Different frequencies of acupuncture for treatment for chronic low back pain: an-assessor blinded pilot randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES:
To examine the feasibility of a main RCT to compare the effectiveness of two frequencies (2 versus 5 times/week) of acupuncture treatment for chronic low back pain (LBP).
METHODS:
Participants (n=30) with chronic LBP were randomised into two groups to receive 10 acupuncture treatments: Low Frequency Group, 2 times/week for five weeks (n=15); High Frequency Group, 5 times/week for two weeks (n=15). The following outcomes were measured blindly at baseline, 2 weeks, 5 weeks, 3 months and 1 year: pain on a VAS, functional disability using the RMDQ, quality of life using the Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP-2), psychological impact with the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) and Pain Locus of Control (PLC) questionnaire. Two objective outcomes, the Shuttle Walk Test (SWT) and Lateral Trunk Flexibility (LTF), were also measured.
RESULTS:
The compliance rate was 100% for each group. Some of the measurements were shown to be sensitive (VAS, RMDQ, MYMOP-2 Wellbeing). 66-330 participants would be required for a fully powered non-inferiority trial. The groups were balanced at baseline for LBP and demographic characteristics. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of any of the outcomes, at each follow-up time point. It was notable however that the clinically important improvement in terms of pain, functional disability, quality of life, and SWT in both groups was achieved within the first two weeks, which was maintained at one year follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS:
It is feasible to conduct a main RCT, to compare different frequencies of acupuncture for LBP, using sensitive measurements. Also the trend for early clinically important improvement within a minimum of four measurements is worthy of further study.

Psychological determinants of consumer acceptance of personalised nutrition in 9 European countries

OBJECTIVE: To develop a model of the psychological factors which predict people's intention to adopt personalised nutrition. Potential determinants of adoption included perceived risk and benefit, perceived self-efficacy, internal locus of control and health commitment.

METHODS: A questionnaire, developed from exploratory study data and the existing theoretical literature, and including validated psychological scales was administered to N=9381 participants from 9 European countries (Germany, Greece, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, and Norway).

RESULTS: Structural equation modelling indicated that the greater participants' perceived benefits to be associated with personalised nutrition, the more positive their attitudes were towards personalised nutrition, and the greater their intention to adopt it. Higher levels of nutrition self-efficacy were related to more positive attitudes towards, and a greater expressed intention to adopt, personalised nutrition. Other constructs positively impacting attitudes towards personalised nutrition included more positive perceptions of the efficacy of regulatory control to protect consumers (e.g. in relation to personal data protection), higher self-reported internal health locus of control, and health commitment. Although higher perceived risk had a negative relationship with attitude and an inverse relationship with perceived benefit, its effects on attitude and intention to adopt personalised nutrition was less influential than perceived benefit. The model was stable across the different European countries, suggesting that psychological factors determining adoption of personalised nutrition have generic applicability across different European countries.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that transparent provision of information about potential benefits, and protection of consumers' personal data is important for adoption, delivery of public health benefits, and commercialisation of personalised nutrition.

Rational Thinking and Belief in Psychic Abilities: It Depends on Level of Involvement

Previous research has shown that lay believers in psychic abilities are more prone to intuitive thinking, less inclined to rational thinking, and have an external locus of control, compared to non-believers. Psychic practitioners, however, may have different characteristics. Psychic practitioners (N=31; mean age = 42.7 years, s.d.=13.1), lay believers (N=33; mean age = 33.0 years, s.d.=10.3), and non-believers (N=31; mean age = 34.4 years, s.d.=15.4) completed questionnaires measuring thinking styles, locus of control, and psychic belief. Comparisons of lay believers with non-believers confirmed previous observations; believers had a higher propensity for intuitive thinking, lower propensity for rational thinking, and more external locus of control. In contrast, practitioners were equivalent to non-believers in rational thinking and had the highest internal locus of control. This highlights the importance of considering level of involvement with psychic practice in understanding the thinking styles of believers. Results suggested that practitioners may have rationalised their beliefs and constructed a coherent model of psychic phenomena that satisfies a propensity for rational thinking within a community of belief.

