Efeito da fenilalanina sobre a atividade da creatina quinase em córtex cerebral, cerebelo e cérebro médio de ratos

A fenilcetonúria (PKU) é um erro inato do metabolismo de aminoácidos causada pela deficiência da enzima fenilalanina hidroxilase hepática (PAH) que converte fenilalanina (Phe) em tirosina. Caracteriza-se clinicamente por retardo mental severo e, em alguns pacientes, por convulsões e eczema cutâneo. Bioquimicamente os pacientes afetados por esta doença apresentam acúmulo de Phe e seus metabólitos no sangue e nos tecidos. Phe é considerada o principal agente neurotóxico nesta doença, cujos mecanismos de neurotoxicidade são pouco conhecidos. O metabolismo energético cerebral é caracterizado por níveis altos e variáveis de síntese e de utilização de ATP. O cérebro contém altos níveis de creatinaquinase (CK), uma enzima que transferere reversivelmente um grupo fosforil entre ATP e creatina e entre ADP e fosfocreatina (PCr). Considerando que a CK parece estar envolvida em certas condições patológicas relacionadas com deficiência de energia cerebral e sabendo que a PKU está associada à redução de produção e de utilização de energia pelo cérebro, no presente trabalho verificamos a atividade da CK em homogeneizado total de córtex cerebral, cerebelo e cérebro médio de ratos Wistar submetidos aos modelos experimentais agudo e crônico de hiperfenilalaninemia (HPA) quimicamente induzida. Também investigamos o efeito in vitro da Phe e da α-metil-DL-fenilalanina (MePhe), um inibidor da PAH, nas mesmas estruturas de ratos Wistar de 22 dias de idade não tratados. Nossos resultados mostraram uma redução significativa na atividade da CK nas estruturas cerebrais estudadas de ratos sujeitos a HPA. Também verificamos que Phe e MePhe inibiram in vitro a atividade da CK nas mesmas estruturas. O estudo da interação cinética entre Phe e MePhe, sugere a existência de um único sítio de ligação na CK para os dois compostos. Considerando a importância da CK para a manutenção do metabolismo energético cerebral, nossos resultados sugerem que a alteração da homeostasia energética pode contribuir para a neurotoxicidade da Phe na PKU.

Efeitos in vivo e in vitro do ácido glutárico sobre parâmetros bioquímicos do metabolismo energético em cérebro médio, músculo esquelético e músculo cardíaco de ratos jovens

O ácido glutárico (AG) é o principal metabólito acumulado nos tecidos e fluidos corporais de pacientes afetados por acidemia glutárica tipo I (AG I), um erro inato do metabolismo da via catabólica dos aminoácidos lisina, hidroxilisina e triptofano causado pela deficiência severa da atividade da enzima glutaril-CoA desidrogenase. Clinicamente, os pacientes apresentam macrocefalia ao nascimento e uma hipomielinização ou desmielinização progressiva do córtex cerebral. Crises de descompensação metabólica com encefalopatia aguda ocorrem nestes pacientes principalmente entre 3 e 36 meses de vida, levando a uma marcada degeneração estriatal, que é a principal manifestação neurológica da doença. Depois de sofrer essas crises, os pacientes apresentam distonia e discinesia que progridem rapidamente e os incapacita para as atividades normais. Apesar dos sintomas neurológicos severos e achados neuropatológicos com atrofia cerebral, os mecanismos que levam ao dano cerebral na AG I são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo inicial do presente trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo animal por indução química de AG I através da injeção subcutânea do AG em ratos Wistar de forma que os níveis cerebrais deste composto atinjam concentrações similares aos encontrados em pacientes (~0,5 mM) para estudos neuroquímicos e comportamentais. Observamos que o AG atingiu concentrações no cérebro aproximadamente 10 vezes menores do que no plasma e 5 vezes menores do que nos músculos cardíaco e esquelético. O próximo passo foi investigar o efeito desse modelo sobre parâmetros do metabolismo energético no cérebro médio, bem como nos tecidos periféricos (músculo cardíaco e músculo esquelético) de ratos de 21 dias de vida Verificamos que a produção de CO2 a partir de glicose não foi alterada no cérebro médio dos ratos, bem como a atividade da creatina quinase no cérebro médio, músculo cardíaco e músculo esquelético. A atividade do complexo I-III da cadeia respiratória estava inibida em cérebro médio de ratos (25%), enquanto no músculo esquelético estavam inibidas as atividades dos complexos I-III (25%) e II-III (15%) e no músculo cardíaco não foi encontrada nenhuma inibição dos complexos da cadeia respiratória. Em seguida, testamos o efeito in vitro do AG sobre os mesmos parâmetros do metabolismo energético e observamos uma inibição das atividades do complexo I-III (20%) e da sucinato desidrogenase (30%) no cérebro médio na concentração de 5 mM do ácido. A produção de CO2, a partir de glicose e acetato, e a atividade da creatina quinase não foram alteradas pelo AG no cérebro médio dos animais. Assim, concluímos que o AG interfere no metabolismo energético celular, o que poderia explicar, ao menos em parte, a fisiopatogenia da AG I.

