1000 resultados para Métodos geofísicos
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Geophysical methods are widely used in mineral exploration for several types of mineral deposits. When combined with direct studies as geochemistry, a substantial increase in the probability of ore discovery is possible in mineral exploration activities. Electrical geophysical methods are particularly promising in studies related to the search of sulphides due to the contrast of physical properties electric resistivity and chargeability. This paper presents the results obtained from the application of Resistivity (DC) and Induced Polarization methods, through the electrical profiling technique, aiming at evaluating the potential mineral of a gabbro intruded in a metasedimentary sequence, in an area where several occurrences of gold and copper were described. This gabbro is ranked on the Basic-Ultrabasic stratiform bodies, which gather peridotites, gabbros, and layered anortosites. Three radial lines of electrical profiling were performed, spaced of 60° and crossing at the area center, with readings of electric resistivity and chargeability in Wenner-Schlumberger array. The association of low resistivity and high chargeability areas has allowed defining potentially mineralized zones related to structures that condition the drainage net in the gabbro domain. Grains of gold detected through geochemical prospection of alluvial sediments dowstream from the gabbro may have originated from leaching of ores deposited in fractures through the action of river waters within the gabbro domain, possibly consisting of sulphides and gold.
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The scope of this work is the study of natural cavities in gullies through geophysics. The studied area is located in the city of São Pedro (SP) more precisely in the gully of Tucunzinho. The historic of the area shows that, since the 60s there were problems with the high rate of erosion in the gully. In addition to increased erosion, there is the appearance of cavities inside responsible for rebates, aggravating the situation. Geophysical methods have been successfully applied in environmental studies since they are noninvasive, are fast and relatively inexpensive. In order to better understand the context of formation of the pipes in relation to local geology, three arrangements were compared for the method of Electrical Resistivity, Schlumberger, Wenner and Dipole-dipole. Then, it was possible to determine which one is the best for this type of study. According to the data obtained in the field, the Schlumberger array presents more consistent results in relation to the erosive context analyzed
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The use of geophysical methods in the analysis and mapping of likely contamination plumes has shown a huge value in the development of researches related to environmental issues. Among the main geophysical methods applied to this purpose, the geoelectrical methods stand out, being based on the use of electric and electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic method (EM) uses physical environment responses created by electromagnetic field propagation, consisting of an alternated electric output and a magnetization force, used to obtain the electric conductivity (σ) of the subsurface materials. It has a broad application in the mineral exploration and prospection, and its use has been also efficient in environmental researches. By the electromagnetic method, this work examined and mapped possible contaminations created by cemetery leachate in the Saudade's Cemetery, located in the city of Monte Alto, Sao Paulo, where sedimentary rocks of the Bauru Group are exposed. Cemetery leachate is a putrefactive liquid, generated from the decomposition of organic matter, which contains substances that can contaminate soil and groundwater. Results achieved in this work show that the use of the electromagnetic method is an important indirect tool in the investigation of environmental contaminations in areas with highly contrasting physical properties
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Os combustíveis fósseis respondem por cerca de 90% da matriz energética global, e apesar de ser consenso a necessidade de expansão da mesma e da redução do consumo de bens e energia em nossa cultura, esta mudança caminha a passos muito lentos, e a pesquisa relacionada aos recursos de combustíveis fósseis, inclusive o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que nos permitam explorar economicamente reservas antes inviáveis, ainda é extremamente necessária. As reservas mundiais de petróleo mais acessíveis ou economicamente viáveis, devido à sua extensão ou qualidade do óleo, têm sua vida útil contada e acumulações não convencionais tem sido exploradas. Os arenitos asfálticos da Formação Pirambóia, na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, foram a acumulação de hidrocarbonetos escolhida para experimentar novos meios de investigação a serem usados na indústria de petróleo, aproveitando-se de métodos geofísicos com aplicações usuais em outras áreas da ciência, como geologia ambiental e geotecnia, testando sua potencialidade na identificação de áreas com presença de hidrocarbonetos. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar um comportamento elétrico em uma camada de arenito impregnado por betume distinguível do comportamento elétrico das camadas de arenito adjacentes, que não contém betume, estabelecendo assim uma assinatura geofísica associável à presença de hidrocarbonetos. Os métodos utilizados (Eletrorresistividade, Polarização Induzida e Eletromagnético Indutivo) mostraram o comportamento dos arenitos asfálticos em função de seus parâmetros físicos elétricos (resistividade, condutividade e cargabilidade) e possibilitaram a identificação e o mapeamento da camada asfáltica, em meio à camadas não impregnadas por betume, conforme pretendido. A boa correlação entre os perfis gerados após o processamento dos dados obtidos em campo e a geometria da camada observada em afloramento indica que os métodos geoelétricos podem constituir uma ferramenta de análise na pesquisa de hidrocarbonetos em bacias sedimentares continentais, possibilitando um diagnóstico inicial da presença de hidrocarbonetos em áreas pré definidas, com métodos não destrutivos, não poluentes e, comparativamente aos métodos convencionais utilizados na indústria de petróleo e gás, mais baratos e rápidos.
