Manual práctico para la elaboración de proyectos en ingeniería civil

Este libro pretende ser un resumen de los apuntes utilizados en clase durante los últimos once años en la impartición de la asignatura de Proyectos, dentro de la antigua Ingeniería Técnica de Obras Públicas, que tras la implantación de Bolonia ha sido reemplazada por la de Ingeniería Civil. Tiene un enfoque eminentemente práctico; muchos de los apartados de este libro no son de obligado cumplimiento o imprescindibles de cara a ser incorporados a un proyecto de ingeniería civil. Pueden ser adaptados o presentados de un modo diferente, en algunos casos, e incluso son meras sugerencias, además de algunos ejemplos que se han incorporado. Estas páginas están enfocadas sobre todo a entender la documentación que forma un proyecto, de cara a que el alumno tenga claro cómo debe de plasmar todos los planos, cálculos e información que se genera a medida que avanzamos en el proyecto.

Prácticas de psicometría. Manual de procedimiento

Las prácticas de psicometría son actividades diseñadas con la finalidad de fortalecer y afianzar los conocimientos y destrezas propios a la disciplina. Las tareas y trabajos a desarrollar dentro de las prácticas de psicometría facilitan la aprehension de los conceptos, métodos y técnicas necesarias para la construcción de tests, la evaluación de los instrumentos de medida y su correcto uso.

Caracterização de juntas soldadas por TIG autógeno manual com arco pulsado e arco não pulsado do aço inoxidável hiperduplex SAF 2707 HD.

O aço inoxidável hiperduplex, SAF 2707 HD, foi desenvolvido com o intuito de se obter novas ligas com maior resistência à corrosão do que a disponível nos aços inoxidáveis duplex / superduplex. Além da melhorada resistência à corrosão, este tb oferece propriedades mecânicas superiores. Os aços hiperduplex são aços de última geração que possuem elevados teores de elementos de liga, principalmente cromo, molibdênio e nitrogênio. Este tipo de aço caracteriza-se por apresentar estrutura bifásica, constituída de proporções praticamente iguais de ferrita e austenita devido à distribuição controlada dos elementos alfagênicos e gamagênicos. O interesse por esses aços cresce gradativamente com a necessidade de novos materiais para diversas aplicações na indústria petrolífera. Porém, quando expostos e mantidos a temperaturas elevadas, na faixa entre 600C e 1000C, algumas fases intermetálicas podem se formar, em que a fase sigma () é a mais proeminente. Possui uma estrutura cristalina tetragonal complexa rica em Cr e Mo, tendo efeito deletério no material afetando tanto a resistência à corrosão, quanto as propriedades mecânicas. Para este fim, faz-se necessário estudos da junta soldada para delinear as limitações desses aços e aperfeiçoar a aplicação. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar a junta soldada por TIG autógeno manual com arco pulsado e não pulsado do aço inoxidável hiperduplex SAF 2707 HD. As técnicas empregadas foram a metalografia por ataque eletrolítico (reagente NaOH) e color etching (reagente Behara), medidas de microdureza e quantificação microestrutural por Processamento Digital de Imagem. Os aspectos microestruturais foram observados por microscopia óptica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), estes passaram por etapas de processamento digital de imagens (PDI) para quantificar a fração volumétrica da fase austenita. Realizou-se análise química semi-quatitativa por EDS. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente através do teste de hipóteses com distribuição t de Student. Pela técnica color etching observou-se que a fase austenita foi gerada com distribuição mais homogênea para o arco pulsado, que o não pulsado. O ataque eletrolítico não revelou uma terceira fase (fase ) na junta soldada, a análise química por EDS não identificou uma variação significativa nos elementos presentes ao longo da zona de transição do metal de base para a zona de fusão. Através do PDI foram obtidos os valores médios da fração volumétrica de austenita de 36,38% (desvio padrão 6,40%) e 32,41% (desvio padrão 6,67%) para os dois métodos, pulsado e não pulsado, respectivamente. Foram obtidos os valores de microdureza para o metal de base 355,10 HV (desvio padrão 28,60) e para a zona de fusão 343,60 HV (desvio padrão 20,51) da amostra soldada pelo modo pulsado, para o modo não pulsado foram apresentaram os valores médios de 370,30 HV (desvio padrão 34,51) para o metal de base e de 345,20 HV (desvio padrão 41,33) para a zona de fusão. A análise estatística indicou que não houve variação significativa da fração volumétrica da fase austenita no cordão de solda para as duas condições testadas e não houve variação da microdureza entre a zona de fusão e o metal de solda das amostras submetidas aos dois processos.

Identificação da fase sigma em uma junta soldada pelo processo TIG manual autógeno de um aço hiperduplex SAF 2707HD (UNS S32707) por difração de raios-x.

