Enzymatically degradable EMI shielding materials derived from PCL based nanocomposites

In this study, two different types of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) namely pristine (p-MWNTs) and amine functionalized (a-MWNTs) were melt-mixed with polycaprolactone (PCL) to develop biodegradable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. The bulk electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites was assessed using broadband dielectric spectroscopy and the structural properties were evaluated using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Both the electrical conductivity and the structural properties improved after the addition of MWNTs and were observed to be proportional to the increasing fractions in the nanocomposites. The shielding effectiveness of the nanocomposites was studied using a vector network analyzer (VNA) in a broad range of frequencies, X-band (8 to 12 GHz) and K-u-band (12 to 18 GHz) on toroidal samples. The shielding effectiveness significantly improved on addition of MWNTs, more in the case of p-MWNTs than in a-MWNTs. For instance, at a given fraction of MWNTs (3 wt%), PCL with p-MWNTs and a-MWNTs showed a shielding effectiveness of -32 dB and -29 dB, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that reflection was the primary mechanism of shielding at lower fractions of MWNTs, while absorption dominated at higher fractions in the composites. As one of the rationales of this work was to develop biodegradable EMI shielding materials to address the challenges concerning electronic waste, the effect of different MWNTs on the biodegradability of PCL composites was assessed through enzymatic degradation. The enzymatic degradation of the samples cut from the hot pressed films by bacterial lipase was investigated. It was noted that a-MWNTs exhibited almost similar degradation rate as the control PCL sample; however, p-MWNTs showed a slower degradation rate. This study demonstrates the potential use of PCL-MWNT composites as flexible, light weight and eco-friendly EMI shielding materials.

Effects of temperature and clay content on water absorption characteristics of modified MMT clay/cyclic olefin copolymer nanocomposite films: Permeability, dynamic mechanical properties and the encapsulated organic device performance

In the present study, amino-silane modified layered organosilicates were used to reinforce cyclic olefin copolymer to enhance the thermal, mechanical and moisture impermeable barrier properties. The optimum clay loading (4%) in the nanocomposite increases the thermal stability of the film while further loading decreases film stability. Water absorption behavior at 62 degrees C was carried out and compared with the behavior at room temperature and 48 degrees C. The stiffness of the matrix increases with clay content and the recorded strain to failure for the composite films was lower than the neat film. Dynamic mechanical analysis show higher storage modulus and low loss modulus for 2.5-4 wt% clay loading. Calcium degradation test and device encapsulation also show the evidence of optimum clay loading of 4 wt% for improved low water vapor transmission rates compared to other nanocomposite films. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enhanced Efficacy of Pluronic Copolymer Micelle Encapsulated SCR7 against Cancer Cell Proliferation(a)

5,6-Bis(benzylideneamino)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol (SCR7) is a new anti cancer molecule having capability to selectively inhibit non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathways inside the cells. In spite of the promising potential as an anticancer agent, hydrophobicity of SCR7 decreases its bioavailability. Herein the entrapment of SCR7 in Pluronic copolymer is reported. The size of the aggregates was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) which yields an average diameter of 23 nm. SCR7 encapsulated micelles (ES) were also characterized by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Evaluation of its biological properties by using a variety of techniques, including Trypan blue, MTT and Live-dead cell assays, reveal that encapsulated SCR7 can induce cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines, being more effective in breast cancer cell line. Encapsulated SCR7 treatment resulted in accumulation of DNA breaks within the cells, resulting in cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and activation of apoptosis. More importantly, we found approximate to 5 fold increase in cell death, when encapsulated SCR7 was used in comparison with SCR7 alone.

Pluronic copolymer encapsulated SCR7 as a potential anticancer agent

Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) inside cells can be selectively inhibited by 5,6-bis-(benzylideneamino)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol (SCR7) which possesses anticancer properties. The hydrophobicity of SCR7 decreases its bioavailability which is a major setback in the utilization of this compound as a therapeutic agent. In order to circumvent the drawback of SCR7, we prepared a polymer encapsulated form of SCR7. The physical interaction of SCR7 and Pluronic (R) copolymer is evident from different analytical techniques. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the drug formulations is established using the MTT assay.