Equação de regressão linear múltipla para estimativa do erro experimental

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar equações de regressão linear múltipla tendo, como variáveis explicativas, as demais características avaliadas em experimento de milho e, como variáveis principais, a diferença mínima significativa em percentagem da média (DMS%) e quadrado médio do erro (QMe), para peso de grãos. Com 610 experimentos conduzidos na Rede de Ensaios Nacionais de Competição de Cultivares de Milho, realizados entre 1986 e 1996 (522 experimentos) e em 1997 (88 experimentos), estimaram-se duas equações de regressão, com os 522 experimentos, validando estas pela análise de regressão simples entre os valores reais e os estimados pelas equações, com os 88 restantes, observando que, para a DMS% a equação não estimava o mesmo valor que a fórmula original e, para o QMe, a equação poderia ser utilizada na estimação. Com o teste de Lilliefors, verificou-se que os valores do QMe aderiam à distribuição normal padrão e foi construída uma tabela de classificação dos valores do QMe, baseada nos valores observados na análise da variância dos experimentos e nos estimados pela equação de regressão.

Efeito da idade da vaca e da data juliana de nascimento sobre o ganho médio diário de bezerros de corte no período pré-desmame

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Identificação não linear usando uma rede fuzzy wavelet neural network modificada

In last decades, neural networks have been established as a major tool for the identification of nonlinear systems. Among the various types of networks used in identification, one that can be highlighted is the wavelet neural network (WNN). This network combines the characteristics of wavelet multiresolution theory with learning ability and generalization of neural networks usually, providing more accurate models than those ones obtained by traditional networks. An extension of WNN networks is to combine the neuro-fuzzy ANFIS (Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System) structure with wavelets, leading to generate the Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network - FWNN structure. This network is very similar to ANFIS networks, with the difference that traditional polynomials present in consequent of this network are replaced by WNN networks. This paper proposes the identification of nonlinear dynamical systems from a network FWNN modified. In the proposed structure, functions only wavelets are used in the consequent. Thus, it is possible to obtain a simplification of the structure, reducing the number of adjustable parameters of the network. To evaluate the performance of network FWNN with this modification, an analysis of network performance is made, verifying advantages, disadvantages and cost effectiveness when compared to other existing FWNN structures in literature. The evaluations are carried out via the identification of two simulated systems traditionally found in the literature and a real nonlinear system, consisting of a nonlinear multi section tank. Finally, the network is used to infer values of temperature and humidity inside of a neonatal incubator. The execution of such analyzes is based on various criteria, like: mean squared error, number of training epochs, number of adjustable parameters, the variation of the mean square error, among others. The results found show the generalization ability of the modified structure, despite the simplification performed

Estudo do efeito de dipolos em arranjos de antenas adaptativas de sistemas de comunicação DS-CDMA

This master dissertation introduces a study about some aspects that determine the aplication of adaptative arrays in DS-CDMA cellular systems. Some basics concepts and your evolution in the time about celular systems was detailed here, meanly the CDMA tecnique, specialy about spread-codes and funtionaly principies. Since this, the mobile radio enviroment, with your own caracteristcs, and the basics concepts about adaptive arrays, as powerfull spacial filter was aborded. Some adaptative algorithms was introduced too, these are integrants of the signals processing, and are answerable for weights update that influency directly in the radiation pattern of array. This study is based in a numerical analysis of adaptative array system behaviors related to the used antenna and array geometry types. All the simulations was done by Mathematica 4.0 software. The results for weights convergency, square mean error, gain, array pattern and supression capacity based the analisis made here, using RLS (supervisioned) and LSDRMTA (blind) algorithms

