Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis of human colon carcinoma cells induced by specific antisera against carcinoembryonic antigen.

Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity against human colon carcinoma cells grown in vitro was demonstrated with rabbit anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antisera and normal human lymphocytes. The same antisera produced no tumor cell lysis in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. The specificity of the reaction was demonstrated by the inhibition of antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity after the addition of increasing amounts of purified CEA to the antiserum and by the fact that only tumor cell lines expressing CEA on their surface were lysed. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity was also observed against two colon carcinoma cell lines that expressed Blood Group A antigen, using a human serum containing anti-Blood Group A antibodies of the immunoglobulin G class. This reaction was specifically inhibited by absorption with Blood Group A red cells, whereas the anti-CEA-dependent cytotoxicity was not inhibited by absorption with red cells of different blood groups.

Comparative localization of glioma-reactive monoclonal antibodies in vivo in an athymic mouse human glioma xenograft model.

Radioiodinated murine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) 81C6, Me 1-14, C12, D12, and E9, made against or reactive with human gliomas but not normal brain, and Mab UJ13A, a pan-neuroectodermal Mab reactive with normal human glial and neural cells, were evaluated in paired label studies in the D-54 MG subcutaneous human glioma xenograft model system in nude mice. Following intravenous injection in the tail vein of mice bearing 200-400 mm3 tumors, specific localization of Mabs to tumor over time (6 h-9 days) was evaluated by tissue counting; each Mab demonstrated a unique localization profile. The comparison of localization indices (LI), determined as a ratio of tissue level of Mab to control immunoglobulin with simultaneous correction for blood levels of each, showed Mabs 81C6 and Me 1-14 to steadily accumulate in glioma xenografts, maintaining LI from 5-20 at 7-9 days after Mab injection. Mab UJ13A peaked at day 1, maintaining this level through day 2, and declining thereafter. Mabs D12 and C12 peaked at days 3 and 4, respectively, and E9 maintained an LI of greater than 3 from days 3-9. Percent injected dose localized/g of tumor varied from a peak high of 16% (81C6) to a low of 5% (Me 1-14 and UJ13A). Immunoperoxidase histochemistry, performed with each Mab on a battery of primary human brain neoplasms, revealed that Mabs 81C6 and E9, which demonstrated the highest levels of percent injected dose localized/g of tumor over time, reacted with antigens expressed in the extracellular matrix. This finding suggests that extracellular matrix localization of antigen represents a biologically significant factor affecting localization and/or binding in the xenograft model used. The demonstration of significant localization, varied kinetics and patterns of localization of this localizing Mab panel warrants their continued investigation as potential imaging and therapeutic agents for human trials.

Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal IL-1 signaling by PPARbeta/delta is essential for skin homeostasis and wound healing.

Skin morphogenesis, maintenance, and healing after wounding require complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. In this study, we show that for skin homeostasis, interleukin-1 (IL-1) produced by keratinocytes activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) expression in underlying fibroblasts, which in turn inhibits the mitotic activity of keratinocytes via inhibition of the IL-1 signaling pathway. In fact, PPARbeta/delta stimulates production of the secreted IL-1 receptor antagonist, which leads to an autocrine decrease in IL-1 signaling pathways and consequently decreases production of secreted mitogenic factors by the fibroblasts. This fibroblast PPARbeta/delta regulation of the IL-1 signaling is required for proper wound healing and can regulate tumor as well as normal human keratinocyte cell proliferation. Together, these findings provide evidence for a novel homeostatic control of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation mediated via PPARbeta/delta regulation in dermal fibroblasts of IL-1 signaling. Given the ubiquitous expression of PPARbeta/delta, other epithelial-mesenchymal interactions may also be regulated in a similar manner.

Magnetoencephalography demonstrates multiple asynchronous generators during human sleep spindles.

