Influência do pneumoperitôneo sobre a pressão pleural, parâmetros cardiovasculares e hemogasométricos em eqüinos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Pneumotórax experimental em equinos: efeitos clínicos e sobre as pressões pleural e intra-abdominal

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo clínico, morfológico e imuno-histoquímico de série de casos de tuberculose pleural e ganglionar

A dificuldade no diagnóstico definitivo da tuberculose extrapulmonar persiste principalmente devido a baixa resolutividade dos métodos convencionais disponíveis para a detecção do Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Esse estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a contribuição da técnica imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para a detecção de Mycobacterium spp. em casos de tuberculose pleural e ganglionar com histoquímica negativa, assim como, investigar alguns aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais e morfológicos da doença. Para obtenção desta amostra fez-se a busca dos casos no Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica (NVE) e Divisão de Arquivo Médico e Estatística (DAME) do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto (HUJBB) e no Departamento de Anatomia Patológica da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), selecionando-se aqueles que haviam realizado exame histopatológico para esclarecimento diagnóstico do caso. Foram incluídos 50 pacientes, sendo 25 com diagnóstico presuntivo de tuberculose pleural e 25 de tuberculose ganglionar. Para obtenção dos dados clínicos e laboratoriais os respectivos prontuários foram revisados, e para confirmação dos aspectos morfológicos foi realizada a revisão de todas as lâminas selecionadas. Posteriormente, cada amostra foi submetida à técnica IHQ com anticorpo polyclonal Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Encontrou-se no grupo investigado, maior frequência do sexo masculino, cuja média de idade foi de 33,8 anos (desvio padrão: 14,1) sendo a maioria procedente da cidade de Belém-Pará e com nível de escolaridade de sete ou menos anos de estudo. Os sintomas constitucionais mais frequentes em todo o grupo foram a febre e perda ponderal. Nos pacientes com tuberculose pleural, os sintomas específicos mais encontrados foram tosse, dor torácica e dispneia, e naqueles com a forma ganglionar da doença, o envolvimento da cadeia cervical isolada foi mais frequente. Infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) ou Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Sida) e etilismo foram as condições de risco mais frequentemente associadas. Na tuberculose pleural, 20% dos casos cursaram com derrame pleural associado à lesão parenquimatosa, e em 60% o líquido pleural foi do tipo exsudativo. Enquanto, na forma ganglionar, em 50% dos casos evidenciou-se lesão parenquimatosa à radiografia do tórax. Neste estudo, foi inexpressiva a quantidade de participantes nos quais foi realizada a pesquisa direta e cultura para bacilo álcool - ácido resistente (BAAR) nos diversos espécimes clínicos analisados (líquido pleural, tecido pleural e ganglionar, escarro e lavado broncoalveolar) O padrão morfológico predominante em ambas as formas da doença foi o granuloma tipo tuberculoide com necrose caseosa, independente do status sorológico para o HIV. A técnica IHQ contribuiu para o diagnóstico de tuberculose pleural em 21% (4/19) das amostras de tecido pleural e em 37,5% (9/24) de tecido ganglionar. Um resultado imuno-histoquímico positivo define o diagnóstico de micobacteriose, e quando associado aos achados clínicos, laboratoriais e morfológicos torna-se uma ferramenta de grande utilidade para melhorar o diagnóstico da tuberculose extrapulmonar.