A strategy to achieve enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding at ultra-low concentration of multiwall carbon nanotubes in P alpha MSAN/PMMA blends in the presence of a random copolymer PS-r-PMMA

A unique strategy was adopted to achieve an ultra-low electrical percolation threshold of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) (0.25 wt%) in a classical partially miscible blend of poly-alpha-methylstyrene-co-acrylonitrile and poly(methyl methacrylate) (P alpha MSAN/PMMA), with a lower critical solution temperature. The polymer blend nanocomposite was prepared by standard melt-mixing followed by annealing above the phase separation temperature. In a two-step mixing protocol, MWNTs were initially melt-mixed with a random PS-r-PMMA copolymer and subsequently diluted with 85/15 P alpha MSAN/PMMA blends in the next mixing step. Mediated by the PS-r-PMMA, the MWNTs were mostly localized at the interface and bridged the PMMA droplets. This strategy led to enhanced electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness at 0.25 wt% MWNTs through multiple scattering from MWNT-covered droplets, as compared to the blends without the copolymer, which were transparent to electromagnetic radiation.

Efecto de un prebiótico PCL (Pared Celular de Levadura) -Glucano, sobre el comportamiento productivo de pollos de engorde.

Se realizó un experimento para evaluar el efecto de un prebiótico derivado de paredes celulares de levadura (PCL-Glucano) sobre el comportamiento productivo de pollos de engorde. Se utilizaron 245 aves de un día de edad (estirpe Cobb 500), los cuales fueron distribuidos mediante un diseño completamente al azar en cinco tratamientos con siete repeticiones por tratamiento. Y siete aves por repetición. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1: concentrado comercial (CC), T2: CC + antibiótico (Ribofloxacina al 10%), T3:0.1% de prebiótico PCL-Glucano (1000 mgkg -1 de alimento), T4: 0.15% de prebiótico PCL-Glucano (1500 mgkg -1 de alimento) y T5:0.20% de prebiótico PCL-Glucano (2000 mgkg -1 de alimento); las variables evaluadas fueron peso vivo, ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia. Se realizaron mediciones a los 21, 35 y 42 d. Se encontró que los mayores pesos vivos (2347 y 2307 g), ganancias de pesos finales (2,316 y 2,275 g) y mejor conversión alimenticia (1.82 y 1.84) se obtuvieronconT2 y T5, sin diferencias estadísticas entre sí, pero fueron significativamente (P<0.05) superiores a T1, T3 y T4. El análisis financiero demostró que el mejor tratamiento fue T5, superando a T2 en U$ 0.21, en relación al costo utilidad del uso de los tratamientos. En conclusión la utilización de PCL-Glucano a razón de 0.20% en el concentrado de inicio y concentrado final para pollos de engorde, es una alternativa viable biológicamente y financieramente, para reemplazar el uso de antibióticos como aditivos en la alimentación de pollos de engorde.

Comportamiento productivo de pollos de engorde suplementados con un PCL-Glucano de producción nacional

Se realizó un experimento para evaluar un prebiótico de producción nacional, derivado de paredes celulares de levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PCL-Glucano) en el comportamiento productivo de pollos de engorde (Cobb 500). Se utilizaron 210 pollitos mixtos Cobb 500 de un día de edad, que fueron distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar en tres tratamientos, con siete repeticiones y 10 aves por repetición. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1: concentrado comercial (CC), T2: CC + 0.05% PCL-Glucano (0.5 kg ton-1 de alimento) y T3: CC + 0.10% PCL-Glucano. Las variables evaluadas fueron peso vivo, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia, realizando mediciones a los 21, 35 y 42 días. Los resultado muestran que el consumo de alimento (3 812 g), peso vivo (2 017 g) e índice de conversión alimenticia (1.89) que se obtienen en los pollos alimentados con la dieta CC + 0.10% PLC-Glucano, a los 42 días de edad, fueron significativamente (P<0.05%) mejores a los de T1 (3 751 g, 1 617 g y 2.32) y T2 (3 642 g, 1 648 g y 2.21), los cuales no difieren estadísticamente entre sí. En conclusión la utilización de PCL-Glucano a razón de 0.10% en el concentrado iniciador y finalizador para pollos de engorde es una alternativa viable biológicamente ya que manifestó su actividad prebiótica mediante una mejora progresiva y significativa de los indicadores productivos.