Algoritmo SOM com estrutura hierárquica e dinâmica aplicado a compressão de imagens

ln this work the implementation of the SOM (Self Organizing Maps) algorithm or Kohonen neural network is presented in the form of hierarchical structures, applied to the compression of images. The main objective of this approach is to develop an Hierarchical SOM algorithm with static structure and another one with dynamic structure to generate codebooks (books of codes) in the process of the image Vector Quantization (VQ), reducing the time of processing and obtaining a good rate of compression of images with a minimum degradation of the quality in relation to the original image. Both self-organizing neural networks developed here, were denominated HSOM, for static case, and DHSOM, for the dynamic case. ln the first form, the hierarchical structure is previously defined and in the later this structure grows in an automatic way in agreement with heuristic rules that explore the data of the training group without use of external parameters. For the network, the heuristic mIes determine the dynamics of growth, the pruning of ramifications criteria, the flexibility and the size of children maps. The LBO (Linde-Buzo-Oray) algorithm or K-means, one ofthe more used algorithms to develop codebook for Vector Quantization, was used together with the algorithm of Kohonen in its basic form, that is, not hierarchical, as a reference to compare the performance of the algorithms here proposed. A performance analysis between the two hierarchical structures is also accomplished in this work. The efficiency of the proposed processing is verified by the reduction in the complexity computational compared to the traditional algorithms, as well as, through the quantitative analysis of the images reconstructed in function of the parameters: (PSNR) peak signal-to-noise ratio and (MSE) medium squared error

Estudo do efeito de dipolos em arranjos de antenas adaptativas de sistemas de comunicação DS-CDMA

This master dissertation introduces a study about some aspects that determine the aplication of adaptative arrays in DS-CDMA cellular systems. Some basics concepts and your evolution in the time about celular systems was detailed here, meanly the CDMA tecnique, specialy about spread-codes and funtionaly principies. Since this, the mobile radio enviroment, with your own caracteristcs, and the basics concepts about adaptive arrays, as powerfull spacial filter was aborded. Some adaptative algorithms was introduced too, these are integrants of the signals processing, and are answerable for weights update that influency directly in the radiation pattern of array. This study is based in a numerical analysis of adaptative array system behaviors related to the used antenna and array geometry types. All the simulations was done by Mathematica 4.0 software. The results for weights convergency, square mean error, gain, array pattern and supression capacity based the analisis made here, using RLS (supervisioned) and LSDRMTA (blind) algorithms.

Previsão do módulo de elasticidade transversal de compósitos unidirecionais através de redes neurais mistas

The aim of this study is to create an artificial neural network (ANN) capable of modeling the transverse elasticity modulus (E2) of unidirectional composites. To that end, we used a dataset divided into two parts, one for training and the other for ANN testing. Three types of architectures from different networks were developed, one with only two inputs, one with three inputs and the third with mixed architecture combining an ANN with a model developed by Halpin-Tsai. After algorithm training, the results demonstrate that the use of ANNs is quite promising, given that when they were compared with those of the Halpín-Tsai mathematical model, higher correlation coefficient values and lower root mean square values were observed

Desenvolvimento de perfis aerodinâmicos a partir de suas características utilizando redes neurais artificiais

One of the current major concerns in engineering is the development of aircrafts that have low power consumption and high performance. So, airfoils that have a high value of Lift Coefficient and a low value for the Drag Coefficient, generating a High-Efficiency airfoil are studied and designed. When the value of the Efficiency increases, the aircraft s fuel consumption decreases, thus improving its performance. Therefore, this work aims to develop a tool for designing of airfoils from desired characteristics, as Lift and Drag coefficients and the maximum Efficiency, using an algorithm based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). For this, it was initially collected an aerodynamic characteristics database, with a total of 300 airfoils, from the software XFoil. Then, through the software MATLAB, several network architectures were trained, between modular and hierarchical, using the Back-propagation algorithm and the Momentum rule. For data analysis, was used the technique of cross- validation, evaluating the network that has the lowest value of Root Mean Square (RMS). In this case, the best result was obtained for a hierarchical architecture with two modules and one layer of hidden neurons. The airfoils developed for that network, in the regions of lower RMS, were compared with the same airfoils imported into the software XFoil

