, K and Ca accumulated in the plants returned to soil with crop residues, but less than 35% of P remained in the residues.

Extração e exportação de nutrientes pelo híbrido de mamona Savana: II – micronutrientes

Information about micronutrients extraction and exportation by castor bean hybrids of short stature, and the periods of highest demand for each micronutrient, are most importance for correct management to fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the micronutrients extraction and exportation by Savana hybrid castor bean, on season and out-of-season growing. The experiments were conducted during season of 2005/2006 and out-of-season of 2006 in an Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The plots were consisted by harvest times of plants, which were carried out at 17, 31, 45, 59, 73, 97 and 120 days after emergence (DAE) during the season and at 17, 31, 45, 59, 80; 100 and 120 DAE in the out-of-season. In both seasons the order of micronutrients extraction by hybrid Savanna is: Fe> Mn> Zn> B> Cu> Mo, but with larger amounts of season cultivation. The time of greatest Zn and Mo absorption during the season and the Fe in out-of-season occurs at 80 DAE, although the other micronutrients are absorbed at higher rates between 50 and 65 DAE. In season the yield, nutrients extraction and exportation from soil are higher than out-of-season, but the nutrients extraction and exportation per ton show less variation between growing seasons. Fifty percent of zinc and 60% of Cu uptaken, on average, in out-of-season is exported with grains, but for the other micronutrients the proportion exported with grains is less than 40%.