Incidência de empiema pleural nos ferimentos tóraco-abdominais

OBJETIVO: Os ferimentos penetrantes com comprometimento simultâneo das cavidades torácica e abdominal (FTA), além da dificuldade diagnóstica, merecem especial atenção em relação à conduta adotada para o tratamento do espaço pleural. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os principais fatores relacionados à incidência de empiema pleural em pacientes com ferimentos penetrantes localizados na transição toracoabdominal. MÉTODO: Utilizando-se o modelo estatístico de regressão logística múltipla, os autores analisaram 110 pacientes com ferida toracoabdominal penetrante, submetidos à drenagem pleural fechada e laparotomia. A complicação empiema pleural foi estudada quanto à incidência e fatores envolvidos. Considerou-se o nível alfa igual a 0,05. RESULTADOS: Do total, 91 (82,7%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 19 (17,3%) do feminino. A faixa etária situou-se entre 13 e 63 anos. Os FTA foram causados por projétil de arma de fogo em 60 casos (54,5%) e por arma branca em 50 casos (45,5%). O empiema pleural incidiu em quatro (3,6%) dos pacientes estudados. Na análise estatística a incidência de empiema pleural esteve relacionada com: lesão de víscera oca (OR=3,1386, p=0.4005); lesão do lado esquerdo do diafragma (OR= 12,98, p=0,1178) e choque hemorrágico à admissão (OR=23,9639, p=0,0250). CONCLUSÕES: A chance da ocorrência de empiema pleural foi cerca de três vezes maior em pacientes com lesão de víscera oca e, de 13 vezes se a esta lesão estava associada à lesão do lado esquerdo do diafragma; aumentando para 24 vezes se estes pacientes apresentavam, concomitantemente, estado de choque hemorrágico à admissão.

Fatores determinantes no resultado do tratamento do empiema pleural em crianças: drenagem pleural simples ou videotoracoscopia? Ensaio clínico controlado

Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia - FMB

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Total Lung Volume as a Prognostic Factor in Primary Pleural Effusion

Objectives-The purpose of this study was to predict perinatal outcomes using fetal total lung volumes assessed by 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) in primary pleural effusion. Methods-Between July 2005 and July 2010, total lung volumes were prospectively estimated in fetuses with primary pleural effusion by 3DUS using virtual organ computer-aided analysis software. The first and last US examinations were considered in the analysis. The observed/expected total lung volumes were calculated. Main outcomes were perinatal death (up to 28 days of life) and respiratory morbidity (orotracheal intubation with mechanical respiratory support >48 hours). Results-Twelve of 19 fetuses (63.2%) survived. Among the survivors, 7 (58.3%) had severe respiratory morbidity. The observed/expected total lung volume at the last US examination before birth was significantly associated with perinatal death (P < .01) and respiratory morbidity (P < .01) as well as fetal hydrops (P < .01) and bilateral effusion (P = .01). Conclusions-Fetal total lung volumes may be useful for the prediction of perinatal outcomes in primary pleural effusion.

Evaluation of serial C-reactive protein measurements after surgical treatment of pleural empyema

OBJECTIVE: Serial C-reactive protein measurements have been used to diagnose and monitor the response to therapy in patients with pneumonia and other infectious diseases. Nonetheless, the role of C-reactive protein measurement after surgical treatment for pleural empyema is not well defined. The aim of this study is to describe the behavior of C-reactive protein levels after the surgical treatment of pleural empyema and to correlate this parameter with the patient's prognosis. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients with pleural empyema treated by either chest-tube drainage or surgery from January 2006 to December 2008. C-reactive protein levels were recorded preoperatively and 2 and 7 days postoperatively. The clinical outcome was binary: success or failure (mortality or the need for repeated pleural intervention). RESULTS: The study group comprised fifty-two patients. The median C-reactive protein values were as follows: 146 mg/L (pre-operative), 134 mg/L (post-operative day 2), and 116 mg/L (post-operative day 7). There was a trend toward a decrease in these values during the first week after surgery, but this difference was only statistically significant on day 7 after surgery. Over the first week after surgery, the C-reactive protein values decreased similarly in both groups (successful and failed treatment). No correlation between the preoperative C-reactive protein level and the clinical outcome was found. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that, in contrast to other medical conditions, C-reactive protein levels fall slowly during the first postoperative week in patients who have undergone surgical treatment for pleural empyema. No correlation between the perioperative C-reactive protein level and the clinical outcome was observed.