Sleep spindles are approximately 1 s bursts of 10-16 Hz activity that occur during stage 2 sleep. Spindles are highly synchronous across the cortex and thalamus in animals, and across the scalp in humans, implying correspondingly widespread and synchronized cortical generators. However, prior studies have noted occasional dissociations of the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) from the EEG during spindles, although detailed studies of this phenomenon have been lacking. We systematically compared high-density MEG and EEG recordings during naturally occurring spindles in healthy humans. As expected, EEG was highly coherent across the scalp, with consistent topography across spindles. In contrast, the simultaneously recorded MEG was not synchronous, but varied strongly in amplitude and phase across locations and spindles. Overall, average coherence between pairs of EEG sensors was approximately 0.7, whereas MEG coherence was approximately 0.3 during spindles. Whereas 2 principle components explained approximately 50% of EEG spindle variance, >15 were required for MEG. Each PCA component for MEG typically involved several widely distributed locations, which were relatively coherent with each other. These results show that, in contrast to current models based on animal experiments, multiple asynchronous neural generators are active during normal human sleep spindles and are visible to MEG. It is possible that these multiple sources may overlap sufficiently in different EEG sensors to appear synchronous. Alternatively, EEG recordings may reflect diffusely distributed synchronous generators that are less visible to MEG. An intriguing possibility is that MEG preferentially records from the focal core thalamocortical system during spindles, and EEG from the distributed matrix system.

Human epidermal cultures screened for residual murine feeder cells-No contaminants found

Rationale: Human keratinocytes used for transplants are cultivated on a feeder layer which may be composed of autologous human fibroblasts or 3T3 murine fibroblasts. Using the latter method spares 15 additional days of preparation. In this study we investigate the potential presence of residual murine feeder cell contaminants in epidermal cultures prepared for transplantation. Methods: Monolayers of cultured 3T3-J2 murine fibroblasts were treated with 4 μg/mL of mitomycin C (MMC) for 2 h and used to track cell survival kinetics. Using similar 3T3 cells, human keratinocyte cultures were grown following a modified protocol based on the method described by Rheinwald and Green. Cell sheets were mechanically detached and rinsed 4 times following the same procedure used for transplant preparation. The elimination of 3T3 cells during culture was visually tracked using phase contrast microscopy. Epidermal cultures were then dissociated to produce cell suspensions and analyzed by flow cytometry using a murine-specific antibody, CD90, conjugated to a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) marker. Dead cells were identified using 7-amino-actinomysin D (7-AAD) which binds to DNA in permeabilized cells. Results: 3T3 cells treated with MMC display clear morphological signs of apoptosis, disappearing completely in 9-10 days following kinetics similar to 30 Gy gamma irradiated 3T3 cells. Histological analysis of cultured epidermal sheets revealed homogenous keratinocytic tissue with no 3T3 cells. MMC treated and untreated 3T3 cells displayed strong CD90 expression. Cell suspensions obtained from epidermal cultures were, however, negative for that marker. Conclusion: Results obtained demonstrate the absence of contaminating murine 3T3 feeder cells in human keratinocyte cultures. These findings highlight our success in developing cultured human epidermal autografts.

Immunohistochemical analysis of bone morphological protein signaling pathway in human myometrium.

We assessed by immunohistochemistry the expression of the phosphorylated (activated) form of Smad1 and 5 (P-SMAD1/5), of Noggin and of two smooth muscle cell markers (α-SMA and SM22) in a series of human myometrium samples and in a smooth muscle cell line derived from human myometrium (HUt-SMC, PromoCell, USA). Myometrium samples were removed from two cadavers (a fetus at 26weeks of gestation and a neonate) and from ten non-menopausal women who underwent hysterectomy for adenomyosis and leiomyoma. P-SMAD1/5 expression was never detected in myometrium (both normal and pathological specimens), but only as a nuclear positive staining in glandular and luminal epithelial cells in sections in which also the endometrial mucosa was present. Noggin was strongly expressed especially in myometrium and adenomyosis samples from non-menopausal patients in comparison to the neonatal and fetal myometrium specimens in which muscle cells were less positive. In more than 95% of HUt-SMCs, α-SMA and Desmin were co-expressed, indicating a pure smooth muscle phenotype. When progesterone was added to the culture medium, no P-SMAD1/5 expression was detected, whereas the expression Noggin and SM22, a marker of differentiated smooth muscle cells, increased by 3 fold (p=0.002) and 4.3 fold (p=0.001), respectively (p=0.002). Our results suggest that, in non-menopausal normal human myometrium, the BMP pathway might be inhibited and that this inhibition might be enhanced by progesterone, which increases the differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SM22 levels). These findings could help in the identification of new mechanisms that regulate uterine motility.

