Activity of phosphorus of synthetic Fe-K-P compounds in superphosphate fertilizers as affected by pH and ionic strength

The concentration of orthophosphate ions released from Fe-K-P compounds (Fe3KH8(PO4)6 .6H2O and Fe3KH14(PO4)8 .4H2O) present in superphosphates increases with pH, which initially suggests that the agronomic effectiveness of P fertilizers containing high amounts of these compounds would also increase with soil pH but studies considering activity, instead of concentration, are necessary. With this purpose, both compounds were synthesized under laboratory conditions, characterized by elemental chemical analysis, optical microscopy, X ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and used in a solubility study. Solutions of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mol L-1 NaCl with pH adjusted to 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5 were prepared for the solubility study of H8-syn, H14-syn and a phosphate rock (PR) from Brazil. The orthophosphate activity as H2PO4- and HPO4(2-) was calculated in each situation as related to pH and ionic strength using software MINTEQ. The remaining precipitates after equilibrium were chemically analyzed and subjected to X ray, SEM and EDS. Results of chemical analysis and instrumental techniques confirmed the preparation method. The activity of orthophosphate ions of both compounds tended to decrease under increasing pH and/or ionic strength of the solution, which in turn suggests that an increase in the solution pH does not necessarily promote an increase in the P bioavailability for plant uptake. This can be important when evaluating agronomic data of P fertilizers with high contents of these two Fe-K-P compounds.

Potential use of a chemical leaching reject from a kaolin industry as agricultural fertilizer

The industrial refining of kaolin involves the removal of iron oxides and hydroxides along with other impurities that cause discoloration of the final product and depreciate its commercial value, particularly undesirable if destined to the paper industry. The chemical leaching in the industrial processing requires treatments with sodium hyposulfite, metallic zinc, or sulfuric and phosphoric acids, in order to reduce, dissolve and remove ferruginous compounds. To mitigate the environmental impact, the acidic effluent from the leaching process must be neutralized, usually with calcium oxide. The resulting solid residue contains phosphorous, zinc, and calcium, among other essential nutrients for plant growth, suggesting its use as a macro and micronutrient source. Samples of such a solid industrial residue were used here to evaluate their potential as soil fertilizer in an incubation greenhouse experiment with two soil samples (clayey and medium-textured). The small pH shift generated by applying the residue to the soil was not a limiting factor for its use in agriculture. The evolution of the concentrations of exchangeable calcium, and phosphorous and zinc extractability by Mehlich-1 extractant during the incubation period confirms the potential use of this industrial residue as agricultural fertilizer.

Magnetic phase separation in ordered alloys

We present a lattice model to study the equilibrium phase diagram of ordered alloys with one magnetic component that exhibits a low temperature phase separation between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. The model is constructed from the experimental facts observed in Cu3-xAlMnx and it includes coupling between configurational and magnetic degrees of freedom that are appropriate for reproducing the low temperature miscibility gap. The essential ingredient for the occurrence of such a coexistence region is the development of ferromagnetic order induced by the long-range atomic order of the magnetic component. A comparative study of both mean-field and Monte Carlo solutions is presented. Moreover, the model may enable the study of the structure of ferromagnetic domains embedded in the nonmagnetic matrix. This is relevant in relation to phenomena such as magnetoresistance and paramagnetism

Freezing of 4He and its liquid-solid interface from density functional theory

We show that, at high densities, fully variational solutions of solidlike types can be obtained from a density functional formalism originally designed for liquid 4He . Motivated by this finding, we propose an extension of the method that accurately describes the solid phase and the freezing transition of liquid 4He at zero temperature. The density profile of the interface between liquid and the (0001) surface of the 4He crystal is also investigated, and its surface energy evaluated. The interfacial tension is found to be in semiquantitative agreement with experiments and with other microscopic calculations. This opens the possibility to use unbiased density functional (DF) methods to study highly nonhomogeneous systems, like 4He interacting with strongly attractive impurities and/or substrates, or the nucleation of the solid phase in the metastable liquid.

