304 resultados para MOF@carbón


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The treatment of biliary lithiasis has changed during the past 20 years. Cholecystectomy remains the gold standard for cholelithiasis, but many options are available for calculi of the common bile duct. Among them are surgical open or laparoscopic choledochotomy, biliary-enteric anastomosis, transduodenal sphincterotomy (TDS), endoscopic sphincterotomy. With the aim to describe the current place of TDS, we reviewed the patients operated on in our department between 1976 and 1992. We found 78 patients with a mean age of 58 years (26-89 years). 34 (43%) of them had acute cholecystitis, with 26 being operated on urgently. 47 (60%) were jaundiced, 15 (19%) had pancreatitis and 12 (15%) had cholangitis before operation. Indications for TDS have been impacted stone or absence of progression of the contrast medium on intraoperative cholangiography in 71 patients (91%). 3 patients died (1 pulmonary embolism, 1 sepsis of pulmonary origin, 1 MOF syndrome complicating preoperative necrotizing pancreatitis). 30 patients (38%) had complications, of which 20 were directly related to TDS. Hemorrhage occurred in 4 cases, and resolved spontaneously without transfusion. Hyperamylasemia occurred in 17 instances, but clinical pancreatitis developed in only 1 case, with complete resolution. 1 duodenal fistula healed after conservative therapy. No death is attributable directly to TDS. Today, the importance of endoscopic sphincterotomy is increasing. This retrospective study shows that TDS, if performed with caution, does not increase the operative risks even in emergent operations. During surgical exploration of the common bile duct, TDS is indicated to remove an impacted stone, or as a bilio-enteric anastomosis if multiple stones are present with a thin common duct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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El documento presenta la situación energética mundial en general y en España en particular, su relación el consumo de energía primaria en cuanto a las diferentes fuentes: petróleo, gas natural, carbón, nuclear, hidráulica y finalmente las energías renovables. Se destaca de forma positiva el aporte de las diferentes tecnologías energéticas renovables al suministro mundial, y muy especialmente el caso español.