Expression and functional role of the prorenin receptor in the human adrenocortical zona glomerulosa and in primary aldosteronism.

OBJECTIVES: Prorenin can be detected in plasma of hypertensive patients. If detected in patients with primary aldosteronism could implicate prorenin in the development of primary aldosteronism. To address this issue, we measured the plasma prorenin levels in primary aldosteronism patients, the expression of the prorenin receptor (PRR) in the normal human adrenocortical zona glomerulosa and aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), and we investigated the functional effects of PRR activation in human adrenocortical cells. METHOD: Plasma renin activity, aldosterone, and active and total trypsin-activated renin were measured in primary aldosteronism patients, essential hypertensive patients, and healthy individuals, and then prorenin levels were calculated. Localization and functional role of PRR were investigated in human and rat tissues, and aldosterone-producing cells. RESULTS: Primary aldosteronism patients had detectable plasma levels of prorenin. Using digital-droplet real-time PCR, we found a high PRR-to-porphobilinogen deaminase ratio in both the normal adrenal cortex and APAs. Marked expression of the PRR gene and protein was also found in HAC15 cells. Immunoblotting, confocal, and immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated PRR at the cell membrane and intracellularly. Renin and prorenin significantly triggered both CYP11B2 expression (aldosterone synthase) and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but only CYP11B2 transcription was prevented by aliskiren. CONCLUSION: The presence of detectable plasma prorenin in primary aldosteronism patients, and the high expression of PRR in the normal human adrenal cortex, APA tissue, CD56+ aldosterone-producing cells, along with activation of CYP11B2 synthesis and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggest that the circulating and locally produced prorenin may contribute to the development or maintenance of human primary aldosteronism.

Cell-Cell interaction in erythropoiesis: role of human monocytes

Erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) are proliferative cells present in peripheral blood and bone marrow which may be precursors of the erythroid colony forming cell found in the bone marrow. To examine the possible role of monocyte-macrophages in the modulation of erythropoiesis, the effect of monocytes on peripheral blood BFU-E proliferation in response to erythropoietin was investigated in the plasma clot culture system. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal human donors were separated into four fractions. Fraction-I cells were obtained from the interface of Ficoll-Hypaque gradients (20-30% monocytes; 60-80% lymphocytes); fraction-II cells were fraction-I cells that were nonadherent to plastic (2-10% monocytes; 90-98% lymphocytes); fraction-III cells were obtained by incubation of fraction-II cells with carbonyl iron followed by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation (>99% lymphocytes); and fraction-IV cells represented the adherent population of fraction-II cells released from the plastic by lidocaine (>95% monocytes). When cells from these fractions were cultured in the presence of erythropoietin, the number of BFU-E-derived colonies was inversely proportional to the number of monocytes present (r = ¿0.96, P < 0.001). The suppressive effect of monocytes on BFU-E proliferation was confirmed by admixing autologous purified monocytes (fraction-IV cells) with fraction-III cells. Monocyte concentrations of ¿20% completely suppressed BFU-E activity. Reduction in the number of plated BFU-E by monocyte dilution could not account for these findings: a 15% reduction in the number of fraction-III cells plated resulted in only a 15% reduction in colony formation. These results indicate that monocyte-macrophages may play a significant role in the regulation of erythropoiesis and be involved in the pathogenesis of the hypoproliferative anemias associated with infection and certain neoplasia in which increased monocyte activity and monopoiesis also occur.

Role of human hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) in steroid-dependent diseases in females –novel indications for HSD17B1 inhibitors. Phenotypic analysis of transgenic mice overexpressing human HSD17B1.