Bound states of 3He at the edge of a 4He drop on a cesium surface

We show that small amounts of 3He atoms, added to a 4He drop deposited on a flat cesium surface at zero temperature, populate bound states localized at the contact line. These edge states show up for drops large enough to develop well defined surface and bulk regions together with a contact line, and they are structurally different from the well-known Andreev states that appear at the free surface and at the liquid-solid interface of films. We illustrate the one-body density of 3He in a drop with 1000 4He atoms, and show that for a sufficiently large number of impurities the density profiles spread beyond the edge, coating both the curved drop surface and its flat base and eventually isolating it from the substrate.

Probing vortices in 4He nanodroplets

We present static and dynamical properties of linear vortices in 4He droplets obtained from density functional calculations. By comparing the adsorption properties of different atomic impurities embedded in pure droplets and in droplets where a quantized vortex has been created, we suggest that Ca atoms should be the dopant of choice to detect vortices by means of spectroscopic experiments.

Magnetic field effect on quantum corrections to the low-temperature conductivity in mettalic perovskite oxides

The transport and magnetotransport properties of the metallic and ferromagnetic SrRuO3 (SRO) and the metallic and paramagnetic LaNiO3 (LNO) epitaxial thin films have been investigated in fields up to 55 T at temperatures down to 1.8 K . At low temperatures both samples display a well-defined resistivity minimum. We argue that this behavior is due to the increasing relevance of quantum corrections to the conductivity (QCC) as temperature is lowered; this effect being particularly relevant in these oxides due to their short mean free path. However, it is not straightforward to discriminate between contributions of weak localization and renormalization of electron-electron interactions to the QCC through temperature dependence alone. We have taken advantage of the distinct effect of a magnetic field on both mechanisms to demonstrate that in ferromagnetic SRO the weak-localization contribution is suppressed by the large internal field leaving only renormalized electron-electron interactions, whereas in the nonmagnetic LNO thin films the weak-localization term is relevant.

Harvest managements and cultural practices in sugarcane

The presence of trash from the mechanical harvest of green cane on sugarcane plantations promotes changes in the agricultural management, for example, in the mechanical cultural practices of ratoon cane in-between the rows and nitrogen (N) fertilization. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of sugarcane in different harvest systems, associated to the mechanical cultural practices in interrows and N rates. The study was carried out on a sugarcane plantation in Sales Oliveira, São Paulo, Brazil, with the sugarcane variety SP81-3250, on soil classified as Acrudox, in a randomized block design with split-split plots and four replications. The main treatments consisted of harvest systems (harvesting green cane or burnt cane), the secondary treatment consisted of the mechanical cultural practices in the interrows and the tertiary treatments were N rates (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 160 kg ha-1), using ammonium nitrate (33 % N) as N source. The harvest systems did not differ in sugarcane yield (tons of cane per hectare - TCH), but in burnt cane, the pol percent and total sugar recovery (TSR) were higher. This could be explained by the higher quantity of plant impurities in the harvested raw material in the system without burning, which reduces the processing quality. Mechanical cultural practices in the interrows after harvest had no effect on cane yield and sugar quality, indicating that this operation can be omitted in areas with mechanical harvesting. The application of N fertilizer at rates of 88 and 144 kg ha-1 N, respectively, increased stalk height and TCH quadratically to the highest values for these variables. For the sugar yield per hectare (in pol %), N fertilization induced a linear increase.

Synthesis, structural order and magnetic behavior of self-assembled epsilon-Co nanocrystal arrays

The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles with monodispere size distributions, their self assembly into ordered arrays and their magnetic behavior as a function of structural order (ferrofluids and 2D assemblies) are presented. Magnetic colloids of monodispersed, passivated, cobalt nanocrystals were produced by the rapid pyrolysis of cobalt carbonyl in solution. The size, size distribution (std. dev.< 5%) and the shape of the nanocrystals were controlled by varying the surfactant, its concentration, the reaction rate and the reaction temperature. The Co particles are defect-free single crystals with a complex cubic structure related to the beta phase of manganese (epsilon-Co). In the 2D assembly, a collective behavior was observed in the low-field susceptibility measurements where the magnetization of the zero field cooled process increases steadily and the magnetization of the field cooling process is independent the temperature. This was different from the observed behavior in a sample comprised of disordered interacting particles. A strong paramagnetic contribution appears at very low temperatures where the magnetization increases drastically after field cooling the sample. This has been attributed to the Co surfactant-particle interface since no magnetic atomic impurities are present in these samples.

