Information and communication technologies in tourism: challenges and trends

The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the tourism industry is an essential element for the success of any tourism enterprise. ICTs provide access to information of tourism products from anywhere and at any time. Tour companies may also reach out to target customers around the world through a series of emerging technologies. This paper aims to make a review of the main key factors of ICT in Tourism. Aspects such as the quality of the website, Digital Marketing, Social Networking, Multimedia, Mobile Technologies and Intelligent Environments are discussed.

Plan de comercialización de productos lácteos procesados, como apoyo a familias del área rural de Suchitoto. Caso ilustrativo.

El presente trabajo de investigación consiste en el desarrollo de un plan de comercialización de productos lácteos procesados, como apoyo a familias del área rural de Suchitoto. Consta de tres capítulos, en los cuales se desarrollaron diferentes temas que están relacionados entre sí. En el capítulo I se desarrolló la teoría fundamental en la cual se establecieron conceptos, historia y características del plan de comercialización, marketing social, productos lácteos, generalidades del municipio de Suchitoto. Además se consideró el marco legal de las instituciones sin fines de lucro y entidades que encargadas de supervisar la producción de lácteos en el país. En el capítulo II se realizaron métodos y técnicas para la ejecución de la investigación de campo, sobre la viabilidad comercial de productos lácteos para el desarrollo del plan de comercialización, en la cual se utilizó el cuestionario y la entrevista como instrumentos de recolección de datos primarios. En el capítulo III se incluye la propuesta del plan de comercialización, para la logística de distribución de productos lácteos, de parte de la Organización International Partners, el cual pretende introducirse al mercado central de San Salvador y San Martín y así darse a conocer como oferente, a través de la implementación de estrategias, con el propósito de aumentar sus ventas, para continuar apoyando a familias de escasos recursos del municipio de Suchitoto.

Les trois petits cochons et le grand méchant loup : stratégies visant la pérennité des populations de loups du Québec

L’objectif premier de cet essai est de prioriser des stratégies visant la pérennité des populations de loups au Québec. Ces stratégies visent à diminuer les pressions actuelles que subissent les loups. Les loups sont peu charismatiques. Il est donc difficile d’aller chercher l’appui du public. Si les loups du Québec parvenaient à gagner le cœur des Québécois, ils pourraient alors servir de levier afin que les dirigeants mettent en place un plan de conservation pour préserver ces espèces ou sous-espèces. C’est pourquoi d’ailleurs des stratégies sont proposées afin de rallier la population à cette cause. D’abord, un portrait des différentes espèces ou sous-espèces de loups et de coyotes est effectué pour bien comprendre dans quel contexte les loups évoluent actuellement. Ensuite, les menaces planant sur les populations sont identifiées, il s’agit de : l’hybridation avec le coyote ainsi que la compétition pour les ressources alimentaires, la fragmentation du territoire, les activités humaines, tels la chasse et le braconnage, les routes, ainsi que les activités touristiques. Les impacts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux reliés au déclin potentiel des loups sont ensuite énumérés. Cette partie démontre à quel point la situation est complexe et souligne toutes les répercussions potentielles que peut avoir la disparition du loup sur le Québec. Le rôle de l’appui du public dans le rétablissement d’espèces à statut précaire est ensuite discuté. Par la suite, une liste exhaustive des stratégies est mise en place. En tout, 43 stratégies ont été trouvées. Ces stratégies, visant l’atténuation des menaces sur le loup ou essayant de rallier l’appui du public, ont été classées dans 4 grandes orientations pour ensuite être priorisées selon leur performance. Par parcimonie, seules les 3 meilleures stratégies de chaque orientation seront présentées. Les 3 meilleures stratégies de l’orientation #1 sont de réduire le taux de mortalité des meutes de loups québécois, de ne pas clôturer les dépotoirs forestiers et de mettre au point un programme de suivi. Les 3 stratégies les plus performantes de l’orientation #2 sont de protéger les tanières, d’optimiser l’aménagement agricole et routier. Les 3 meilleures stratégies de l’orientation #3 sont d’utiliser la méthode de Fladry, de gérer les sorties guidées d’écoute nocturne et d’ajouter le loup de l’Est à la liste des espèces menacées du Québec. Les trois stratégies les plus performantes de l’orientation #4 sont d’informer la population de sa capacité à participer et à aider à conserver les loups, d’encourager les parcs et les réserves à inclure le loup dans leurs indicateurs de l’intégrité écologique des écosystèmes et d’informer la population sur les avantages découlant de la conservation des loups. Dans le cadre des recommandations, il faut aussi combiner diverses stratégies de différentes orientations, utiliser le marketing social sur la majorité des stratégies prioritaires, mener une campagne d’éducation populaire à propos du loup et inclure l’ensemble des parties prenantes pouvant avoir un impact sur les différentes stratégies. Pour terminer, l’intérêt d’introduire le loup sur l’île d’Anticosti est évoqué, car cette avenue pourrait être une solution intéressante afin de remédier aux problématiques qu’entraînent les fortes densités de cerfs de Virginie sur cette île.