PEG化磷脂膜在蛋白质芯片表面修饰中的应用

用PEG化磷脂膜修饰蛋白质芯片的二氧化硅表面,通过调节PEG的含量,考察磷脂膜对蛋白非特异性吸附的抑制,以及对蛋白分子固定的影响。结果表明,经过PEG化磷脂膜修饰的二氧化硅表面,可以显著抑制蛋白的非特异性吸附,并通过功能化的PEG分子有效固定配基及其抗体。

Development of a Cationic Mucic Acid Polymer-Based Nanoparticle siRNA Delivery System

Cancer chemotherapy has advanced from highly toxic drugs to more targeted treatments in the last 70 years. Chapter 1 opens with an introduction to targeted therapy for cancer. The benefits of using a nanoparticle to deliver therapeutics are discussed. We move on to siRNA in particular, and why it would be advantageous as a therapy. Specific to siRNA delivery are some challenges, such as nuclease degradation, quick clearance from circulation, needing to enter cells, and getting to the cytosol. We propose the development of a nanoparticle delivery system to tackle these challenges so that siRNA can be effective.

Chapter 2 of this thesis discusses the synthesis and analysis of a cationic mucic acid polymer (cMAP) which condenses siRNA to form a nanoparticle. Various methods to add polyethylene glycol (PEG) for stabilizing the nanoparticle in physiologic solutions, including using a boronic acid binding to diols on mucic acid, forming a copolymer of cMAP with PEG, and creating a triblock with mPEG on both ends of cMAP. The goal of these various pegylation strategies was to increase the circulation time of the siRNA nanoparticle in the bloodstream to allow more of the nanoparticle to reach tumor tissue by the enhanced permeation and retention effect. We found that the triblock mPEG-cMAP-PEGm polymer condensed siRNA to form very stable 30-40 nm particles that circulated for the longest time – almost 10% of the formulation remained in the bloodstream of mice 1 h after intravenous injection.

Chapter 3 explores the use of an antibody as a targeting agent for nanoparticles. Some antibodies of the IgG1 subtype are able to recruit natural killer cells that effect antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to kill the targeted cell to which the antibody is bound. There is evidence that the ADCC effect remains in antibody-drug conjugates, so we wanted to know whether the ADCC effect is preserved when the antibody is bound to a nanoparticle, which is a much larger and complex entity. We utilized antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor with similar binding and pharmacokinetics, cetuximab and panitumumab, which differ in that cetuximab is an IgG1 and panitumumab is an IgG2 (which does not cause ADCC). Although a natural killer cell culture model showed that gold nanoparticles with a full antibody targeting agent can elicit target cell lysis, we found that this effect was not preserved in vivo. Whether this is due to the antibody not being accessible to immune cells or whether the natural killer cells are inactivated in a tumor xenograft remains unknown. It is possible that using a full antibody still has value if there are immune functions which are altered in a complex in vivo environment that are intact in an in vitro system, so the value of using a full antibody as a targeting agent versus using an antibody fragment or a protein such as transferrin is still open to further exploration.

In chapter 4, nanoparticle targeting and endosomal escape are further discussed with respect to the cMAP nanoparticle system. A diboronic acid entity, which gives an order of magnitude greater binding (than boronic acid) to cMAP due to the vicinal diols in mucic acid, was synthesized, attached to 5kD or 10kD PEG, and conjugated to either transferrin or cetuximab. A histidine was incorporated into the triblock polymer between cMAP and the PEG blocks to allow for siRNA endosomal escape. Nanoparticle size remained 30-40 nm with a slightly negative ca. -3 mV zeta potential with the triblock polymer containing histidine and when targeting agents were added. Greater mRNA knockdown was seen with the endosomal escape mechanism than without. The nanoparticle formulations were able to knock down the targeted mRNA in vitro. Mixed effects suggesting function were seen in vivo.

Chapter 5 summarizes the project and provides an outlook on siRNA delivery as well as targeted combination therapies for the future of personalized medicine in cancer treatment.