O aço inoxidável hiperduplex possui alta resistência a corrosão por pite em ambientes contendo cloretos, quando comparado a outros aços inoxidáveis comercialmente conhecidos. Possui boas propriedades mecânicas, com limite de escoamento superior a 700MPa e limite de resistência a tração em torno de 1000MPa. Essas propriedades o tornam muito atrativos para aplicações em ambientes contendo cloretos, e por isso tem tido destaque na indústria de óleo e gás, refinarias, plataformas offshore, etc. A liga hiperduplex é composta por uma estrutura bifásica, contendo proporções aproximadamente iguais de ferrita e austenita. Esse material possui boa soldabilidade, mas por ser termodinamicamente metaestável, em altas temperaturas pode ocorrer a precipitação de fases intermetálicas não desejáveis, o que resulta em perda de propriedades mecânicas e diminuição da resistência a corrosão. A fase sigma tem sido fortemente estudada, pois é comum sua precipitação nos aços inoxidáveis da família duplex durante o procedimento de soldagem se este não for muito bem controlado. A fase sigma precipita preferencialmente na fase ferrítica, devido a maior concentração de Cr e Mo, que são os elementos formadores da fase. A resistência a corrosão é reduzida e as propriedades mecânicas do material são alteradas o tornando frágil devido a presença da fase sigma. É formada entre 600C e 1000C e possui uma estrutura tetragonal complexa. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar a possível presença da fase sigma na junta soldada do aço inoxidável hiperduplex SAF 2707 HD (UNS S32707) pelo processo TIG autógeno manual através da difração de raios-x. Nessa pesquisa, foram analisadas uma junta soldada do material pelo processo TIG autógeno manual com arco pulsado. Complementando o estudo foram analisadas seis amostras do aço inoxidável superduplex, sendo que cinco amostras sofreram tratamento térmico para a proposital formação da fase sigma. O refinamento do resultado da difração das amostras foi feito utilizando o método de Rietveld no software Topas Academic versão 4.1. O resultado da amostra soldada de hiperduplex apresentou as fases austenita, ferrita e alguns prováveis óxidos. Os resultados das amostras de superduplex tratadas termicamente apresentaram a fase sigma, conforme esperado na pesquisa, e as fases austenita e ferrita.

Strain comparisons in aquaculture species: a manual

When different strains or breeds of a particular species are available, the best choice is seldom immediately obvious for producers. Scientists are also interested in the relative performance of different strains because it provides a basis for recommendations to producers and it often stimulates the conduct of work aimed at unraveling the underlying biological mechanisms involved in the expression of such differences. Hence, strain or breed comparisons of some sort are frequently conducted. This manual is designed to provide general guidelines for the design of strain comparison trials in aquaculture species. Example analyzes are provided using SAS and SPSS. The manual is intended to serve a wide range of readers from developing countries with limited access to information. The users, however, are expected to have a basic knowledge of quantitative genetics and experience in statistical methods and data analysis as well as familiarity with computer software. The manual mainly focuses on the practical aspects of design and data analysis, and interpretation of results.

Age determination manual of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center Age and Growth Program

The Age and Growth Program at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center is tasked with providing age data in order to improve the basic understanding of the ecology and fisheries dynamics of Alaskan fish species. The primary focus of the Age and Growth Program is to estimate ages from otoliths and other calcified structures for age-structured modeling of commercially exploited stocks; however, the program has recently expanded its interests to include numerous studies on topics ranging from age estimate validation to the growth and life history of non-target species. Because so many applications rely upon age data and particularly upon assurances as to their accuracy and precision, the Age and Growth Program has developed this practical guide to document the age determination of key groundfish species from Alaskan waters. The main objective of this manual is to describe techniques specific to the age determination of commercially and ecologically important species studied by the Age and Growth Program. The manual also provides general background information on otolith morphology, dissection, and preparation, as well as descriptions of methods used to measure precision and accuracy of age estimates. This manual is intended not only as a reference for age readers at the AFSC and other laboratories, but also to give insight into the quality of age estimates to scientists who routinely use such data.