Fontes primárias da história do vácuo e da pressão atmosférica na sala de aula: cartas e jornais históricos em articulação com o livro-texto do ensino médio

The use of the History and the Philosophy of Science (HPS) for the teaching of science and scientific subjects has been advocated in recent decades. It has been pointed out that the History of Science could make for a deeper learning of scientific concepts, since it would promote a contact with the problems which that knowledge has set out to solve. Furthermore, historical episodes would serve to put the discussions about the nature of scientific knowledge into context. With a view to explore those potentialities, the literature in the field has sought to identify the challenges and obstacles for the didactic transposition of subjects from the History of Science. Amongst many aspects, the deficiencies in the training of teachers, so that they can work with the insertion of HPS in the classroom have been highlighted. Another aspect that has been mentioned to be a challenge has to do with the didactic transposition of the Primary Sources, that is, of the original texts on the History of Science. The Primary Sources have significant potentialities: making a connection possible between scientists and concepts, showing the difficulties faced during scientific endeavors, perceiving the role of mistakes as obstacles to be surpassed, not as defeat, etc. On the other hand, there has been little exploration of these concepts in an educational context, due to their own peculiarities. The original texts are often hard to understand and their interpretation demands knowledge of the historical and scientific context in which they were written, as well as skills pertaining to the conduction of research in the field of the History of Science. With this scenario in mind, the research towards this Professional MSc degree starts from the challenge of elaborating and discussing proposals which could enable the didactical transposition of the Primary Sources. We have worked specifically with Primary Sources on the History of the Vacuum and of the Atmospheric Pressure, because of the insertion of these subjects in the Brazilian High School curriculum, in connection with the didactical textbooks. "Historic Journals" were made up from clippings of the original historical texts, as was a Didactical Unit, which takes the usual textbooks as a basis and contemplates using the Journals and the entire Primary Sources in High School. At last, we have elaborated and implemented a course designed for the preparation of teachers and for being an opportunity for the discussion of the feasibility of putting these kinds of proposal into practice

Assimilação do IWV-GPS no Brasil: otimização das estimativas do atraso zenital troposférico em tempo real

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Construção de modelos multivariados para determinação de lipídios totais e unidade em leite em pó comercial utilizando espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo

In this work calibration models were constructed to determine the content of total lipids and moisture in powdered milk samples. For this, used the near-infrared spectroscopy by diffuse reflectance, combined with multivariate calibration. Initially, the spectral data were submitted to correction of multiplicative light scattering (MSC) and Savitzsky-Golay smoothing. Then, the samples were divided into subgroups by application of hierarchical clustering analysis of the classes (HCA) and Ward Linkage criterion. Thus, it became possible to build regression models by partial least squares (PLS) that allowed the calibration and prediction of the content total lipid and moisture, based on the values obtained by the reference methods of Soxhlet and 105 ° C, respectively . Therefore, conclude that the NIR had a good performance for the quantification of samples of powdered milk, mainly by minimizing the analysis time, not destruction of the samples and not waste. Prediction models for determination of total lipids correlated (R) of 0.9955, RMSEP of 0.8952, therefore the average error between the Soxhlet and NIR was ± 0.70%, while the model prediction to content moisture correlated (R) of 0.9184, RMSEP, 0.3778 and error of ± 0.76%

Determinação de parâmetros (sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez titulável) em ameixas intactas usando espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo e seleção de comprimento de onda

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid and non-destructive method to determine the soluble solid content (SSC), pH and titratable acidity of intact plums. Samples of plum with a total solids content ranging from 5.7 to 15%, pH from 2.72 to 3.84 and titratable acidity from 0.88 a 3.6% were collected from supermarkets in Natal-Brazil, and NIR spectra were acquired in the 714 2500 nm range. A comparison of several multivariate calibration techniques with respect to several pre-processing data and variable selection algorithms, such as interval Partial Least Squares (iPLS), genetic algorithm (GA), successive projections algorithm (SPA) and ordered predictors selection (OPS), was performed. Validation models for SSC, pH and titratable acidity had a coefficient of correlation (R) of 0.95 0.90 and 0.80, as well as a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.45ºBrix, 0.07 and 0.40%, respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that NIR spectroscopy can be used as a non-destructive alternative for measuring the SSC, pH and titratable acidity in plums

Modelagem de distorções entre realizações de referenciais geodésicos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)