Root locus of fractional linear systems

In this paper an algorithm for the calculation of the root locus of fractional linear systems is presented. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of present day computational resources and processes directly the characteristic equation, avoiding the limitations revealed by standard methods. The results demonstrate the good performance for different types of expressions.

Citizen Jane : exploring the relationship between gender and cellular phones in societies of control

In this thesis, I argue that the mutually productive relationship between women (as gendered subjects) and cellular phone technology is one of control. Women use cellular phones to organize, manage and otherwise control the multiplicity of tasks required of them on a daily basis. At the same time, through using cell phones, women participate in regimes of control including surveillance and persistent connection. I explore this relationship at the level of everyday practice, and conclude by speculating about this relationship at a wider level of social control and organization. This argument emerges from the critical approach suggested by Slack and Wise (2005), who argue that technology and culture are inseparable. They provide articulations and assemblages as tools of analysis. I situate this analysis more broadly within Foucault's (1991) work on govemmentality, in its modem form of societies of control (Deleuze, 1995b).

Effectiveness of computer training on attentional skills

This paper presents two studies, both examining the efficacy of a computer programme (Captain's Log) in training attentional skills. The population of interest is the traumatically brain injured. Study #1 is a single-case design that offers recommendations for the second, .larger (N=5) inquiry. Study #2 is an eight-week hierarchical treatment programme with a multi-based testing component. Attention, memory, listening comprehension, locus-of-control, self-esteem, visuo-spatial, and general outcome measures are employed within the testing schedule. Results suggest that any improvement was a result of practice effects. With a few single-case exceptions, the participants showed little improvement in the dependent measures.

The association of faculty's teaching philosophy and teaching behaviour, and critical thinking and self- direction in learning

The intent in this study was to investigate in what ways teachers· beliefs about education and teaching are expressed in the specific teaching behaviours they employ, and whether teaching behaviours, as perceived by their students, are correlated with students· critical thinking and self-directed learning. To this end the relationships studied were: among faCUlty members· philosophy of teaching, locus of control orientation, psychological type, and observed teaching behaviour; and among students· psychological type, perceptions of teaching behaviour, self-directed learning readiness, and critical thinking. The overall purpose of the study was to investigate whether the implicit goals of higher education, critical thinking and self-direction, were actually accounted for in the university classroom. The research was set within the context of path-goal theory, adapted from the leadership literature. Within this framework, Mezirow·s work on transformative learning, including the influences of Habermas· writings, was integrated to develop a theoretical perspective upon which to base the research methodology. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were incorporated. Four faCUlty and a total of 142 students participated in the study. Philosophy of teaching was described through faCUlty interviews and completion of a repertory grid. Faculty completed a descriptive locus of control scale, and a psychological type test. Observations of their teaching behaviour were conducted. Students completed a Teaching Behaviour Assessment Scale, the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, a psychological type test, and the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. A small sample of students were interviewed. Follow-up discussions with faculty were used to validate the interview, observation, teaching behaviour, and repertory grid data. Results indicated that some discrepancies existed between faculty's espoused philosophy of teaching and their observed teaching behaviour. Instructors' teaching behaviour, however, was a function of their personal theory of practice. Relationships were found between perceived teaching behaviour and students· self-directed learning and critical thinking, but these varied across situations, as would be predicted from path-goal theory. Psychological type of students and instructor also accounted for some of the variability in the relationships studied. Student psychological type could be shown as a partial predictor of self-directed learning readiness. The results were discussed in terms of theory development and implications for further research and practice.