Hormone-dependent diseases, e.g. cancers, rank high in mortality in the modern world, and thus, there is an urgent need for new drugs to treat these diseases. Although the diseases are clearly hormone-dependent, changes in circulating hormone concentrations do not explain all the pathological processes observed in the diseased tissues. A more inclusive explanation is provided by intracrinology – a regulation of hormone concentrations at the target tissue level. This is mediated by the expression of a pattern of steroid-activating and -inactivating enzymes in steroid target tissues, thus enabling a concentration gradient between the blood circulation and the tissue. Hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenases (HSD17Bs) form a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion between low active 17-ketosteroids and highly active 17beta-hydroxysteroids. HSD17B1 converts low active estrogen (E1) to highly active estradiol (E2) with high catalytic efficiency, and altered HSD17B1 expression has been associated with several hormone-dependent diseases, including breast cancer, endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia and cancer, and ovarian epithelial cancer. Because of its putative role in E2 biosynthesis in ovaries and peripheral target tissues, HSD17B1 is considered to be a promising drug target for estrogen-dependent diseases. A few studies have indicated that the enzyme also has androgenic activity, but they have been ignored. In the present study, transgenic mice overexpressing human HSD17B1 (HSD17B1TG mice) were used to study the effects of the enzyme in vivo. Firstly, the substrate specificity of human HSD17B1 was determined in vivo. The results indicated that human HSD17B1 has significant androgenic activity in female mice in vivo, which resulted in increased fetal testosterone concentration and female disorder of sexual development appearing as masculinized phenotype (increased anogenital distance, lack of nipples, lack of vaginal opening, combination of vagina with urethra, enlarged Wolffian duct remnants in the mesovarium and enlarged female prostate). Fetal androgen exposure has been linked to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and metabolic syndrome during adulthood in experimental animals and humans, but the genes involved in PCOS are largely unknown. A putative mechanism to accumulate androgens during fetal life by HSD17B1 overexpression was shown in the present study. Furthermore, as a result of prenatal androgen exposure locally in the ovaries, HSD17B1TG females developed ovarian benign serous cystadenomas in adulthood. These benign lesions are precursors of low-grade ovarian serous tumors. Ovarian cancer ranks fifth in mortality of all female cancers in Finland, and most of the ovarian cancers arise from the surface epithelium. The formation of the lesions was prevented by prenatal antiandrogen treatment and by transplanting wild type (WT) ovaries prepubertally into HSD17B1TG females. The results obtained in our non-clinical TG mouse model, together with a literature analysis, suggest that HSD17B1 has a role in ovarian epithelial carcinogenesis, and especially in the development of serous tumors. The role of androgens in ovarian carcinogenesis is considered controversial, but the present study provides further evidence for the androgen hypothesis. Moreover, it directly links HSD17B1-induced prenatal androgen exposure to ovarian epithelial carcinogenesis in mice. As expected, significant estrogenic activity was also detected for human HSD17B1. HSD17B1TG mice had enhanced peripheral conversion of E1 to E2 in a variety of target tissues, including the uterus. Furthermore, this activity was significantly decreased by treatments with specific HSD17B1 inhibitors. As a result, several estrogen-dependent disorders were found in HSD17B1TG females. Here we report that HSD17B1TG mice invariably developed endometrial hyperplasia and failed to ovulate in adulthood. As in humans, endometrial hyperplasia in HSD17B1TG females was reversible upon ovulation induction, triggering a rise in circulating progesterone levels, and in response to exogenous progestins. Remarkably, treatment with a HSD17B1 inhibitor failed to restore ovulation, yet completely reversed the hyperplastic morphology of epithelial cells in the glandular compartment. We also demonstrate that HSD17B1 is expressed in normal human endometrium, hyperplasia, and cancer. Collectively, our non-clinical data and literature analysis suggest that HSD17B1 inhibition could be one of several possible approaches to decrease endometrial estrogen production in endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. HSD17B1 expression has been found in bones of humans and rats. The non-clinical data in the present study suggest that human HSD17B1 is likely to have an important role in the regulation of bone formation, strength and length during reproductive years in female mice. Bone density in HSD17B1TG females was highly increased in femurs, but in lesser amounts also in tibias. Especially the tibia growth plate, but not other regions of bone, was susceptible to respond to HSD17B1 inhibition by increasing bone length, whereas the inhibitors did not affect bone density. Therefore, HSD17B1 inhibitors could be safer than aromatase inhibitors in regard to bone in the treatment of breast cancer and endometriosis. Furthermore, diseases related to improper growth, are a promising new indication for HSD17B1 inhibitors.