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This work presents the optimization of the microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of [Zn(BDC)(H2O)2]n . The reactions were carried out at the fixed temperature of 120 ºC for 10, 20, 30 and 40 min. Pure crystalline [Zn(BDC)(H2O)2]n was obtained in high yield (ca. 90%) with a reaction time of 10 min. The phase obtained and its purity was confirmed by Rietveld refinement, with a final value for Rwp/Rexp equal to 1.48. Increased reaction times (20, 30 and 40 min) favored the formation of unwanted by products, resulting in mixtures of several crystalline phases.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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The genus Vibrioof the family Vibrionaceae are Gram negative, oxidasepositive, rod- or curved- rodshaped facultative anaerobes, widespread in marine and estuarine environments. Vibrio species are opportunistic human pathogens responsible for diarrhoeal disease, gastroenteritis, septicaemia and wound infections and are also pathogens of aquatic organisms, causing infections to crustaceans, bivalves and fishes. In the present study, marine environmental samples like seafood and water and sediment samples from aquafarms and mangroves were screened for the presence of Vibrio species. Of the134 isolates obtained from the various samples, 45 were segregated to the genus Vibrio on the basis of phenotypic characterization.like Gram staining, oxidase test, MoF test and salinity tolerance. Partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis was utilized for species level identification of the isolates and the strains were identified as V. cholerae(N=21), V. vulnificus(N=18), V. parahaemolyticus(N=3), V. alginolyticus (N=2) and V. azureus (N=1). The genetic relatedness and variations among the 45 Vibrio isolates were elucidated based on 16S rDNA sequences. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates was based on their response to 12 biochemical tests namely Voges-Proskauers’s (VP test), arginine dihydrolase , tolerance to 3% NaCl test, ONPG test that detects β-galactosidase activity, and tests for utilization of citrate, ornithine, mannitol, arabinose, sucrose, glucose, salicin and cellobiose. The isolates exhibited diverse biochemical patterns, some specific for the species and others indicative of their environmental source.Antibiogram for the isolates was determined subsequent to testing their susceptibility to 12 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Varying degrees of resistance to gentamycin (2.22%), ampicillin(62.22%), nalidixic acid (4.44%), vancomycin (86.66), cefixime (17.77%), rifampicin (20%), tetracycline (42.22%) and chloramphenicol (2.22%) was exhibited. All the isolates were susceptible to streptomycin, co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim and azithromycin. Isolates from all the three marine environments exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, with high MAR index value. The molecular typing methods such as ERIC PCR and BOX PCR revealed intraspecies relatedness and genetic heterogeneity within the environmental isolatesof V. cholerae and V. vulnificus. The 21 strains of V. choleraewere serogroupedas non O1/ non O139 by screening for the presence O1rfb and O139 rfb marker genes by PCR. The virulence/virulence associated genes namely ctxA, ctxB, ace, VPI, hlyA, ompU, rtxA, toxR, zot, nagst, tcpA, nin and nanwere screened in V. cholerae and V. vulnificusstrains.The V. vulnificusstrains were also screened for three species specific genes viz., cps, vvhand viu. In V. cholerae strains, the virulence associated genes like VPI, hlyA, rtxA, ompU and toxR were confirmed by PCR. All the isolates, except for strain BTOS6, harbored at least one or a combination of the tested genes and V. choleraestrain BTPR5 isolated from prawn hosted the highest number of virulence associated genes. Among the V. vulnificusstrains, only 3 virulence genes, VPI, toxR and cps, were confirmed out of the 16 tested and only 7 of the isolates had these genes in one or more combinations. Strain BTPS6 from aquafarm and strain BTVE4 from mangrove samples yielded positive amplification for the three genes. The toxRgene from 9 strains of V. choleraeand 3 strains of V. vulnificus were cloned and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide and the amino acid sequences. Multiple sequence alignment of the nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of the environmental strains of V. choleraerevealed that the toxRgene in the environmental strains are 100% homologous to themselves and to the V. choleraetoxR gene sequence available in the Genbank database. The 3 strains of V. vulnificus displayed high nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity among themselves and to the sequences of V. cholerae and V. harveyi obtained from the GenBank database, but exhibited only 72% homology to the sequences of its close relative V. vulnificus. Structure prediction of the ToxR protein of Vibrio cholerae strain BTMA5 was by PHYRE2 software. The deduced amino acid sequence showed maximum resemblance with the structure of DNA-binding domain of response regulator2 from Escherichia coli k-12 Template based homology modelling in PHYRE2 successfully modelled the predicted protein and its secondary structure based on protein data bank (PDB) template c3zq7A. The pathogenicity studies were performed using the nematode Caenorhabditiselegansas a model system. The assessment of pathogenicity of environmental strain of V. choleraewas conducted with E. coli strain OP50 as the food source in control plates, environmental V. cholerae strain BTOS6, negative for all tested virulence genes, to check for the suitability of Vibrio sp. as a food source for the nematode;V. cholerae Co 366 ElTor, a clinical pathogenic strain and V. cholerae strain BTPR5 from seafood (Prawn) and positive for the tested virulence genes like VPI, hlyA, ompU,rtxA and toxR. It was found that V. cholerae strain BTOS6 could serve as a food source in place of E. coli strain OP50 but behavioral aberrations like sluggish movement and lawn avoidance and morphological abnormalities like pharyngeal and intestinal distensions and bagging were exhibited by the worms fed on V. cholerae Co 366 ElTor strain and environmental BTPR5 indicating their pathogenicity to the nematode. Assessment of pathogenicity of the environmental strains of V. vulnificus was performed with V. vulnificus strain BTPS6 which tested positive for 3 virulence genes, namely, cps, toxRand VPI, and V. vulnificus strain BTMM7 that did not possess any of the tested virulence genes. A reduction was observed in the life span of worms fed on environmental strain of V. vulnificusBTMM7 rather than on the ordinary laboratory food source, E. coli OP50. Behavioral abnormalities like sluggish movement, lawn avoidance and bagging were also observed in the worms fed with strain BTPS6, but the pharynx and the intestine were intact. The presence of multi drug resistant environmental Vibrio strainsthat constitute a major reservoir of diverse virulence genes are to be dealt with caution as they play a decisive role in pathogenicity and horizontal gene transfer in the marine environments.