The evaluation of a predialysis class on client knowledge and attitude toward compliant behaviours

In this quasi-experimental study, the theory of reasoned action was used as a conceptual framework to assess the outcome effect of a predialysis class. A pretest, posttest design was used to determine changes in client knowledge about their condition and its treatment, and their intention, attitudes and social norm towards compliant behaviours. The related compliant behaviours were following a low-salt diet and taking medications as proscribed. Thirty-eight End Stage Renal Diseases (ESRD) clients were self-selected into the treatment or control groups. Both groups received the standard predialysis education from members of the multidisciplinary renal team. In addition, the treatment group also attended the predialysis class. Subjects' health locus of control, anxiety and demographic variables were measured as possible extraneous variables. Study subjects from both groups demonstrated a high internal and powerful others health locus of control and a normal range of anxiety. Although not statistically significant ill = .64), the experimental group demonstrated higher knowledge level and greater intention to follow a low salt diet UL= .73). They developed more significantly positive attitudes towards following a low salt diet and increased subjective norm influence after attending the predialysis class. Attending the predialysis class did not have an effect on subjects' intentions, attitudes or subjective norm towards taking medications as prescribed. Conclusion: The predialysis class was only marginally effective in increasing client knowledge, but influenced clients' attitudes towards following a low-salt diet. Based on the results, recommendations for improvements to the class have been suggested.

A proteome-wide strategy reveals a novel mechanism of control of cell cycle progression through modulation of cyclin mRNA stability

La quantité de données générée dans le cadre d'étude à grande échelle du réseau d'interaction protéine-protéine dépasse notre capacité à les analyser et à comprendre leur sens; d'une part, par leur complexité et leur volume, et d'un autre part, par la qualité du jeu de donnée produit qui semble bondé de faux positifs et de faux négatifs. Cette dissertation décrit une nouvelle méthode de criblage des interactions physique entre protéines à haut débit chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae, la complémentation de fragments protéiques (PCA). Cette approche est accomplie dans des cellules intactes dans les conditions natives des protéines; sous leur promoteur endogène et dans le respect des contextes de modifications post-traductionnelles et de localisations subcellulaires. Une application biologique de cette méthode a permis de démontrer la capacité de ce système rapporteur à répondre aux questions d'adaptation cellulaire à des stress, comme la famine en nutriments et un traitement à une drogue. Dans le premier chapitre de cette dissertation, nous avons présenté un criblage des paires d'interactions entre les protéines résultant des quelques 6000 cadres de lecture de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nous avons identifié 2770 interactions entre 1124 protéines. Nous avons estimé la qualité de notre criblage en le comparant à d'autres banques d'interaction. Nous avons réalisé que la majorité de nos interactions sont nouvelles, alors que le chevauchement avec les données des autres méthodes est large. Nous avons pris cette opportunité pour caractériser les facteurs déterminants dans la détection d'une interaction par PCA. Nous avons remarqué que notre approche est sous une contrainte stérique provenant de la nécessité des fragments rapporteurs à pouvoir se rejoindre dans l'espace cellulaire afin de récupérer l'activité observable de la sonde d'interaction. L'intégration de nos résultats aux connaissances des dynamiques de régulations génétiques et des modifications protéiques nous dirigera vers une meilleure compréhension des processus cellulaires complexes orchestrés aux niveaux moléculaires et structuraux dans les cellules vivantes. Nous avons appliqué notre méthode aux réarrangements dynamiques opérant durant l'adaptation de la cellule à des stress, comme la famine en nutriments et le traitement à une drogue. Cette investigation fait le détail de notre second chapitre. Nous avons déterminé de cette manière que l'équilibre entre les formes phosphorylées et déphosphorylées de l'arginine méthyltransférase de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hmt1, régulait du même coup sont assemblage en hexamère et son activité enzymatique. L'activité d'Hmt1 a directement un impact dans la progression du cycle cellulaire durant un stress, stabilisant les transcrits de CLB2 et permettant la synthèse de Cln3p. Nous avons utilisé notre criblage afin de déterminer les régulateurs de la phosphorylation d'Hmt1 dans un contexte de traitement à la rapamycin, un inhibiteur de la kinase cible de la rapamycin (TOR). Nous avons identifié la sous-unité catalytique de la phosphatase PP2a, Pph22, activé par l'inhibition de la kinase TOR et la kinase Dbf2, activé durant l'entrée en mitose de la cellule, comme la phosphatase et la kinase responsable de la modification d'Hmt1 et de ses fonctions de régulations dans le cycle cellulaire. Cette approche peut être généralisée afin d'identifier et de lier mécanistiquement les gènes, incluant ceux n'ayant aucune fonction connue, à tout processus cellulaire, comme les mécanismes régulant l'ARNm.