Identificación de redes nacionales y mundiales de distribución de petróleo y gas natural y su relación con la conformación de comunidades

El presente proyecto investiga la relación entre las organizaciones con el medio y marketing, para lo cual se debe mencionar el conflicto de intereses de la comunidad y de la organización, y como se intenta percibir a la organización como un buen vecino dentro de la comunidad. A su vez éste estudio cuenta con objetivos basados en la identificación de redes de distribución de petróleo y gas natural, tanto nacionales como internacionales, para así abarcar un sector estratégico más preciso, y mostrar las relación entre las organizaciones y la conformación de comunidades. Se tienen en cuenta factores elementales en el estudio de este sector energético, como son sus principales componentes, así como un marco teórico específico que permita desarrollar el concepto de conformación de comunidades para lograr una exitosa aplicación del mismo. Del mismo modo se incluirán temas relacionados con marketing, pero desde un punto de vista más cercano a la comunidad, tomando los medios y el marketing como un concepto más importante en el impacto de las organizaciones en la comunidad, es decir tomando el concepto de marketing como aquellas comunidades que rodean las organizaciones, como éstas dos interactúan, y que impactos tienen una sobre la otra. De la misma manera se tienen resultados en cuanto a planteamientos más profundos sobre conceptos de marketing que no son desarrollados muy a menudo, los cuales conservan su esencia fundamental y siguen impactando en silencio a las organizaciones, pero que si lo estudiamos y aprovechamos de algún modo lograremos beneficios para nuestra organización y para los intereses colectivos.

Nuevos estilos de liderazgo en la organización

A lo largo del tiempo se aborda el liderazgo desde las posturas propias del comportamiento organizacional y la gestión humana. Desde un principio se basaba el liderazgo como un sujeto (líder), más adelante se tuvo en cuenta la parte situacional, es decir cómo afecta el entorno a la empresa y por último, es de principal interés el liderazgo organizacional. Dicho esto,en el contexto actual, un mundo globalizado y en que el mercado se vuelve más exigente, las organizaciones deben adaptarse y adecuarse rápidamente a los nuevos requerimientos para sobrevivir (Chiavenato, 2002) . Esta investigación tiene como fin explorar reconocer y demostrar como el mundo de los negocios es dinámico y exige cambiar para mejorar e incursionar estrategias que garanticen la perdurabilidad de una empresa, debido a esto se analizan diferentes empresas exitosas y perdurables en el tiempo ubicadas en la ciudad de Nueva York ,el cómo y porque la gestión humana, su talento humano en una organización debe ser valorado como personas dotadas de capacidades y habilidades que trabajan en conjunto por un bien común y así mismo ,la relación y el impacto que tiene con los diferentes estilos de liderazgos, por lo tanto ,si una compañía desea mostrarse y ser exitosa en el mercado, primeramente debe estar bien estructurada y fuerte por dentro , es decir, la relación directa con su talento humano.

Estrategia y plan de mercadeo de la empresa YouTube

Esta investigación describe la situación de cómo Youtube se ha convertido a partir de sus estrategias y plan de mercadeo en la plataforma número uno en variedad de clips de películas, vídeos musicales, video de blogs, entre otros; llegando a popularizarse como una red social. Las redes sociales han desarrollado una nueva forma de comunicar y son una herramienta fundamental para la creación de conocimiento colectivo, es el caso de YouTube buscador de contenido audiovisual y red social que permite a millones de usuarios conectarse alrededor del mundo. Esta plataforma rompe las barreras culturales y de comunicación que anteriormente existían a falta de internet. En este sentido se pretende analizar a YouTube desde una perspectiva administrativa enfocada en el área de mercadeo.