Viscosity of gums in vitro and their ability to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in normal subjects

Experiments were carried out in vitro with three viscous polysaccharides (guar gum, pectin, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)) of similar initial viscosity submitted to conditions that mimic events occurring in the stomach and duodenum, and their viscosity in these situations was compared to their actions on postprandial hyperglycemia in normal human subjects. Guar gum showed greater viscosity than the other gums during acidification and/or alkalinization and also showed larger effects on plasma glucose levels (35% reduction in maximum rise in plasma glucose) and on the total area under the curve of plasma glucose (control: 20,314 ± 1007 mg dl-1 180 min-1 vs guar gum: 18,277 ± 699 mg dl-1 180 min-1, P<0.01). Pectin, which showed a marked reduction in viscosity at 37oC and after events mimicking those that occur in the stomach and duodenum, did not have a significant effect on postprandial hyperglycemia. The performance of viscosity and the glycemia response to CMC were at an intermediate level between guar gum and pectin. In conclusion, these data suggest that temperature, the process of acidification, alkalinization and exposure to intestinal ions induce different viscosity changes in gums having similar initial viscosity, establishing a direct relationship between a minor decrease of gum viscosity in vitro and a reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia

Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in human erythrocytes exposed to colloidal iron hydroxide in vitro

The free form of the iron ion is one of the strongest oxidizing agents in the cellular environment. The effect of iron at different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 µM Fe3+) on the normal human red blood cell (RBC) antioxidant system was evaluated in vitro by measuring total (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reductase (GSH-Rd) activities. Membrane lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The RBC were incubated with colloidal iron hydroxide and phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.45, at 37oC, for 60 min. For each assay, the results for the control group were: a) GSH = 3.52 ± 0.27 µM/g Hb; b) GSSG = 0.17 ± 0.03 µM/g Hb; c) GSH-Px = 19.60 ± 1.96 IU/g Hb; d) GSH-Rd = 3.13 ± 0.17 IU/g Hb; e) catalase = 394.9 ± 22.8 IU/g Hb; f) SOD = 5981 ± 375 IU/g Hb. The addition of 1 to 100 µM Fe3+ had no effect on the parameters analyzed. No change in TBARS levels was detected at any of the iron concentrations studied. Oxidative stress, measured by GSH kinetics over time, occurs when the RBC are incubated with colloidal iron hydroxide at concentrations higher than 10 µM of Fe3+. Overall, these results show that the intact human RBC is prone to oxidative stress when exposed to Fe3+ and that the RBC has a potent antioxidant system that can minimize the potential damage caused by acute exposure to a colloidal iron hydroxide in vitro.

Autoimmunity and molecular mimicry in tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-lymphotropic virus-associated myelopathy

Viruses share antigenic sites with normal host cell components, a phenomenon known as molecular mimicry. It has long been suggested that viral infections might trigger an autoimmune response by several mechanisms including molecular mimicry. More than 600 antiviral monoclonal antibodies generated against 11 different viruses have been reported to react with 3.5% of cells specific for uninfected mouse organs. The main pathological feature of tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) is a chronic inflammation of the spinal cord characterized by perivascular cuffing of mononuclear cells accompanied by parenchymal lymphocytic infiltration. We detected the presence of autoantibodies against a 98- to 100-kDa protein of in vitro cultured human astrocytes and a 33- to 35-kDa protein from normal human brain in the serum of HTLV-I-seropositive individuals. The two cell proteins exhibited molecular mimicry with HTLV-I gag and tax proteins in TSP/HAM patients, respectively. Furthermore, the location of 33- to 35-kDa protein cross-reaction correlated with the anatomical spinal cord areas (in the rat model) in which axonal damage has been reported in several cases of TSP/HAM patients. Our experimental evidence strongly suggests that the demyelinating process occurring in TSP/HAM may be mediated by molecular mimicry between domains of some viral proteins and normal cellular targets of the spinal cord sections involved in the neurodegeneration.