Caracterização de filmes formados por dispersões aquosas de poli(uretano-uréia)s para aplicação em membranas para permeação de gases

Entre os polímeros considerados promissores para a remoção seletiva de CO2, destacam-se aqueles que contêm os grupos glicol etilênico (EG). Nesta dissertação, foram obtidos filmes a partir de dispersões aquosas de poliuretano (PU), sintetizadas em trabalho anterior, à base de poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG), copolímero em bloco à base de poli(glicol etilênico) (PEG) e PPG (EG-b-PG), ácido dimetilolpropiônico (DMPA), diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI) e etilenodiamina (EDA). PPG, EG-b-PG e DMPA formaram as regiões flexíveis nas proporções de: PPG 100% e 0% EG-b-PG, PPG 75% e 25% EG-b-PG, PPG 50% e 50% EG-b-PG e PPG 25% e 75% EG-b-PG em termos de equivalentes-gramas. A influência da quantidade dos segmentos de PEG foi avaliada por ensaios de permeação com os gases CO2, CH4 e N2. Os filmes obtidos das dispersões foram caracterizados por espectrometria de infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), difração de raios x (DRX) e espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS). Espectros de FTIR mostraram que os segmentos de EG influenciaram a frequência da banda de carbonila. Curvas de perda de massa (TG) mostraram perfis semelhantes de degradação, enquanto que as curvas derivadas apresentaram diferenças. DRX e SAXS mostraram que os segmentos de PEG promoveram uma maior ordenação na estrutura da membrana. Testes de permeação de gases mostraram que o aumento do teor de PEG aumentou o valor da permeabilidade para o CO2, indicando que os segmentos de PEG interagiram favoravelmente com este gás. Em relação ao CH4 e N2, houve uma diminuição na permeabilidade quando comparados com os valores encontrados para o CO2, sendo atribuído a perda de mobilidade segmental. Em termos de seletividade, para o par CO2/CH4 foi obtido um valor médio de 61,7 para a membrana contendo o maior teor de PEG, e o par CO2/N2 um valor médio de 121,5, sendo superior aos valores encontrados na literatura, tornando o material promissor

PEG引发预防大豆种子吸胀冷害的研究

黑河3号大豆种子对低温吸胀非常敏感，PEG引发处理明显提高抗吸胀冷害能力。引发处理的效果与引发后种子含水量的提高有关。引发3天种子含水量达到34%左右。 引发处理过程中种子呼吸强度提高，呼吸商大于1。引发3天大豆种子胚根细胞ATP酶活性定位于质膜、细胞壁及细胞间隙。 引发种子和对照种子低温吸胀后，在常规增减条件下生理生化过程有显著的不同，这些差异与二者不同的种子活力水平有关。引发种子浸种过程中细胞物质损失少，膜选择性通透能力强。对照种子有大量物质外渗，特别是K+。引发种子常规培养条件下呼吸强度上升很快，RQ较低。对照种子呼吸强度很低。引发种子线粒体以L－Mal、α－Kg和Succ为底物时，具有较高的ADP／O和RC，并且氧化磷酸化活性出现早。对照种子线粒体氧化磷酸化功能不健全。引发种子胚根细胞ATP酶活性定位于质膜、核仁、胞间连丝及液泡膜。对照种子ATP酶活性在各亚细胞结构大为降低。 本文讨论了吸胀冷害的普遍性以及吸胀冷害对农业生产的影响，并推论低温吸胀主要导致敏感种子吸胀初期正在进行结构转化的膜系统不可逆损伤从而种子活力下降。PEG引发处理具有防止低温吸胀时膜系统伤损和修复种子成熟、加工、干燥贮藏阶段损伤的作用。PEG引发还预先活化了种子代谢系统。从而使种子萌发迅速、整齐，显著地提高敏感种子搞吸胀冷害能力，对于不存在吸胀冷害问题的种子，PEG引发也有提高种子活力的效果。

Hierarchical orientation of crystallinity by block-copolymer patterning and alignment in an electric field

Electron and hole conducting 10-nm-wide polymer morphologies hold great promise for organic electro-optical devices such as solar cells and light emitting diodes. The self-assembly of block-copolymers (BCPs) is often viewed as an efficient way to generate such materials. Here, a functional block copolymer that contains perylene bismide (PBI) side chains which can crystallize via π-π stacking to form an electron conducting microphase is patterned harnessing hierarchical electrohydrodynamic lithography (HEHL). HEHL film destabilization creates a hierarchical structure with three distinct length scales: (1) micrometer-sized polymer pillars, containing (2) a 10-nm BCP microphase morphology that is aligned perpendicular to the substrate surface and (3) on a molecular length scale (0.35-3 nm) PBI π-π-stacks traverse the HEHL-generated plugs in a continuous fashion. The good control over BCP and PBI alignment inside the generated vertical microstructures gives rise to liquid-crystal-like optical dichroism of the HEHL patterned films, and improves the electron conductivity across the film by 3 orders of magnitude. © 2013 American Chemical Society.