Value in Social Marketing : A Qualitative exploration within government health services

Value creation is an area with long-standing importance in the marketing field, yet little is known about the value construct itself. In social marketing, value can be regarded as an incentive for consumers to perform desirable behaviours that lead to bother greater social good and individual benefit. An understanding of customer value in the consumption of social products is an important aspect of designing social marketing interventions that can effectively change social behaviours. This paper uses qualitative data, gathered during depth interviews, to explore the value dimensions women experience from using government-provided breast screening services every two years. Thematic analysis was used in discovering that emotional functional, social and altruistic dimensions of value were present in womens’ experiences with these services as well as in the outcomes from using them.

A qualitative investigation of sources of value in social marketing from the lens of a public health service

This paper seeks to identify the sources of value in a government health screening service. Consumers' use of such services for their won benefits demonstrates desirable behaviour and their continued use of these services indicates maintenance of the behaviour. There are also positive outcomes for society as the health of its members is improved overall through this behaviour. Individual-depth interview with 25 women who use breast cancer screening services provided by BreastScreen (BSQ) revealed five categories of sources of value. They are information sources, interaction sources, service, environment, and consumer participation. These findings provide valuable insights into the value construction of consumers and contribute towards our understanding of the value concept in social marketing.

A comparative study of marketing student engagement in online social networks and virtual worlds : Facebook versus second life

The study evaluated two student online contemporary learning environments; Second Life and Facebook, student learning experiences and student knowledge outcomes. A case study methodology was used to gain rich exploratory knowledge of student learning when integrating online social networks (OSN) and virtual worlds (VW) platforms. Findings indicated students must perceive relevance in the activities when using such platforms, even though online environments create an interesting learning space for students and educators, the novelty can diminish quickly and these online environments dilute traditional authority boundaries.

A social marketing approach to value creation in a Well-Women’s health service

Understanding consumer value is imperative in health care as the receipt of value drives the demand for health care services. While there is increasing research into health-care that adopts an economic approach to value, this paper investigates a non-financial exchange context and uses an experiential approach to value, guided by a social marketing approach to behaviour change. An experiential approach is deemed more appropriate for government health-care services that are free and for preventative rather than treatment purposes. Thus instead of using an illness-paradigm to view health services outcomes, we adopt a wellness paradigm. Using qualitative data gathered during 25 depth interviews the authors demonstrate how social marketing thinking has guided the identification of six themes that represent four dimensions of value (functional, emotional, social and altruistic) evident during the health care consumption process of a free government service.