National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Coastal Ecosystem Assessment Program: a manual of methods

Environmental managers strive to preserve natural resources for future generations but have limited decision-making tools to define ecosystem health. Many programs offer relevant broad-scale, environmental policy information on regional ecosystem health. These programs provide evidence of environmental condition and change, but lack connections between local impacts and direct effects on living resources. To address this need, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service (NOAA/NOS) Cooperative Oxford Laboratory (COL), in cooperation with federal, state, and academic partners, implemented an integrated biotic ecosystem assessment on a sub-watershed 14-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUD) scale in Chesapeake Bay. The goals of this effort were to 1) establish a suite of bioindicators that are sensitive to ecosystem change, 2) establish the effects of varying land-use patterns on water quality and the subsequent health of living resources, 3) communicate these findings to local decision-makers, and 4) evaluate the success of management decisions in these systems. To establish indicators, three sub-watersheds were chosen based on statistical analysis of land-use patterns to represent a gradient from developed to agricultural. The Magothy (developed), Corsica (agricultural), and Rhode (reference) Rivers were identified. A random stratified design was developed based on depth (2m contour) and river mile. Sampling approaches were coordinated within this structure to allow for robust system comparisons. The sampling approach was hierarchal, with metrics chosen to represent a range from community to cellular level responses across multiple organisms. This approach allowed for the identification of sub-lethal stressors, and assessment of their impact on the organism and subsequently the population. Fish, crabs, clams, oysters, benthic organisms, and bacteria were targeted, as each occupies a separate ecological niche and may respond dissimilarly to environmental stressors. Particular attention was focused on the use of pathobiology as a tool for assessing environmental condition. By integrating the biotic component with water quality, sediment indices, and land- use information, this holistic evaluation of ecosystem health will provide management entities with information needed to inform local decision-making processes and establish benchmarks for future restoration efforts.

Sampling design tool for ArcGIS: Instruction manual.[for ESRI ArcGIS 10.0 Service Pack 3 or higher]

The Biogeography Branch’s Sampling Design Tool for ArcGIS provides a means to effectively develop sampling strategies in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The tool was produced as part of an iterative process of sampling design development, whereby existing data informs new design decisions. The objective of this process, and hence a product of this tool, is an optimal sampling design which can be used to achieve accurate, highprecision estimates of population metrics at a minimum of cost. Although NOAA’s Biogeography Branch focuses on marine habitats and some examples reflects this, the tool can be used to sample any type of population defined in space, be it coral reefs or corn fields.

Northeast Fisheries Observer Program manual, 2013

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) Fisheries Sampling Branch (FSB) collects, maintains, and distributes data for scientific and management purposes in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. FSB manages three separate but related observer programs: the Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP), the Industry Funded Scallop (IFS) Observer Program, and the At Sea Monitoring (ASM) Program. For the purposes of this manual, “observers” refers to any observer/monitor working for the FSB. In 2011, FSB trained and deployed over 200 observers, provided coverage on a variety of fisheries, and completed over 15,000 sea days. Observed trips are required under many of the region's fishery management plans, and for some fisheries by other federal laws and authorities such as Amendment 16 and Framework 44, Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, the and the Sustainable Fisheries Act. The purpose of this guide is to provide FSB observers, as well as end users of NEFSC Observer Program data, with a detailed description of each data field collected. In addition to this manual, the NEFSC Observer Program Biological Sampling and Catch Estimation Manual provides summaries and tables intended to enable observers to quickly determine the correct sampling protocols and methods while at sea. This manual represents a revision of the data forms, collection procedures, and protocols described in the 1996 NEFSC Observer Program Manual. For documentation of other changes see Documentation of changes made to the NEFSC Fisheries Observer Program Manual, 2013.

Field manual for investigating coral disease outbreaks

Coral reefs throughout their circumtropical range are declining at an accelerating rate. Recent predictions indicate that 20% of the world’s reefs have been degraded, another 24% are under imminent risk of collapse, and if current estimates hold, by 2030, 26% of the world’s reefs will be lost (Wilkinson 2004). Recent changes to these ecosystems have included losses of apex predators, reductions of important herbivorous fishes and invertebrates, and precipitous declines in living coral cover, with many reefs now dominated by macroalgae. Causes have been described in broad sweeping terms: global climate change, over-fishing and destructive fishing, land-based sources of pollution, sedimentation, hurricanes, mass bleaching events and disease. Recognition that corals can succumb to disease was first reported in the early 1970’s. Then it was a unique observation, with relatively few isolated reports until the mid 1990’s. Today disease has spread to over 150 species of coral, reported from 65 countries throughout all of the world’s tropical oceans (WCMC Global Coral Disease Database). While disease continues to increase in frequency and distribution throughout the world, definitive causes of coral diseases have remained elusive for the most part, with reef managers not sufficiently armed to combat it.

Manual for the Sampling Design Tool for ArcGIS

The Biogeography Branch’s Sampling Design Tool for ArcGIS provides a means to effectively develop sampling strategies in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The tool was produced as part of an iterative process of sampling design development, whereby existing data informs new design decisions. The objective of this process, and hence a product of this tool, is an optimal sampling design which can be used to achieve accurate, high-precision estimates of population metrics at a minimum of cost. Although NOAA’s Biogeography Branch focuses on marine habitats and some examples reflects this, the tool can be used to sample any type of population defined in space, be it coral reefs or corn fields.