Alternagin-C, a disintegrin-like protein from the venom of Bothrops alternatus, modulates alpha2ß1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion, migration and proliferation

The alpha2ß1 integrin is a major collagen receptor that plays an essential role in the adhesion of normal and tumor cells to the extracellular matrix. Alternagin-C (ALT-C), a disintegrin-like protein purified from the venom of the Brazilian snake Bothrops alternatus, competitively interacts with the alpha2ß1 integrin, thereby inhibiting collagen binding. When immobilized in plate wells, ALT-C supports the adhesion of fibroblasts as well as of human vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and does not detach cells previously bound to collagen I. ALT-C is a strong inducer of HUVEC proliferation in vitro. Gene expression analysis was done using an Affimetrix HU-95A probe array with probe sets of ~10,000 human genes. In human fibroblasts growing on collagen-coated plates, ALT-C up-regulates the expression of several growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as some cell cycle control genes. Up-regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene and other growth factors could explain the positive effect on HUVEC proliferation. ALT-C also strongly activates protein kinase B phosphorylation, a signaling event involved in endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis. In human neutrophils, ALT-C has a potent chemotactic effect modulated by the intracellular signaling cascade characteristic of integrin-activated pathways. Thus, ALT-C acts as a survival factor, promoting adhesion, migration and endothelial cell proliferation after binding to alpha2ß1 integrin on the cell surface. The biological activities of ALT-C may be helpful as a therapeutic strategy in tissue regeneration as well as in the design of new therapeutic agents targeting alpha2ß1 integrin.

The role of Microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and Ephrin B2 in Scleroderma