Elemental and isotopic zoning in natural alpine quartz

THESIS ABSTRACT : Stable isotope geochemistry is used to help resolve a large number of geological questions. In order to do this, it is essential to understand the different mechanisms that govern isotopic fractionation processes between different phases and to identify the conditions required to reach equilibrium fractionation. However, at low temperatures, these processes are poorly constrained and many factors can induce differential partitioning of the isotopes between sectors of a mineral species and the fluid during mineral growth. This can result in so-called 'sector zoning' of a mineral species. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the occurrence of sector zoning of the oxygen isotopes and trace elements in natural α-quartz crystals and to identify the reasons for such zoning. The implications for the fluid-mineral interactions are studied in the context of the Alpine metamorphism. The approach chosen has focused on examining the crystal structure, cathodoluminescence appearance (CL), and on relating elemental (e.g. Li, Na, Al, P, K, Ca, Ge, Ti, Fe) to stable oxygen isotope compositions between and along different growth sectors. Low temperature quartz samples were selected from Alpine veins in different localities, where growth conditions have already been well constrained. The mineralogy as well as the isotopic compositions of the host rocks were also investigated, in order to interpret the variations obtained between the different growth stages in the framework of fluid-rock interaction during Alpine metamorphism. Depending on the growth conditions, most of the studied quartz is strongly zoned in CL, and it reveals corresponding zonations in the trace element content (e.g. growth zoning). Aluminium, substituting for Si in the lattice, was found in concentrations up to 1000's ppma, and its distribution is strongly related to Li and H and to a lesser extent, to Ge. Elemental sector zoning is evident from the distribution of these three elements since they exhibit differences in their respective concentrations between faces for distinct growth zones, with prismatic faces having the lowest Al contents. Quartz from veins in magmatic rocks, for example, tend to have lower Al concentrations and similar concentrations of Li and Ti suggesting also a contribution of these elements from the host rock. The relationship between Al and Li is still correlated. Only Alpine crystals grown at higher temperatures (~400°C) without any CL zoning feature are free of these impurities and do not show such zoning characteristics. Differences in the δ18O values were measured between different faces principally in the AIenriched growth zones or stages. These results were confirmed by the means of two different methods (in situ/non in situ). However, it was determined that the Al concentrations do not affect significantly oxygen isotope fractionations at 300°C. The results altogether suggest that the presence of sector zoning in quartz crystals is real, but not universal, and henceforth should be taken into consideration for any use of these systems. The occurrence of disequilibrium partitioning has been enhanced and is possibly related to kinetic processes as well as structural effects that do not affect similarly trace element incorporation and isotopic fractionation. In situ measurements also revealed fine scale δ18O zonations along growth paths that are useful to constrain fluid-rock interactions during Alpine metamorphism. Variations in the δ18O values present along growth vectors indicate changes in the fluid composition and origin. Association with oxygen isotope composition of the host rock allows for the deduction of interactions between rocks, veins and consequently fluids, as well as fluid regimes. RESUME DE LA THESE : A basses températures, (i.e. <400°C) les différents mécanismes qui régissent le fractionnement isotopique ainsi que les conditions nécessaires pour établir un état d'équilibre sont peu connus et nombre de paramètres peuvent entraîner un partitionnement chimique différentiel entre différents secteurs d'un minéral et le fluide en contact. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse a pour but d'évaluer la possible présence de zonages sectoriels en isotopes de l'oxygène mais aussi en éléments traces dans des cristaux naturels de quartz-α de basses températures, ainsi que les raisons d'un tel phénomène et enfin ses implications sur les interactions fluide-roche, principalement dans le cadre du métamorphisme Alpin. La structure et l'apparence en cathodoluminescence (CL) des échantillons ont été caractérisées avant de retracer en détail les compositions en élément traces (Li, Na, Al, P, K, Ca, Ge, Ti, Fe) et en isotopes de l'oxygène, le long et entre différents secteurs. Les échantillons de quartz sélectionnés proviennent majoritairement de veines Alpine de différentes localités, où les conditions de croissance ont été déjà bien caractérisées. Les compositions minéralogiques et isotopiques de la roche encaissante ont aussi été examinées, pour contraindre les variations obtenues dans un contexte Alpin. Selon leurs conditions de croissance, la plupart des cristaux étudiés sont fortement zonés, ce qui est souligné par un zonage des concentrations en éléments traces (e.g. zonage de croissance). L'Aluminium, qui peut se substituer à la Silice dans le réseau cristallin, a été retrouvé jusqu'en très grandes concentrations dans certaines zones (plusieurs milliers de ppma). De plus, la distribution en Al est fortement liée à celles de Li et H, ainsi que dans une moindre mesure à Ge. La présence de zonage sectoriel est évidente au niveau de ces éléments qui montrent de larges différences de concentrations entre différentes faces pour une même zone de croissance, avec les concentrations les plus basses retrouvées dans les faces prismatiques. Les quartz de veines situées dans des roches magmatiques par exemple possèdent des concentrations en Li et Ti de même ordre de grandeur, confirmant le rôle de la composition de la roche encaissante. La relation Li/Al est toujours fortement présente, mais ce rapport est fonction de la face mesurée. Seuls les cristaux Alpins de plus hautes températures (400°C) ne possédant pas de zones en CL