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The resurgence of the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae, the causative organism of epidemic cholera, remains a major health problem in many developing countries like India. The southern Indian state of Kerala is endemic to cholera. The outbreaks of cholera follow a seasonal pattern in regions of endemicity. Marine aquaculture settings and mangrove environments of Kerala serve as reservoirs for V. cholerae. The non-O1/non-O139 environmental isolates of V. cholerae with incomplete ‘virulence casette’ are to be dealt with caution as they constitute a major reservoir of diverse virulence genes in the marine environment and play a crucial role in pathogenicity and horizontal gene transfer. The genes coding cholera toxin are borne on, and can be infectiously transmitted by CTXΦ, a filamentous lysogenic vibriophages. Temperate phages can provide crucial virulence and fitness factors affecting cell metabolism, bacterial adhesion, colonization, immunity, antibiotic resistance and serum resistance. The present study was an attempt to screen the marine environments like aquafarms and mangroves of coastal areas of Alappuzha and Cochin, Kerala for the presence of lysogenic V. cholerae, to study their pathogenicity and also gene transfer potential. Phenotypic and molecular methods were used for identification of isolates as V. cholerae. The thirty one isolates which were Gram negative, oxidase positive, fermentative, with or without gas production on MOF media and which showed yellow coloured colonies on TCBS (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile salt Sucrose) agar were segregated as vibrios. Twenty two environmental V. cholerae strains of both O1 and non- O1/non-O139 serogroups on induction with mitomycin C showed the presence of lysogenic phages. They produced characteristic turbid plaques in double agar overlay assay using the indicator strain V. cholerae El Tor MAK 757. PCR based molecular typing with primers targeting specific conserved sequences in the bacterial genome, demonstrated genetic diversity among these lysogen containing non-O1 V. cholerae . Polymerase chain reaction was also employed as a rapid screening method to verify the presence of 9 virulence genes namely, ctxA, ctxB, ace, hlyA, toxR, zot,tcpA, ninT and nanH, using gene specific primers. The presence of tcpA gene in ALPVC3 was alarming, as it indicates the possibility of an epidemic by accepting the cholera. Differential induction studies used ΦALPVC3, ΦALPVC11, ΦALPVC12 and ΦEKM14, underlining the possibility of prophage induction in natural ecosystems, due to abiotic factors like antibiotics, pollutants, temperature and UV. The efficiency of induction of prophages varied considerably in response to the different induction agents. The growth curve of lysogenic V. cholerae used in the study drastically varied in the presence of strong prophage inducers like antibiotics and UV. Bacterial cell lysis was directly proportional to increase in phage number due to induction. Morphological characterization of vibriophages by Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed hexagonal heads for all the four phages. Vibriophage ΦALPVC3 exhibited isometric and contractile tails characteristic of family Myoviridae, while phages ΦALPVC11 and ΦALPVC12 demonstrated the typical hexagonal head and non-contractile tail of family Siphoviridae. ΦEKM14, the podophage was distinguished by short non-contractile tail and icosahedral head. This work demonstrated that environmental parameters can influence the viability and cell adsorption rates of V. cholerae phages. Adsorption studies showed 100% adsorption of ΦALPVC3 ΦALPVC11, ΦALPVC12 and ΦEKM14 after 25, 30, 40 and 35 minutes respectively. Exposure to high temperatures ranging from 50ºC to 100ºC drastically reduced phage viability. The optimum concentration of NaCl required for survival of vibriophages except ΦEKM14 was 0.5 M and that for ΦEKM14 was 1M NaCl. Survival of phage particles was maximum at pH 7-8. V. cholerae is assumed to have existed long before their human host and so the pathogenic clones may have evolved from aquatic forms which later colonized the human intestine by progressive acquisition of genes. This is supported by the fact that the vast majority of V. cholerae strains are still part of the natural aquatic environment. CTXΦ has played a critical role in the evolution of the pathogenicity of V. cholerae as it can transmit the ctxAB gene. The unusual transformation of V. cholerae strains associated with epidemics and the emergence of V. cholera O139 demonstrates the evolutionary success of the organism in attaining greater fitness. Genetic changes in pathogenic V. cholerae constitute a natural process for developing immunity within an endemically infected population. The alternative hosts and lysogenic environmental V. cholerae strains may potentially act as cofactors in promoting cholera phage ‘‘blooms’’ within aquatic environments, thereby influencing transmission of phage sensitive, pathogenic V. cholerae strains by aquatic vehicles. Differential induction of the phages is a clear indication of the impact of environmental pollution and global changes on phage induction. The development of molecular biology techniques offered an accessible gateway for investigating the molecular events leading to genetic diversity in the marine environment. Using nucleic acids as targets, the methods of fingerprinting like ERIC PCR and BOX PCR, revealed that the marine environment harbours potentially pathogenic group of bacteria with genetic diversity. The distribution of virulence associated genes in the environmental isolates of V. cholerae provides tangible material for further investigation. Nucleotide and protein sequence analysis alongwith protein structure prediction aids in better understanding of the variation inalleles of same gene in different ecological niche and its impact on the protein structure for attaining greater fitness of pathogens. The evidences of the co-evolution of virulence genes in toxigenic V. cholerae O1 from different lineages of environmental non-O1 strains is alarming. Transduction studies would indicate that the phenomenon of acquisition of these virulence genes by lateral gene transfer, although rare, is not quite uncommon amongst non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and it has a key role in diversification. All these considerations justify the need for an integrated approach towards the development of an effective surveillance system to monitor evolution of V. cholerae strains with epidemic potential. Results presented in this study, if considered together with the mechanism proposed as above, would strongly suggest that the bacteriophage also intervenes as a variable in shaping the cholera bacterium, which cannot be ignored and hinting at imminent future epidemics.