Influence of Pleural Drain Insertion in Lung Function of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Background and objectives: Longitudinal, prospective, randomized, blinded Trial to assess the influence of pleural drain (non-toxic PVC) site of insertion on lung function and postoperative pain of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in the first three days post-surgery and immediately after chest tube removal. Method: Thirty six patients scheduled for elective myocardial revascularization with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomly allocated into two groups: SX group (subxiphoid) and IC group (intercostal drain). Spirometry, arterial blood gases, and pain tests were recorded. Results: Thirty one patients were selected, 16 in SX group and 15 in IC group. Postoperative (PO) spirometric values were higher in SX than in IC group (p < 0.05), showing less influence of pleural drain location on breathing. PaO2 on the second PO increased significantly in SX group compared with IC group (p < 0.0188). The intensity of pain before and after spirometry was lower in SX group than in IC group (p < 0.005). Spirometric values were significantly increased in both groups after chest tube removal. Conclusion: Drain with insertion in the subxiphoid region causes less change in lung function and discomfort, allowing better recovery of respiratory parameters.

Sleep in patients with large pleural effusion: impact of thoracentesis

This study aimed to evaluate the sleep quality and impact of thoracentesis on sleep in patients with a large pleural effusion. Patients with large unilateral pleural effusion were evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and dyspnea Borg scale. Full polysomnography (PSG) was performed on the night before and 36 h after thoracentesis. We studied 19 patients, 11 males and 8 females, age 55 +/- 18 years and body mass index of 26 +/- 5 kg/m(2). The baseline sleep quality was poor (PSQI = 9.1 +/- 3.5). Thoracentesis removed 1.624 +/- 796 mL of pleural fluid and resulted in a significant decrease in dyspnea Borg scale (2.3 +/- 2.1 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.9, p < 0.001). The PSG before and after thoracentesis showed no significant change in apnea-hypopnea index and sleep time with oxygen saturation < 90%. There was a significant improvement in sleep efficiency (76% vs. 81%, p = 0.006), decrease percent sleep stage 1 (16% vs. 14%, p = 0.002), and a trend improvement in total sleep time (344 +/- 92 vs. 380 +/- 69 min, p = 0.056) and percentage of rapid eye movement sleep (15% vs. 20%, p = 0.053). No significant changes occurred in six patients that performed two consecutive PSG before thoracentesis. The improvement in sleep quality was not associated with the volume of pleural fluid withdrawn or changes in dyspnea. Patients with large pleural effusion have poor subjective and objective sleep quality that improves after thoracentesis.

Influência da posição do dreno pleural na função pulmonar de pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, aleatório e encoberto para avaliar a influência do local de inserção do dreno pleural, de PVC atóxico, na função pulmonar e na dor pós-operatória dos pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio nos três primeiros dias pós-cirúrgicos e logo após a retirada do dreno. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis pacientes escalados para cirurgia eletiva de revascularização do miocárdio, com uso de circulação extracorpórea (CEC), em dois grupos: grupo SX (dreno subxifoide) e grupo IC (dreno intercostal). Feitos registros espirométricos, da gasometria arterial e da dor. RESULTADOS: Trinta e um pacientes analisados, 16 no grupo SX e 15 no grupo IC. O grupo SX apresentou valores espirométricos maiores do que o grupo IC (p < 0,05) no pós-operatório (PO), denotando menor influência do local do dreno na respiração. A PaO2 arterial no segundo PO aumentou significantemente no grupo SX quando comparada com o grupo IC (p < 0,0188). A intensidade da dor no grupo SX, antes e após a espirometria, era menor do que no grupo IC (p < 0,005). Houve aumento significativo dos valores espirométricos em ambos os grupos após a retirada do dreno pleural. CONCLUSÃO: A inserção do dreno na região subxifoide altera menos a função pulmonar, provoca menos desconforto e possibilita uma melhor recuperação dos parâmetros respiratórios.

