Fate of N-15-labelled nitrate in a wet summer under different residue management regimes in young hoop pine plantations

A field study was conducted to investigate the fate of N-15-labelled nitrate applied at 20 kg N ha(-1) in a wet summer to microplots installed in areas under different residue management regimes in second-rotation hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations aged 1-3 years in south-east Queensland, Australia. PVC microplots of 235 mm diameter and 300 mm long were driven into 250 mm soil. There were three replications of each of eight treatments. These were areas just under and between 1-year-old windrows (ca. 2-3 m in width) of harvesting residues spaced 15 m apart, and with and without incorporated foliage residues (20 t DM ha(-1)); the areas just under and between 2- or 3-year-old windrows spaced 10 m apart. Only 7-29% of the added N-15 was recovered from the top 750 mm of the soil profile with the leaching loss estimated to be 70-86% over the 34-day period. The N-15 loss via denitrification was 3.7-6.3% by directly measuring the N-15 gases emitted. The microplots with the incorporated residues at the 1-year-old site had the highest N-15 loss (6.3%) as compared with the other treatments. The N-15 mass balance method together with the use of bromide (Br) tracer applied at 100 kg Br ha(-1) failed to obtain a reliable estimate of the denitrification loss. The microplots at the 1-year-old site had higher N-15 immobilisation rate (7.5-24.7%) compared with those at 2- and 3-year-old sites (2.1-3.6%). Incorporating the residues resulted in an increase in N-15 immobilisation rate (24.5-24.7%) compared with the control without the incorporated residues (8.4-14.3%). These findings suggest that climatic conditions played important roles in controlling the N-15 transformations in the wet summer season and that the residue management regimes could also significantly influence the N-15 transformations. Most of the N-15 loss occurred through leaching, but a considerable amount of the N-15 was lost through denitrification. Bromide proved to be an unsuitable tracer for monitoring the N-15 leaching and movement under the wet summer conditions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria during an epidemic in Central Java, Indonesia

A recent malaria epidemic in the Menoreh Hills of Central Java has increased concern about the re-emergence of endemic malaria on Java, which threatens the island's 120 million residents. A 28-day, in-vivo test of the efficacy of treatment of malaria with antimalarial drugs was conducted among 16 7 villagers in the Menoreh Hills. The treatments investigated, chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP), constitute, respectively, the first- and second-line treatments for uncomplicated malaria in Indonesia. The prevalence of malaria among 1389 residents screened prior to enrollment was 33%. Treatment outcomes were assessed by microscopical diagnoses, PCR-based confirmation of the diagnoses, measurement of the whole-blood concentrations of CQ and desethylchloroquine (DCQ), and identification of the Plasmodium falciparum genotypes. The 28-day cumulative incidences of therapeutic failure for CQ and SP were, respectively, 47% (N = 36) and 22% (N = 50) in the treatment of P. falciparum, and 18% (N = 77) and 67% (N = 6) in the treatment of P. vivax. Chloroquine was thus an ineffective therapy for P. falciparum malaria, and the presence of CQ-resistant P. vivax and SP-resistant P. falciparum will further compromise efforts to control resurgent malaria on Java.

Movements of the ricefield rat, Rattus argentiventer, near a trap-barrier system in rice crops in West Java, Indonesia

The movements of the ricefield rats (Rattus argentiventer) near a trap-barrier system (TBS) were assessed in lowland flood-irrigated rice crops in West Java, Indonesia, to test the hypothesis that a TBS with a 'trap-crop' modifies the movements of rats within 200 m from the trap-crop. The home range use and locations of rat burrows were assessed using radiotelemetry at two sites, one with a TBS with trap-crop (Treatment site, the crop inside the fence was planted 3 weeks earlier than the surrounding crop) and the other with a TBS without trap-crop (Control site, the crop inside the fence was planted at the same time as the surrounding crop). Each TBS was a 50 x 50 m plastic fence with eight multiple-capture rat traps set at the base. More than 700 rats were caught in the TBS with trap-crop, whereas only 10 rats were caught in the TBS without trap-crop. The home range size of females was significantly smaller at the Treatment site (0.96 ha) than the Control site (2.99 ha), but there was no difference for males. Seventy-eight per cent of rats caught in the TBS and fitted with radiocollars had their daytime burrow locations within 200 m of the TBS. We could not determine if the rats caught in the TBS were residents or transients according to demographic parameters. Our results support the hypothesis that a TBS with a trap-crop protects the surrounding rice crop out to a distance of at least 200 m.