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Tese de mestrado em Geologia Aplicada, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016
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Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Geológicas) UANL
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Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Ingeniería Ambiental) UANL, 2013.
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The aim of this workshop is to present the main methods of subsoil studies (namely mechanical and geophysical methods) to the Earth Sciences professorate. These methods frequently involve the use of specific material. The different methods are usually taught in the classroom where there is no real contact between the students and the equipment. Several activities, all of them taking place in surrounding areas of the university campus of Girona, will provide the assistants to the workshop with the opportunity of making measurements with different equipment. These activities will be made in the field so as to contribute to the resolution of a problem which will have been previously proposed. The problems presented are situations, most of them real, when subsoil investigation techniques are usually used. These cases have been employed as teaching-learning strategies with university and second grade students in the area of Girona. Finally, some examples of exercises involving the treatment of data obtained through subsoil investigation techniques are also presented to complement the workshop
Resumo:
The aim of this workshop is to present the main methods of subsoil studies (namely mechanical and geophysical methods) to the Earth Sciences professorate. These methods frequently involve the use of specific material. The different methods are usually taught in the classroom where there is no real contact between the students and the equipment. Several activities, all of them taking place in surrounding areas of the university campus of Girona, will provide the assistants to the workshop with the opportunity of making measurements with different equipment. These activities will be made in the field so as to contribute to the resolution of a problem which will have been previously proposed. The problems presented are situations, most of them real, when subsoil investigation techniques are usually used. These cases have been employed as teaching-learning strategies with university and second grade students in the area of Girona. Finally, some examples of exercises involving the treatment of data obtained through subsoil investigation techniques are also presented to complement the workshop
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A modelagem, a correlação e a análise de dados geofísicos e geoquímicos, aplicados para avaliar/definir a distribuição e o controle de teores de minério num espaço 3D, não são procedimentos adotados para o caso de depósitos de metais básicos e Au. Essa tese de doutorado tem o objetivo de avaliar e definir uma metodologia de modelagem, correlação e análise de dados geofísicos e geoquímicos para controle de teores de metais básicos e Au. Tal metodologia foi aplicada no Prospecto Volta Grande (Lavras do Sul, RS). A região de Lavras do Sul (RS) possui uma série de ocorrências minerais do tipo veios de quartzo com metais básicos e Au, as quais estão relacionadas com o processo de alojamento do Complexo Intrusivo Lavras do Sul. Esse complexo é uma intrusão predominantemente granítica, zonada e multifásica, cujas rochas têm filiação com as séries shoshonítica a alcalina. As ocorrências de veios estão relacionadas a zonas de alteração hidrotermal controladas por fraturas predominantemente WNW-ESE. O Prospecto Volta Grande é constituído por uma série de tais veios alojados tanto no granito intrusivo, quanto nas rochas vulcânicas e vulcanoclásticas da Formação Hilário. A metodologia desenvolvida consiste: 1) da construção de uma base de dados comum para o georreferenciamento 3D dos dados; 2) processamento estatístico e geoestatístico das variáveis de interesse (dados geofísicos e geoquímicos); 3) modelagem 3D das variáveis de interesse para definir a distribuição espacial; e 4) análise da correlação entre as variáveis para definir o controle 3D dos teores de minério por meio de métodos indiretos. Essa metodologia, na medida em que haja a possibilidade de várias fontes de informação e a possibilidade de aplicar algorítmos de lógica matemática, poderá incorporar a integração de dados num espaço 3D A aplicação de tal metodologia no Prospecto Volta Grande (Lavras do Sul, RS) permitiu verificar que os dados geofísicos e geoquímicos se adaptam mais adequadamente a uma distribuição do tipo lognormal. Além disso, a comparação múltipla das médias de resistividade aparente permitiu distinguir um controle litológico sobre os dados geofísicos. Desse modo, foram definidos os procedimentos de análise variográfica e, então, os parâmetros para a modelagem 3D dos corpos condutores em cada área de pesquisa. A adequação do suporte amostral dos dados geofísicos e geoquímicos permitiu a correlação entre essas variáveis. A análise dos diagramas de correlação revelou superposição de pulsos de mineralização com distintas cargas metálicas. A utilização de métodos indiretos para controle de teores em depósitos sulfetados do tipo veios de quartzo com Au + Cu é, portanto, uma possibilidade concreta, garantida a adequada resolução espacial dos levantamentos geofísicos.