Applicazioni cliniche e sperimentali dell’ecografia toracica in pneumologia: la diagnostica precoce delle patologie pleuropolmonari

Lung ultrasound use is increasing in respiratory medicine thanks to its development in the latest years. Actually it allows to study diseases of the chest wall (traumas, infections, neoplasms), diaphragm (paralysis, ipokinesis), pleura (effusions, pneumothorax, thickenings, neoplasms) and lung parenchyma (consolidations, interstitial syndromes, peripheral lesions). One of the most useful application of chest ultrasound is the evaluation of effusions. However, no standardized approach for ultrasound-guided thoracenthesis is available. Our study showed that our usual ultrasonographic landmark (“V-point”) could be a standard site to perform thoracenthesis: in 45 thoracenthesis no pneumothorax occurred, drainage was always successful at first attempt. Values of maximum thickness at V-point and drained fluid volume showed a significative correlation. Proteins concentration of ultrasound patterns of effusions (anechoic, ipoechoic, moving echoic spots, dense moving spots, hyperechoic) were compared to those of the macroscopic features of fluids showing connection between light-yellow fluid and echoic moving spots pattern and between ipoechoic/dense moving spots and cloudy-yellow/serum-haematic fluids. These observations suggest that ultrasound could predict chemical-physical features of effusions. Lung ultrasound provides useful information about many disease of the lung, but actually there is not useful in obstructive bronchial diseases. Analysing diaphragmatic kinetics using M-mode through transhepatic scan we described a similarity between diaphragm excursion during an expiratory forced maneuver and the volume/time curve of spirometry. This allowed us to identify the M-mode Index of Obstruction (MIO), an ultrasound-analogue of FEV1/VC. We observed MIO values of normal subjects (9) and obstructed patients (9) comparing the two groups. FEV1/VC and MIO showed a significant correlation suggesting that MIO may be affected by airways obstruction; MIO values were significatively different between normal and obstructed so that it could identify an obstructive syndrome. The data show that it is possible to suspect the presence of obstructive syndrome of the airways using ultrasonography of the diaphragm.

[The thoracoscopic talc pleurodesis with intraoperative pleural biopsy - a retrospective analysis in patients with malignant pleural effusion]

The thoracoscopic pleurodesis with talc is an established therapy in case of malignant pleural effusion. With the instillation of talc a -localised inflammation is induced. However, some-times it turns into a severe systemic reaction. In this study of the postoperative course, the -question is examined whether a pleural biopsy is an additional risk factor for morbidity and mortality after talc pleurodesis.

Putative cancer stem cells in malignant pleural mesothelioma show resistance to cisplatin and pemetrexed

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a lethal cancer of the mesothelium with high chemotherapeutic resistance via unknown mechanisms. A prevailing hypothesis states that cancer stem cells (CSCs) persist in tumors causing relapse after chemotherapy, thus, rendering these cells as critical targets responsible for tumor resistance and recurrence. We selected candidate CSC markers based on expansion under hypoxic conditions, a hallmark for the selection of chemoresistant cells; and investigated the expression of CSC markers: CD133, Bmi-1, uPAR and ABCG2 in three MPM cell lines and normal mesothelial cells by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, we evaluated the chemotherapeutic resistance associated with each CSC marker by determining the change in CSC marker-mRNA levels as an index of drug-resistance following treatment with either cisplatin or pemetrexed. We demonstrate the expression of CSC markers: CD133, Bmi-1, uPAR and ABCG2 in both normal and MPM cell lines. Bmi-1+, uPAR+ and ABCG2+ cells show a distinct role in conferring chemoresistance to cisplatin and pemetrexed in the malignant setting. By contrast, these markers have no apparent participation in chemoresistance to drug treatments in normal mesothelial cells. Intriguingly, CD133 revealed chemoresistant properties in both normal mesothelial and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. This study provides evidence of putative CSCs conferring drug-resistance to cisplatin and pemetrexed in MPM cell lines. Specific targeting of these drug-resistant cells, while considering the functional heterogeneity of the MPM subtypes, may contribute to more focused and effective chemotherapeutic regimens for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Long term survival after trimodal therapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma

Trimodal therapy results in long term survival in a small fraction of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, particularly in patients having epithelial histology, R0-resection and no nodal involvement. This study analyses the outcome after trimodal therapy including extrapleural pneumonectomy.