Composition and quality of harvest residues and soil organic matter under windrow residue management in young hoop pine plantations as revealed by solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy

Solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with cross-polarisation (CP) and magic-angle-spinning (MAS) was used to: (a) examine the changes in carbon (C) composition of windrowed harvest residues during the first 3 years of hoop pine plantations in subtropical Australia; (b) assess the impacts of windrowed harvest residues on soil organic matter (SOM) composition and quality in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Harvest residues were collected from 0-, 1-, 2- and 3-year-old windrows of ca. 2.5 m width (15 m apart for 0-, 1- and 2-year-old sites and 10 m apart for 3-year-old site). Soils from the 0 to 10 cm soil layer were collected from the 1-, 2- and 3-year-old sites. The 13C NMR spectra of the harvest residues indicated the presence of lignin in the hoop pine wood, foliage and newly incorporated organic matter (NIOM). Condensed tannin structures were found in the decay-resistant bark, small wood and foliage, but were absent in other residue components and SOM. The NMR spectra of small wood samples contained condensed tannin structures because the outer layer of bark was not removed. NIOM showed a shift from foliage-like structures (celluloses) to lignin-type structures, indicating an incorporation of woody residues from the decomposing harvest residues. Suberins were also present in the small wood, foliage and bark. The 13C CP NMR spectra of SOM indicated that in areas where windrows were present, SOM did not show compositional changes. However, an increase in SOM quality under the windrows in the second year after their formation as characterised by the alkyl C/O-alkyl C (A/O-A) ratio was mainly due to inputs from the decomposition of the labile, readily available components of the windrowed harvest residues. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

How does residue management impact soil organic matter composition and quality under Eucalyptus globulus plantations in southwestern Australia?

This study investigated the influence of harvest residue management practices on soil organic matter (SOM) composition and quality from two second-rotation Eucalyptus globulus plantations in southwestern Australia, using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with cross-polarisation and magic-angle-spinning (CPMAS). Soil samples (0–5 cm) were collected every 12 months for 5 years from two sites that had contrasting soil types and fertility. Harvest residue management treatments established at both sites were (a) no harvest residues; and (b) double harvest residues. The use of 13C CPMAS and DD NMR spectroscopy enabled the successful non-destructive detection of SOM quality changes in the two E. globulus plantations. Relative intensities of 13C CPMAS NMR spectral regions were similar at both sites, and for both harvest residue treatments, indicating that SOM composition was also similar. Dipolar dephasing (DD) NMR spectra revealed resonances in SOM assigned to lignin and tannin structures, with larger resonances in the carbonyl and alkyl C regions that were indicative of cuticular material, enabling detection of changes in SOM quality. Retention of double harvest residues on the soil surface increased the soil quality compared with removal of all harvest residues at both sites as indicated by the NMR aromaticities, but this was most noticeable at Manjimup, which had greater initial soil fertility.

Tool support for testing concurrent Java components

Concurrent programs are hard to test due to the inherent nondeterminism. This paper presents a method and tool support for testing concurrent Java components. Too[ support is offered through ConAn (Concurrency Analyser), a too] for generating drivers for unit testing Java classes that are used in a multithreaded context. To obtain adequate controllability over the interactions between Java threads, the generated driver contains threads that are synchronized by a clock. The driver automatically executes the calls in the test sequence in the prescribed order and compares the outputs against the expected outputs specified in the test sequence. The method and tool are illustrated in detail on an asymmetric producer-consumer monitor. Their application to testing over 20 concurrent components, a number of which are sourced from industry and were found to contain faults, is presented and discussed.

Oficina de metodologia do caf?? com debate na ENAP

O Caf?? com Debate, promovido periodicamente pela ENAP, ?? uma metodologia que possibilita o interc??mbio de ideias entre pares. De maneira informal, os dirigentes e as dirigentes, que atuam predominantemente na administra????o p??blica federal, ouvem experi??ncias nacionais e internacionais sobre um tema de relev??ncia e, em seguida, t??m a oportunidade de debater com o(s) convidado(s) e expor suas d??vidas e posicionamentos

Caf?? com debate: a gest??o de processos na administra????o p??blica federal: import??ncia, avan??os e desafios

A import??ncia, os avan??os e os desafios da gest??o de processos na administra????o p??blica federal foram abordados em mais uma edi????o do Caf?? com Debate, no ??ltimo dia 23 de outubro. O encontro, que reuniu cerca de 120 pessoas de diversos ??rg??os, permitiu a troca de experi??ncias sobre modelos que proporcionam a diminui????o dos tempos de ciclos internos, a melhoria da qualidade e da efici??ncia dos ??rg??os, bem como a redu????o de custos

Caf?? com debate: desafios para a gest??o de pol??ticas p??blicas de direitos humanos

A terceira edi????o de 2012 do Caf?? com Debate, evento promovido periodicamente pela ENAP, foi realizada no dia 14 de agosto de 2012, com o apoio da Secretaria de Direitos Humanos, da Presid??ncia da Rep??blica (SDH/PR), e teve como tema ???Os desafios para a Gest??o de Pol??ticas P??blicas de Direitos Humanos???