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The contamination of the physical environment occurs as a result of the lack of planning and inadequate management of hazardous products. Due to the difficulty of the characterization and study of soil and groundwater, the contamination has been long neglected. The characterization of these areas by research techniques through direct methods such as physical and chemical analysis, are widely used in the diagnosis and monitoring. However, despite presenting quantitative results, this method is not representative in spatial terms. The purpose of this work is to bring geophysical complementation with the diagnosis, bringing the spatial element for the detection of the contamination plume. In the study area, there was a railway accident in 1999 in which three wagons fell and spilled 240,000 L of diesel onto the soil. The main objective is to assess the presence of contaminants in the residual phase and dissolved in the subsurface, using the technique of Electrical Tomography (ETR), understand the effects of natural attenuation process in the degradation of hydrocarbons and changes in electrical properties in soil and groundwater. The results allowed the definition of three distinct patterns of resistivity region with presence of dissolved phase, set in a historical chemical analyzes: low values (> 60Ω.m) associated with the presence of hydrocarbons in an advanced stage of degradation, intermediate values (260Ω.me 511Ω .m) indicative of coexistence of residual hydrocarbons and dissolved phase, and high values (> 1000Ω.m), which reveal the prevalence of residual phase with incipient degradation, possibly in high toxicity concentrations for effective action of biodegradation processes. The diagnostic of areas with potential accumulation of residual phase can subsidize the planning of remediation techniques and promote the complete decontamination of the area
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The mineral sector is of utmost importance for Brazilian economic growth, an area which depends on basic geological research to enlarge known deposits and in process of mining, besides discovering new occurrences and mineral deposits. This set of activities is named mineral research, which planning involves economy concepts, market demands and use of methods and techniques for geological evaluation, direct and indirect. This paper aim at performing geophysical detailing on occurrences of supergenic manganese located in the northwest portion of the State of São Paulo, Itapira, for spatial dimensioning of mineral targets, besides the attempt to correlate among the content on physical parameter measured by geophysics. The lack of scientific publications by Brazilian researchers in this theme, availability of previous studies for the selected targets, commercial importance of the mineral goods for the Brazilian Trade Balance, justify the performance of the present research project
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En este trabajo de investigación se presenta el análisis integral de datos gravimétricos y aeromagnéticos en el área de la Cuenca de La Popa y las estructuras geológicas que la rodean. El análisis fue complementado con un Modelo Digital de Elevaciones (MDE) que, combinado con la revisión de estudios geológicos previos, sirvió para comparar las estructuras en superficie y bloques del basamento en el área de estudio. Se hizo la separación de los bloques tectónicos más importantes, llegando por último al desarrollo de tres modelos geológicos-geofísicos 2D que representan de manera general las características estructurales más importantes del noreste de México.
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En esta tesis doctoral se exponen los fundamentos teóricos necesarios en el diseño de esquemas numéricos de volúmenes finitos para sistemas hiperbólicos no conservativos de una y dos dimensiones. Para el caso unidimensional se repasan los conceptos de esquema camino-conservativo y esquema bien equilibrado, así como la extensión de los esquemas numéricos a alto orden, basados en la reconstrucción de estados. En particular, se presentan los esquemas de tipo PVM (Polynomial Viscosity Matrix), así como diversos esquemas de limitadores de flujo que resultan de la extensión natural del método WAF, utilizando como base algunos esquemas de tipo PVM. Para el caso bidimensional se aborda el diseño de esquemas numéricos camino-conservativos y bien equilibrados de volúmenes finitos para sistemas hiperbólicos no conservativos y su extensión a alto orden, en particular se presenta una reconstrucción de estados de tercer orden compacta y que resulta de la combinación WENO de paraboloides y planos. Se presenta además el desarrollo de métodos numéricos para el sistema de aguas someras bidimensional de una capa. En particular se definen esquemas de primer orden de tipo HLL y FORCE y su extensión a alto orden, un método de limitadores de flujo basado en el esquema HLL-WAF, así como su implementación en arquitecturas de tipo GPU, usando el entorno de programación CUDA. A continuación, se presenta un esquema numérico de orden uno para el sistema de aguas someras de una capa bidimensional en coordenadas esféricas (longitud/latitud), así como la extensión natural del método de limitadores de flujo presentado en el Capítulo 3 a este sistema. Finalmente, se presenta la validación del esquema de limitadores de flujo mediante la simulación de tsunamis reales, y la comparación con datos de campo.
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We review here the chemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, their biological sources and targets; particularly, biomolecules implicated in the redox balance of the human blood, and appraise the analytical methods available for their detection and quantification. Those biomolecules are represented by the enzymatic antioxidant defense machinery, whereas coadjutant reducing protection is provided by several low molecular weight molecules. Biomolecules can be injured by RONS yielding a large repertoire of oxidized products, some of which can be taken as biomarkers of oxidative damage. Their reliable determination is of utmost interest for their potentiality in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of maladies.