La sclérodermie (sclérose systémique, ScS) est une maladie auto-immune du tissu conjonctif caractérisée  par  l’épaississement  de  la  peau,  l’apparition  spontanée de lésions cicatricielles, des maladies   des   vaisseaux   sanguins,   divers   degrés   d’inflammation,   en   association   avec   un   système   immunitaire hyperactif. La pathogénèse exacte de cette maladie est inconnue et aucun traitement approprié   n’est   disponible.   La fibrose est un élément distinctif de la maladie de ScS et est considérée   résulter   d’une   incapacité   à   mettre   fin   de   façon   appropriée   à   la   réponse   normale   de   réparation   des   plaies.   L’analyse   histologique   du   stade   initial   de   la   ScS   révèle   une   infiltration   périvasculaire de cellules mononucléaires dans le derme, associée à une synthèse accrue de collagène dans les fibroblastes environnants. Ainsi, la compréhension des moyens de contrôler le stade inflammatoire de la ScS pourrait être bénéfique pour contrôler la progression de la maladie peu après son apparition. La mPGES-1 est une enzyme inductible qui agit en aval de la cyclo- oxygénase (COX) pour catalyser spécifiquement la conversion de la prostaglandine (PG) H2 en PGE2. La mPGES-1  joue  un  rôle  clé  dans  l’inflammation,  la  douleur  et  l’arthrite;;  toutefois,  le   rôle de la mPGES-1 dans les mécanismes de fibrose, spécifiquement en rapport avec la ScS humaine, est inconnu. Mon laboratoire a précédemment montré que les souris à mPGES-1 nulle sont résistantes à la fibrose   cutanée   induite   par   la   bléomycine,   à   l’inflammation,   à   l’épaississement  cutané,  à  la  production  de  collagène  et  à  la  formation  de  myofibroblastes.  Sur  la   base  de  ces  résultats,  j’ai  formulé  l’hypothèse  que  l’inhibition pharmacologique de la mPGES-1 régulera à la baisse la production de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires et pro-fibreux au cours de la maladie   de   ScS.   Afin   d’explorer   le   rôle   de   la   mPGES-1   dans   l’inflammation   et   la   fibrose   associées  à  la  maladie  de  ScS,  j’ai  d’abord  examiné  l’expression  de  la  mPGES-1 dans la peau normale comparativement à des biopsies de peau extraites de patients atteints de ScS. Mes résultats ont montré que la mPGES-1 est nettement élevée dans la peau de patients atteints de ScS en comparaison avec la peau humaine normale. De plus, les niveaux de PGE2 dérivés de la mPGES-1 étaient également significativement plus élevés dans les fibroblastes cutanés isolés de patients  atteints  de  ScS  comparativement  aux  fibroblastes  isolés  de  témoins  sains.  J’ai  également   étudié  l’effet  de  l’inhibition pharmacologique de la mPGES-1  sur  l’expression  de  marqueurs  pro- fibreux.   Mes   études   ont   montré   que   l’expression   de   médiateurs   pro-fibreux clés (α-SMA, endothéline-1, collagène de type 1 et facteur de croissance du tissu conjonctif (FCTC)) est élevée dans les fibroblastes cutanés ScS en comparaison avec les fibroblastes cutanés normaux. Un traitement avec un inhibiteur de la mPGES-1 a eu pour effet de réduire significativement l’expression  de  l’α-SMA,  de  l’endothéline-1, du collagène de type 1 mais pas du FCTC dans les fibroblastes  ScS,  sans  effet  significatif  sur  les  fibroblastes  normaux.  J’ai  en  outre  examiné  l’effet   de  l’inhibition  de  la  mPGES-1 sur des cytokines pro-inflammatoires clés impliquées dans la pathologie de la ScS, incluant IL-6, IL-8 et MCP-1.  L’inhibition  pharmacologique  de  la  mPGES- 1 a eu pour effet de réduire significativement les niveaux de production de cytokines pro- inflammatoires IL6, IL8 et MCP-1 dans les fibroblastes avec lésion ScS comparativement à des fibroblastes non traités. De plus, les patients atteints de ScS ont présenté des niveaux plus élevés de p-AKT, de p-FAK et de p-SMAD3 en comparaison avec les fibroblastes cutanés normaux. L’inhibiteur  de  la  mPGES-1 a pu réguler à la baisse cette expression accrue de p-AKT et de p- FAK, mais pas de p-SMAD3,  dans  les  fibroblastes  ScS.  Ces  résultats  ont  suggéré  que  l’inhibition   de la mPGES-1 pourrait être une méthode viable pour réduire le développement de sclérose cutanée et constituent une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour contrôler les mécanismes fibreux et inflammatoires associés à la pathophysiologie de la maladie de ScS. L’un   des   autres   processus   critiques   reliés   à   l’évolution de la réponse fibreuse associée à la maladie de ScS est la différenciation des fibroblastes en des cellules activées spécialisées iii iv appelées myofibroblastes, responsables de déclencher une signalisation adhésive excessive et le dépôt excessif de matrice extracellulaire,   conduisant   à   la   destruction   de   l’architecture   de   l’organe.   Ainsi,   l’identification   des   facteurs   endogènes   qui   initient/   favorisent   la   différenciation   fibroblaste-myofibroblaste peut mener à des stratégies thérapeutiques prometteuses pour contrôler  l’excès  de  signalisation  adhésive  et  de  fibrose  associé  à  la  maladie  de  ScS.  Des  études   antérieures  dans  le  domaine  de  la  biologie  du  cancer  ont  suggéré  que  l’éphrine  B2,  une  protéine   transmembranaire appartenant à la famille des éphrines, est impliquée dans la signalisation adhésive   et   le   remodelage   extracellulaire.   Cependant,   son   rôle   dans   la   fibrose   n’a   jamais   été   exploré.   Dans   la   deuxième   partie   de   mon   étude,   j’ai   donc   étudié   le   rôle   de   l’éphrine   B2   dans   la   fibrose.   Mes   études   montrent   que   l’expression   de   l’éphrine   B2   est   significativement   augmentée   dans la peau humaine ScS comparativement à la peau normale. Plus important encore, le traitement in vitro de   fibroblastes   de   la   peau   humaine   normale   avec   de   l’éphrine   B2   recombinante est capable de transformer des fibroblastes en cellules myofibroblastiques manifestant toutes les caractéristiques myofibroblastiques typiques, incluant la formation accrue de  fibres  de  tension,  des  adhérences  focales,  l’activation  accrue  de  la  FAK,  un  accroissement  de   l’expression  et  de  la  migration  de  fibroblastes  et  de  leur  adhérence  à  la  fibronectine  à  la  fois  chez   les   fibroblastes   cutanés   normaux   et   ScS.   En   outre,   j’ai   traité   des   souris   avec   de   l’éphrine   B2   recombinante et montré que ces souris ont développé une fibrose cutanée significative associée à une épaisseur dermique et à une synthèse de collagène augmentées, une teneur en hydroxyproline (teneur en collagène) accrue et un nombre accru de myofibroblastes exprimant de   l’α-SMA, une activation augmentée de la FAK et de marqueurs pro-fibreux incluant le collagène de type 1 et le FCTC. Dans  l’ensemble,  mes  études  ont  identifié  deux  médiateurs  endogènes  cruciaux  impliqués  dans  la   propagation  de  l’inflammation  et  de  la  fibrose  associées  à  la  maladie  de  ScS.  L’inhibition  de  la   mPGES-1   pourrait   représenter   une   bonne   stratégie   alternative   pour   contrer   l’inflammation   et   la   fibrose au moins durant les stades précoces de la maladie de ScS. De plus, une signalisation excessive   de   l’éphrine B2 favorise la signalisation adhésive et fibreuse en déclenchant la différenciation   de   fibroblastes   en   myofibroblastes   par   l’activation   de   la   voie   de   signalisation   de   la  FAK.  Ainsi,  l’inhibition  d’éphrine  B2  bloquera  la  formation  de  fibroblastes-myofibroblastes et régulera à la baisse la fibrose associée à la maladie de ScS. En somme, la mPGES-1  et  l’éphrine   B2 semblent toutes deux des cibles attrayantes pour le traitement de la ScS et des troubles fibreux qui y sont reliés.