Caf?? com debate: como os dados abertos v??o transformar as pr??ticas do governo e gerar oportunidades para a sociedade

A Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica realizou o segundo Caf?? com Debate de 2012 no dia 4 de maio. O tema dessa edi????o foi "Como os dados abertos v??o transformar as pr??ticas do governo e gerar oportunidades para a sociedade". Transmitido em tempo real, o evento foi acompanhado por mais de 800 internautas, entre as 08h30 e as 10h30, e reuniu por volta de 300 pessoas - representando aproximadamente 80 institui????es do governo e da sociedade civil - no audit??rio da ENAP

Caf?? com debate: a lei de acesso ?? informa????o no Brasil: um passo para o aprofundamento da democracia e os desafios para sua implementa????o

A Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica realizou o primeiro Caf?? com Debate de 2012 no dia 13 de abril. O tema dessa edi????o foi a Lei de Acesso ?? Informa????o no Brasil: Um passo para o aprofundamento da democracia e os desafios para a sua implementa????o. O evento, com transmiss??o on-line, reuniu 214 convidados, das 08h30 ??s 10h30, no audit??rio da Escola

Caf?? com debate: rela????es Brasil x China: neg??cios, mercados, oportunidades

Os slides apresentam informa????es sobre as mudan??as pol??ticas na China, sobre a distribui????o de seu PIB, sua produ????o industrial, as particularidades de suas institui????es e seu sistema de inova????es. Encontram-se tamb??m dados a respeito das trocas comerciais entre a Am??rica Latina e aquele pa??s

Caf?? com debate: o papel da ci??ncia e tecnologia no desenvolvimento brasileiro: dilemas e perspectivas

A ENAP promoveu, no dia 30 de maio de 2005, mais um Caf?? com Debate. Desta vez, o evento contou com a presen??a do Sr. Arthur Oscar Guimar??es, Doutor em Sociologia pela Universidade de Bras??lia, professor e pesquisador do Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustent??vel da UnB, que discorreu sobre o papel da ci??ncia e tecnologia no desenvolvimento nacional e na promo????o da melhoria da qualidade de vida da popula????o

Caf?? com debate: agenda portos: a melhoria da estrutura portu??ria

A Agenda Portos surgiu da necessidade que o governo teve de elaborar uma pol??tica emergencial para atender uma demanda que vinha do seguimento empresarial de que os nossos portos estavam obsoletos com problemas s??rios de infra-estrutura o que poderia prejudicar a pol??tica econ??mica que estava se centranda no processo exportador. Em seguida, foram constitu??dos grupos de trabalho com a participa????o de alguns minist??rios para que fosse elaborado um diagn??stico dos portos. Foram constatados alguns problemas e a partir disso deu-se a constru????o da Agenda Portos

Caf?? com debate: Pol??tica Nacional do Esporte

O Caf?? com Debate recebeu o Secret??rio-Executivo do Minist??rio dos Esportes, Orlando Silva de Jesus J??nior, cujo tema foi a Pol??tica Nacional dos Esportes, no qual foram expostos os principais objetivos da pol??tica, as medidas necess??rias para a implanta????o assim como os principais programas que est??o em pleno funcionamento. Dentre os objetivos, a democratiza????o do esporte demonstrou grande peso, uma vez que os maiores programas em execu????o t??m como inten????o principal a inclus??o social. Programas como o Segundo Tempo que tem como p??blico-alvo crian??as e jovens em fase escolar e o programa Esporte e Lazer da Cidade que d?? aten????o especial ?? necessidade da pr??tica de esportes formais ou n??o por idosos e deficientes f??sicos. V??rios programas se encontram em desenvolvimento no pa??s, o que representa maior interesse por parte do governo a esta quest??o, dando cada vez mais ao esporte o car??ter de investimento, trazendo benef??cios no curto, m??dio e longo prazo e contribuindo para a melhoria dos indicadores sociais e de desenvolvimento humano no pa??s