ne présentent aucune de ces caractéristiques. Des différences dans les valeurs de δ18O de zones identiques enrichies en Al ont clairement été mesurées entre les différentes faces r, z, et m, mais aussi au sein d'une même seule zone, indiquant que le fractionnement a probablement eu lieu en déséquilibre. Il a été déterminé que la présence d'Al dans ces teneurs n'avait qu'un faible effet sur le fractionnement isotopique de l'oxygène. L'utilisation de deux méthodes différentes a permis d'obtenir des résultats in situ et non in situ concordants. La comparaison des résultats obtenus permet de démontrer que le zonage sectoriel est bien présent dans certains cristaux de quartz, et dépend des conditions de formation. La présence d'un partitionnement différentiel des éléments traces peut être due à des effets cinétiques aussi bien que structuraux, alors que le zonage sectoriel des isotopes de l'oxygène aurait d'autres origines. Il est alors évident que la possibilité de zonage sectoriel doit être désormais pris en considération avant toute interprétations de données isotopiques de cristaux zonés. Les mesures in situ ont de plus permis de distinguer de fines variations des valeurs δ18O au cours de la croissance, qui peuvent aider à retracer la circulations des fluides dans les Alpes durant cette période. En association avec les compositions des roches encaissantes, ii est possible de déduire les interactions entre roches, veines, et par conséquent fluides, au cours de différentes étapes. RESUME GRAND PUBLIC : La géochimie des isotopes stables a pris beaucoup d'importance depuis ces dernières années pour aider à résoudre nombre de questions géologiques, en se basant sur les caractéristiques du fractionnement isotopiques pour différents systèmes. Il est donc nécessaire d'avoir une connaissance approfondie des mécanismes qui s'appliquent au fractionnement isotopique entre les minéraux et les fluides à partir desquels ils se forment. Ces mécanismes ont été bien approchés par différents types de calibrations pour des systèmes à hautes températures, cependant cela n'est pas aussi évident pour les systèmes à des températures inférieures à 400-500°C. Ce travail de thèse a pour but d'aider à la description et la compréhension des phénomènes qui peuvent affecter le fractionnement isotopique à basses températures, ainsi que leurs implications, à partir de l'étude de cristaux de quartz. Le choix des échantillons s'est porté sur des cristaux naturels formés à des températures inférieures ou égales à 400°C, provenant majoritairement de fissures hydrothermales Alpines dont les conditions de formation ont déjà été déterminées. L'étude des cristaux Alpin permet de plus de replacer les résultats obtenus dans le contexte du métamorphisme Alpin au cours du Miocène (21-13 Ma). Après examen de la structure et de la morphologie des cristaux, et leur caractérisation par cathodoluminescence (CL), des analyses chimiques détaillées sur les éléments en traces pouvant entrer dans le réseau cristallin du quartz comme impuretés (i.e. Li, Na, Al, P, K, Ca, Ge, Ti), et des isotopes stables de l'oxygène, ont été menées. En fonction des conditions de croissance, la plupart des cristaux présentent des zonations, qui peuvent être facilement reliées à la distribution des éléments traces analysés par microsonde électronique, sonde ionique (SIMS) et LA-ICPMS. De fortes concentrations d'Aluminium (plusieurs milliers de parties par million atomique) ont pu être observées dans les zones les plus externes des cristaux. De plus, les concentrations en Al et en Li sont toujours corrélées; la présence d'Hydrogène déduite à partir d'analyses par FTIR suit cette même tendance. Les différentes faces des cristaux présentent des concentrations distinctes d'Al, Li et H pour des mêmes zones de croissance, avec par exemple les concentrations les plus faibles dans les zones des faces prismatiques. Cela implique la présence d'un zonage sectoriel, qui a déjà été observé principalement dans des carbonates mais jamais décrit auparavant pour des quartz. Seuls les cristaux alpins homogènes en CL dont la croissance s'est faite à plus haute température (400°C) ne présentent aucune de ces caractéristiques. Par analogie avec le zonage sectoriel en Al, élément qui se substitue au Si dans le réseau cristallin du quartz, il est possible de penser qu'un zonage sectoriel pourrait aussi s'appliquer aux isotopes de l'oxygène. Des précédentes études avaient en effet émis cette hypothèse. Nos résultats ont été obtenus à partir d'analyses à la fois in- situ par SIMS, et par extraction assistée par laser-CO2 sur des parties de quartz soigneusement séparées, et sont en accord entre les deux méthodes. Un zonage sectoriel est en effet bien présent pour les cristaux alpins, mais principalement au niveau des zones très riches en Aluminium. Cependant, il a été déterminé que la présence d'Al dans ces teneurs avait un effet plus que minimal sur le fractionnement isotopique de l'oxygène. Des différences importantes ont été observées entre les faces r & z mais aussi au sein d'une même et seule zone, indiquant que le fractionnement a pu avoir lieu en déséquilibre, ce qui est aussi visible au niveau des valeurs totalement opposées entre faces pour la dernière phase de croissance de certains cristaux. Ainsi l'association de ces résultats laisse suggérer que la présence d'un zonage sectoriel peut être liée à différents paramètres tels que le taux de croissance ou la structure de surface du cristal, mais qui n'affectent pas de la même façon l'incorporation des éléments traces et le fractionnement isotopique. La possibilité d'un zonage sectoriel est importante à prendre en compte lors de toute interprétation de données isotopiques. Les analyses des isotopes de l'oxygène effectuées par SIMS ont aussi permis de distinguer des variations importantes à petite échelle au cours de la croissance. Des mesures faites par laser CO2 sur certaines roches encaissantes, ont permis distinguer plusieurs étapes dans la croissance des minéraux et de déduire le rôle de l'encaissant et le type de fluide. En association avec de précédentes études, il a été ainsi possible de mieux contraindre la formation de ces cristaux dans le contexte alpin et la circulation de fluide au cours du métamorphisme alpin durant le Miocène.