Etude du rôle de la réponse UV sur le contrôle de la réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) des dommages à l’ADN : rôle des voies MAPK et de l’ADN polymérase eta

La réponse cellulaire aux ultra-violets (UV), ou réponse UV, est une réponse complexe et spécialisée dans l’adaptation et la tolérance des dommages aux UV. Celle-ci est initiée par un grand nombre d’évènements moléculaires et de signalisation nucléaire mais aussi au niveau de la membrane plasmique ou du cytoplasme. L’importance et l’influence exactes de ces évènements sur la réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) des dommages UV à l’ADN sont encore mal comprises et doivent encore être méthodiquement démontrées. Dans cette thèse, grâce à l’utilisation d’une méthode sensible d’analyse de la réparation NER basée sur la cytométrie en flux, il est montré, dans un premier temps, que l’activité des voies MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases), qui sont des voies de signalisation de stress UV d’origine cytoplsamique, ne participent pas à l’efficacité de réparation NER des dommages UV dans les cellules humaines. En effet, l’abrogation de la signalisation MAPK, par inhibition pharmacologique, par utilisation de mutants dominant-négatifs ou par inhibition de leur expression endogène, ne révèlent aucun changement de la cinétique de réparation des dommages UV par excision de nucléotides. Cependant, l’utilisation de cette même méthode de réparation, mais cette fois, appliquée pour l’étude de réparation NER en fonction du cycle cellulaire, a permis de mettre en évidence la nécessité fonctionnelle de l’ADN polymérase translésionnelle eta (Pol η) dans la réparation NER des dommages UV, uniquement en phase S. Cette observation fut initialement caractérisée dans les cellules de patients affectés du syndrome variant de xérodermie pigmentaire (XP-V) puis, confirmée ensuite par l’inhibition de l’expression de Pol η endogène ou par la complémentation avec des mutants non-fonctionnels dans les cellules XP-V. Ces résultats indiquent que, contrairement à la réponse UV MAPK cytoplasmique, les évènements nucléaires comme la synthèse translésionnelle, peuvent influencer l’efficacité de réparation NER en phase S. Plus particulièrement, ces données établissent un lien possible entre la réparation NER en phase S et les niveaux de stress réplicatifs, révélé ici par la déficience fonctionnelle Pol η ou ATR. Les observations, présentées dans cette thèse, renforcent un rôle du point de contrôle S aux UV sur l’efficacité de la réparation NER et suggèrent que l’inhibition NER, observée en phase S dans les cellules XP-V, est modulée par le stress réplicatif. Un tel moyen de contrôle pourrait avoir une action plutôt protectrice pendant cette phase critique du cycle cellulaire. Mots clés: UV, translésionnelle, eta, MAPK, NER, CPD, cytométrie, phase-S, tolérance.