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Fujaba is an Open Source UML CASE tool project started at the software engineering group of Paderborn University in 1997. In 2002 Fujaba has been redesigned and became the Fujaba Tool Suite with a plug-in architecture allowing developers to add functionality easily while retaining full control over their contributions. Multiple Application Domains Fujaba followed the model-driven development philosophy right from its beginning in 1997. At the early days, Fujaba had a special focus on code generation from UML diagrams resulting in a visual programming language with a special emphasis on object structure manipulating rules. Today, at least six rather independent tool versions are under development in Paderborn, Kassel, and Darmstadt for supporting (1) reengineering, (2) embedded real-time systems, (3) education, (4) specification of distributed control systems, (5) integration with the ECLIPSE platform, and (6) MOF-based integration of system (re-) engineering tools. International Community According to our knowledge, quite a number of research groups have also chosen Fujaba as a platform for UML and MDA related research activities. In addition, quite a number of Fujaba users send requests for more functionality and extensions. Therefore, the 8th International Fujaba Days aimed at bringing together Fujaba develop- ers and Fujaba users from all over the world to present their ideas and projects and to discuss them with each other and with the Fujaba core development team.

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Se comía plátano todos los días, pero los huevos escaseaban. El vino se usaba para curar males como la gripe, y el carbón para ungir a los enfermos. Se atendía a los más pobres y se salvaba la vida a los soldados sin que, al parecer, hubiera un médico. No es una historia mágica. Es lo que, a fines del siglo XVIII, realmente pasaba en el antiguo Hospital San Juan de Dios de Cartagena de Indias, una institución que a pesar de una enorme precariedad económica salvó la vida a miles de soldados y necesitados. Éstos son sólo retazos de la larga historia que se esconde detrás de un hospital que sobrevivió a las más duras batallas del siglo XVIII, época en la cual la Corona Borbónica Española intentaba llevar a cabo una reforma sanitaria, tanto en España como en sus colonias americanas. En la Nueva Granada, lo que se buscaba era sanear los espacios urbanos, sacar los cementerios de las ciudades, luchar contra las epidemias, reestructurar los hospitales, y hasta poner en circulación más libros sobre salud (Alzate, 2007). Esa nueva política de salud se dirigía, especialmente, a la población libre mestiza, juzgada “dispersa y desordenada”, que formaba lo esencial de la reserva de mano de obra de ese territorio. En síntesis, había que elevar el nivel de salud de los “vasallos”, para así evitar enfermedades y epidemias que reducían la población y destruían el poco excedente de la producción. Todo se trataba de aumentar la riqueza de la Corona.