Evaluation of the Chemical Durability of Iowa Fly Ash Concretes, HR-327, 1993

The major objective of this research project was to investigate how Iowa fly ashes influenced the chemical durability of portland cement based materials. Chemical durability has become an area of uncertainty because of the winter application of deicer salts (rock salts) that contain a significant amount of sulfate impurities. The sulfate durability testing program consisted of monitoring portland cement-fly ash paste, mortar and concrete test specimens that had been subjected to aqueous solutions containing various concentrations of salts (both sulfate and chloride). The paste and mortar specimens were monitored for length as a function of time. The concrete test specimens were monitored for length, relative dynamic modulus and mass as a function of time. The alkali-aggregate reactivity testing program consisted of monitoring the expansion of ASTM C311 mortar bar specimens that contained three different aggregates (Pyrex glass, Oreapolis and standard Ottawa sand). The results of the sulfate durability study indicated that the paste and concrete test specimens tended to exhibit surface spalling but only very slow expansive tendencies. This suggested that the permeability of the test specimens was controlling the rate of deterioration. Concrete specimens are still being monitored because the majority of the test specimens have expanded less than 0.05%; hence, this makes it difficult to estimate the service life of the concrete test specimens or to quantify the performance of the different fly ashes that were used in the study. The results of the mortar bar studies indicated that the chemical composition of the various fly ashes did have an influence on their sulfate resistance. Typically, Clinton and Louisa fly ashes performed the best, followed by the Ottumwa, Neal 4 and then Council Bluffs fly ashes. Council Bluffs fly ash was the only fly ash that consistently reduced the sulfate resistance of the many different mortar specimens that were investigated during this study. None of the trends that were observed in the mortar bar studies have yet become evident in the concrete phase of this project. The results of the alkali-aggregate study indicated that the Oreapolis aggregate is not very sensitive to alkali attack. Two of the fly ashes, Council Bluffs and Ottumwa, tended to increase the expansion of mortar bar specimens that contained the Oreapolis aggregate. However, it was not clear if the additional expansion was due to the alkali content of the fly ash, the periclase content of the fly ash or the cristobalite content of the fly ash, since all three of these factors have been found to influence the test results.