Value co-creation in social marketing wellness services

Customer perceived value is concerned with the experiences of consumers when using a service and is often referred to in the context of service provision or on the basis of service quality (Auh, et al., 2007; Chang, 2008; Jackson, 2007; Laukkanen, 2007; Padgett & Mulvey, 2007; Shamdasani, Mukherjee & Malhotra, 2008). Understanding customer perceived value has benefits for social marketing and allows scholars and practitioners alike to identify why consumers engage in positive social behaviours through the use of services. Understanding consumers’ use of wellness services in particular is important, because the use of wellness services demonstrates the fulfilment of social marketing aims; performing pro-active, positive social behaviours that are of benefit to the individual and to society (Andreasen, 1994). As consumers typically act out of self-interest (Rothschild, 1999), this research posits that a value proposition must be made to consumers in order to encourage behavioural change. Thus, this research seeks to identify how value is created for consumers of wellness services in social marketing. This results in the overall research question of this research: How is value created in social marketing wellness services? A traditional method towards understanding value has been the adoption of an economic approach, which considers the utility gained and where value is a direct outcome of a cost-benefit analysis (Payne & Holt, 1999). However, there has since been a shift towards the adoption of an experiential approach in understanding value. This experiential approach considers the consumption experience of the consumer which extends beyond the service exchange and includes pre- and post-consumption stages (Russell-Bennett, Previte & Zainuddin, 2009). As such, this research uses an experiential approach to identify the value that exists in social marketing wellness services. Four dimensions of value have been commonly conceptualised and identified in the commercial marketing literature; functional, emotional, social, and altruistic value (Holbrook, 1994; Sheth, Newman & Gross, 1991; Sweeney & Soutar, 2001). It is not known if these value dimensions also exist in social marketing. In addition, sources of value said to influence value dimensions have been conceptualised in the literature. Sources of value such as information, interaction, environment, service, customer co-creation, and social mandate have been conceptually identified both in the commercial and social marketing literature (Russell-Bennet, Previte & Zainuddin, 2009; Smith & Colgate, 2007). However, it is not clear which sources of value contribute to the creation of value for users of wellness services. Thus, this research seeks to explore these relationships. This research was conducted using a wellness service context, specifically breast cancer screening services. The primary target consumer of these services is women aged 50 to 69 years old (inclusive) who have never been diagnosed with breast cancer. It is recommended that women in this target group have a breast screen every 2 years in order to achieve the most effective medical outcomes from screening. A two-study mixed method approach was utilised. Study 1 was a qualitative exploratory study that analysed individual-depth interviews with 25 information-rich respondents. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using NVivo 8 software. The qualitative results provided evidence of the existence of the four value dimensions in social marketing. The results also allowed for the development of a typology of experiential value by synthesising current understanding of the value dimensions, with the activity aspects of experiential value identified by Holbrook (1994) and Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon (2001). The qualitative results also provided evidence for the existence of sources of value in social marketing, namely information, interaction, environment and consumer participation. In particular, a categorisation of sources of value was developed as a result of the findings from Study 1, which identify organisational, consumer, and third party sources of value. A proposed model of value co-creation and a set of hypotheses were developed based on the results of Study 1 for further testing in Study 2. Study 2 was a large-scale quantitative confirmatory study that sought to test the proposed model of value co-creation and the hypotheses developed. An online-survey was administered Australia-wide to women in the target audience. A response rate of 20.1% was achieved, resulting in a final sample of 797 useable responses after removing ineligible respondents. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted on the data, followed by Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in PASW18, followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in AMOS18. Following the preliminary analyses, the data was subject to Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) in AMOS18 to test the path relationships hypothesised in the proposed model of value creation. The SEM output revealed that all hypotheses were supported, with the exception of one relationship which was non-significant. In addition, post hoc tests revealed seven further significant non-hypothesised relationships in the model. The quantitative results show that organisational sources of value as well as consumer participation sources of value influence both functional and emotional dimensions of value. The experience of both functional and emotional value in wellness services leads to satisfaction with the experience, followed by behavioural intentions to perform the behaviour and use the service again. One of the significant non-hypothesised relationships revealed that emotional value leads to functional value in wellness services, providing further empirical evidence that emotional value features more prominently than functional value for users of wellness services. This research offers several contributions to theory and practice. Theoretically, this research addresses a gap in the literature by using social marketing theory to provide an alternative method of understanding individual behaviour in a domain that has been predominantly investigated in public health. This research also clarifies the concept of value and offers empirical evidence to show that value is a multi-dimensional construct with separate and distinct dimensions. Empirical evidence for a typology of experiential value, as well as a categorisation of sources of value is also provided. In its practical contributions, this research identifies a framework that is the value creation process and offers health services organisations a diagnostic tool to identify aspects of the service process that facilitate the value creation process.

How to stop binge drinking and speeding motorists : effects of relational-interdependent self-construal and self-referencing on attitudes toward social marketing

How can marketers stop speeding motorists and binge drinking? Two experiments show that the beliefs consumers have about the degree to which they define themselves in terms of their close relationships (i.e., relational-interdependent self-construal (RISC)) offer useful insights into the effectiveness of communications for two key social marketing issues—road safety (Study 1, New Zealand sample) and alcohol consumption (Study 2, English sample). Further, self-referencing is a mechanism for these effects. Specifically, people who define themselves in terms of their close relationships (high-RISCs) respond most favorably to advertisements featuring a dyadic relationship (two people), and this favorable response is mediated by self-referencing. In contrast, people who do not include close relationships in their sense of self (low-RISCs) respond most favorably to self-reference advertisements featuring solitary models.

Fresh ideas : services thinking for social marketing

Purpose The social marketing literature tends to focus on upstream marketing (policy) and downstream (individual behaviour change) and has a limited view on midstream (working with partners and community groups) social marketing. The paper proposes midstream social marketing should also include an understanding of how services and service employees influence and support individual behaviour change goals. The paper presents four key services marketing principles - derived from services theory and thinking - which the paper believes to be essential for implementing effective midstream social marketing. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper that uses service theory and case-examples to show how service thinking can be used as a midstream social marketing approach. Findings For effective uptake and impact of social marketing services amongst people and populations, social marketers need to design programs that consider the service experience, the service employee, service quality/customer value and the active role of the customer in value creation. Research limitations/implications Services marketing is a well-established sub-discipline of marketing which, until recently, has not interacted with social marketing. The extension and application of services theory for social marketing can enrich and propel the social marketing discipline forward. Further research is recommended to evaluate how service principles can be applied in practice. Social implications Given that social marketing services tend not to be accessed in sufficient numbers by the people who most need them, social marketers need to think beyond the technical, cognitive, and organisational-focused goals when designing social services. Originality/value This paper identifies key service theories that social marketers should understand and use and is thus a source of fresh ideas for theory and practice.