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En la actualidad, las personas buscan actividades culturales y de entretenimiento que les permitan compartir y disfrutar momentos de esparcimiento con sus familiares y amigos. Una de esas alternativas se encuentra en los parques temáticos, los cuales emergen como espacios en donde no solo se puede disfrutar de atracciones mecánicas y participar en dinámicas, sino también aprender, por medio de educación no formal, acerca de temáticas culturales, sociales e históricas que hacen parte de nuestra comunidad y que demandan ser transmitidas a personas de cualquier edad. Más allá de la importancia cultural y educacional que caracteriza a los parques temáticos, estos lugares de entretenimiento contribuyen en gran proporción a la atracción de visitantes y, por ende, al incremento del turismo en un determinado territorio. En el caso colombiano, el sector turístico ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años, convirtiéndose en uno de los más importantes generadores de divisas después de la exploración y comercialización del petróleo y el carbón.

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CIRO ROBERTO MORENO S. EN C.S – “Minas Peñitas”. Es una empresa en el sector minero energético. Este sector se ha caracterizado en Colombia como uno de los más importantes de inigualable crecimiento y con un gran potencial, ya que no solo le trae grandes beneficios a la economía del país, sino que es un sector distinguido por generar grandes niveles de empleo. De este modo CIRO ROBERTO MORENO S. EN C.S – “Minas Peñitas” tiene grandes oportunidades de crecimiento y perdurabilidad, pero debe tener en cuenta que tiene que estar preparada y en las mejores condiciones en todos los aspectos posibles. El propósito del presente trabajo de análisis de la empresa CIRO ROBERTO MORENO S. EN C.S – “Minas Peñitas” es de identificar la forma cómo se desarrollan todas las actividades de la empresa y así determinar el desempeño de estas, para identificar las fortalezas y debilidades presentes, para establecer un plan de mejoramiento en todas las actividades de la cadena de valor y por lo tanto en el plan de negocio de la compañía. La meta de este trabajo no solo fue analizar la situación de la empresa, sino también mostrar las condiciones de la minería de carbón y su comportamiento a nivel mundial y nacional, datos que no se tienen muy claros por parte de empresa y por lo tanto no se le ha dado la suficiente importancia a esta clase de información para beneficio de la misma; sin embargo de acuerdo a las mejoras propuestas en las falencias encontradas en los temas de comunicación y manejo de información en la empresa se espera que si CIRO ROBERTO MORENO S. EN C.S – “Minas Peñitas” considere aplicarlas de la mejor forma, lo cual le traerá grandes beneficios y cumplir con la visión establecida por la empresa.

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A través de de este informe de investigación, se refleja la influencia identitaria, cultural y específicamente en su noción de territorio, de los programas sociales que implementa Cerrejón en el Pueblo indígena wayüü.

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A partir del conocimiento que se posee referente al desarrollo de las ladrilleras del sector de Nemocón y las herramientas y disciplinas aplicables al estudio de un plan de internacionalización, se determina desarrollar el siguiente proceso. En primer lugar, a partir de la necesidad de diagnosticar un análisis del sector ladrillero en Nemocón Cundinamarca, se hace indispensable utilizar herramientas de la línea de estrategia. Se requiere de un estudio matricial del comportamiento del sector con su respectivo análisis y para generar un mayor soporte técnico al análisis del sector, se requiere de un estudio de planeación estratégica por escenarios el cual proveerá a la investigación de diversas alternativas en la selección de variables fundamentales del sistema. Acerca del estudio de los mercados tanto nacional como internacional, se dispondrá de las habilidades básicas de la línea de mercadeo. Es importante que a partir del análisis del sector y de la obtención de algunas variables importantes, se indague a profundidad acerca de las variables más importantes para el desarrollo de una matriz de mercados. La idea de la aplicación de esta matriz, es generar unos filtros de países seleccionados a partir de variables anteriormente especificadas con el fin de determinar un único mercado que será el objetivo para el plan de internacionalización. Sobre el país seleccionado se aplica un estudio de mercado y un estudio de viabilidad financiera bajo los cuales se obtienen las conclusiones del plan de internacionalización, su viabilidad y sus recomendaciones.