Control of Concrete Deterioration Due to Trace Compounds in Deicers, HR-299 Phase I, 1988

This report presents the results of research on the influence of trace compounds from rock salt deicers on portland cement mortar and concrete. An evaluation of the deicers in stock throughout the state showed that about ninety-five percent contained enough sulfate to cause accelerated deterioration of concrete. Of the impurities found in rock salts, sulfate compounds of calcium and magnesium were found to be equally deleterious. Magnesium chloride was found to be innocuous. Introduction of fly ash eliminated the damage to portland cement mortar caused by sulfates. When used with frost resistant Alden aggregate in fly ash concrete and exposed to a variety of deicer brine compositions, the concrete did not deteriorate after exposure. With the exception of a high calcium brine, the behavior of the frost-prone Garrison aggregate was independent of deicer treatment; the high calcium brine reduced frost damage with this aggregate. Two approaches to reducing sulfate deterioration from deicers are suggested as (1) limiting the amount of sulfate to about 0.28 percent, and (2) making concrete sulfate-resistant by using fly ash. Techniques for making existing concrete deicer-sulfate-resistant are essential to a practical solution.

Oils and Tars from Iowa Shales, HR-32, 1962

The inadequate supply of suitable road surfacing material in the southern part of Iowa raises the question of the possibility of utilizing certain shales abundant in this area. These carbonaceous shales commonly overlie the coal beds and may also be found as impurities in the coal seams. They constitute the "slate" which with minor amounts of coal makes up the "gob" piles at the mines. These shales frequently contain enough carbonaceous material to burn. Those which do not usually require only a relatively small amount of coal mixed with them to support combustion. As a result, the "gob" piles frequently burn. The residual shale material is frequently used locally as a road surfacing material. However, since there is no control over the burning, there is no assurance that the product is the most suitable which might be produced or that it is even uniform in its properties. To determine if a controlled burning would produce a suitable road building product economically a research project "Use of Shales as Highway Materials" (ISHC Project HR-21, IEES Project 299-S) was set up in the Iowa Engineering Experiment Station with funds provided by the Iowa State Highway Commission, This project was supervised by Charles Frush, formerly Assistant Professor of Mining Engineering at Iowa State University. The various shales were subjected to controlled burning, and the solid residues were tested for their suitability for highway use.

Liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry

In this article, selected examples of applications of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry are given. The examples include the analysis of i) impurities in manufactured, pharmaceutical or synthesis products, ii) polyphenols in natural products, and iii) phytohormones in plant extracts. Finally, examples of applications of molecular characterization via flow injection analysis by electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) are also given.

A simple halide-to-anion exchange method for heteroaromatic salts and ionic liquids

A broad and simple method permitted halide ions in quaternary heteroaromatic and ammonium salts to be exchanged for a variety of anions using an anion exchange resin (A− form) in non-aqueous media. The anion loading of the AER (OH− form) was examined using two different anion sources, acids or ammonium salts, and changing the polarity of the solvents. The AER (A− form) method in organic solvents was then applied to several quaternary heteroaromatic salts and ILs, and the anion exchange proceeded in excellent to quantitative yields, concomitantly removing halide impurities. Relying on the hydrophobicity of the targeted ion pair for the counteranion swap, organic solvents with variable polarity were used, such as CH3OH, CH3CN and the dipolar nonhydroxylic solvent mixture CH3CN:CH2Cl2 (3:7) and the anion exchange was equally successful with both lipophilic cations and anions.