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Objetivo: Identificar las alteraciones espirométricas en trabajadores de las ladrilleras en el sur de Bogotá y sus condiciones sociodemográficas Metodologia: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal, donde se evaluaron las condiciones demográficas de trabajadores de 17 ladrilleras de 33 que conforman LA ASOCIACIÓN NACIONAL DE FABRICANTES DE LADRILLOS Y MATERIALES DE CONSTRUCCIÓN (ANAFALCO) y el resultado de la espirometría en pacientes con exámenes médicos ocupacionales en el mes de agosto de 2013 realizados por la compañía ASODER CONSULTORES IPS en Bogotá Colombia. Los datos obtenidos son descritos mediante medidas de frecuencia relativas como porcentajes y se consideró el uso de tablas de contingencia para el cruce de variables. Resultados: Se encontro una población predominantemente masculina, cuya media de edad es de 41,6 años, con un nivel educativo dada por educación básica primaria incompleta y con prevalencia del estado civil de unión libre; el 91% de la población labora en el área operativa, con una antigüedad en la empresa prevalente entre 1 a 5 años con un 44%. El 31% de los trabajadores presento habito de consumo de cigarrillo, y el 35% reporto practicar algún ejercicio físico. En los resultados de la espirometria el 79% presento resultado normal, el 21% mostro espirometria anormal, con predominancia de patrón obstructivo leve (17%). Conclusiones: La alteración del patrón espirometrico predomina en trabajadores del área operativa, con edad mayor a 50 años, que llevan más de 10 años trabajando en la empresa. El habito de fumar no es un factor de riesgo directamente relacionado, pero la práctica de deporte si figura como factor protector. El patrón de alteración predominante fue el obstructivo leve, lo que sugiere la posibilidad de aplicar medidas de prevención y protección para minimizar la progresión hacia alteraciones de mayor severidad.

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Objetivo: Identificar las alteraciones espirométricas en trabajadores de las ladrilleras en el sur de Bogotá y sus condiciones sociodemográficas Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal, donde se evaluaron las condiciones demográficas de trabajadores de 17 ladrilleras de 33 que conforman LA ASOCIACIÓN NACIONAL DE FABRICANTES DE LADRILLOS Y MATERIALES DE CONSTRUCCIÓN (ANAFALCO) y el resultado de la espirometría en pacientes con exámenes médicos ocupacionales en el mes de agosto de 2013 realizados por la compañía ASODER CONSULTORES IPS en Bogotá Colombia. Los datos obtenidos son descritos mediante medidas de frecuencia relativas como porcentajes y se consideró el uso de tablas de contingencia para el cruce de variables. Resultados: Se encontró una población predominantemente masculina, cuya media de edad es de 41,6 años, con un nivel educativo dada por educación básica primaria incompleta y con prevalencia del estado civil de unión libre; el 91% de la población labora en el área operativa, con una antigüedad en la empresa prevalente entre 1 a 5 años con un 44%. El 31% de los trabajadores presentó hábito de consumo de cigarrillo, y el 35% reporto practicar algún ejercicio físico. En los resultados de la espirometría el 79% presento resultado normal, el 21% mostró espirometría anormal, con predominancia de patrón obstructivo leve (17%). Conclusiones: La alteración del patrón espirométrico predomina en trabajadores del área operativa, con edad mayor a 50 años, que llevan más de 10 años trabajando en la empresa. El hábito de fumar no es un factor de riesgo directamente relacionado, pero la práctica de deporte si figura como factor protector. El patrón de alteración predominante fue el obstructivo leve, lo que sugiere la posibilidad de aplicar medidas de prevención y protección para minimizar la progresión hacia alteraciones de mayor severidad.

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El corregimiento de Providencia -Antioquia, es el epicentro del proyecto minero aurífero a cielo abierto más grande de Colombia: ‘Gramalote’. Por ser parte de la zona de influencia directa del proyecto, el reasentamiento involuntario de la población parecería ser definitivo en el mediano plazo. Empero, el gran reto es llevar a cabo un proceso de reasentamiento exitoso a sabiendas que en Colombia no existe una política nacional de reasentamiento y por lo tanto, en este caso específico la empresa deberá implementar la Norma de Desempeño 5 –PS5-: Adquisición de Tierras y Reasentamiento Involuntario creada por el Banco Mundial. A lo largo del documento el lector encontrará que el mayor reto de la aplicación de la PS5 radica primero, en el desconocimiento que tienen las entidades de control al respecto y segundo, en el cómo aplicar a futuro una norma tan general conociendo que cada territorio y sociedad son altamente heterogéneos.