Locus de contrôle et productivité chez un groupe de militaires alcooliques

Cette étude a pour but d'examiner l'évolution du locus de contrôle en fonction du traitement ainsi que la relation de cette variable avec la productivité chez un groupe de militaires alcooliques. Trente-six militaires anglophones de sexe masculin ont rempli l'échelle de locus de contrôle I-E de Rotter (1966) et le questionnaire de propension à l'alcoolisme MAST-10 de Selzer (1971) dans les 48 heures suivant le début et précédant la fin du traitement de même que trois mois après la fin de la clinique. Les superviseurs ont évalué la productivité au travail des sujets durant les trois mois précédant le traitement et pendant les trois mois suivant la fin de la clinique par le biais d'une échelle de type Likert. Les résultats indiquent que les sujets sont plus internes et productifs à la suite du traitement, et ce, indépendamment du score au MAST-10. Par ailleurs, une corrélation non significative a été obtenue entre les scores à l'échelle I-E et la productivité. Ces résultats sont discutés à la lumière des recherches antérieures traitant du changement dans le locus de contrôle chez des alcooliques réadaptés.

DNA polymorphism in Cab locus of tomato induced by tissue culture

Plants were regenerated from callus induced from leaf disc explants of a tomato F, hybrid heterozygous for three marker loci (a), without anthocyanin (aw), and hairless (hl). Regenerants were studied for somaclonal variation at the phenotypic level by scoring for variation in the marker loci, and at the DNA level by probing geomic DNA blots with a chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Cab-3C) cDNA sequence. While no variation was observed at the phenotypic level in over 950 somaclones studied, DNA polymorphism for the Cab locus could be detected in two out of 17 somaclones tested. Tissue culture induced variation at the phenotypic level for specific loci is very low (less than 0.001 for a, awor hl) but DNA sequence changes are induced at much greater frequency (- 0.1 for a multicopy gene family such as Cab).

Intelligent Use of Emotions in Personal Selling: A Study into the Effect of Emotional Intelligence on the Performance of Sales Executives

School of Management Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Values and their influence on the life satisfaction of adolescents aged 12 to 16: a study of some correlates

In this research we explore several aspects of quality of life in young people, working with factors such as self-esteem, locus of control, perceived social support, values, and so on. We examine the correlations among factors that influence the values and life satisfaction of adolescents aged 12-16. Furthermore, we analyze the data obtained from the children, on the one hand, and their parents, on the other, we explore the relationships between the factors and we consider the agreements and discrepancies between the responses of parents and their offspring

Psicología y pobreza. Papel del locus de control, la autoeficacia y la indefensión aprendida

El estudio psicológico de la pobreza ha tenido un crecimiento vertiginoso en los últimos diez años. Se han realizado investigaciones y publicado libros y artículos científicos en diversas áreas de la psicología. Los hallazgos más recientes han sugerido que existe una relación directa entre vivir en pobreza y el desarrollo o presencia de ciertas características psicológicas, entre ellas diferencias individuales (rasgos de personalidad, propensión a enfermedades mentales, diferencias en inteligencia y habilidades específicas), e igualmente diferencias en el desarrollo del lenguaje, en la adquisición de nuevos conceptos y en la motivación, entre otras variables. Dentro de las más importantes para la movilidad social se han encontrado el locus de control, la autoeficacia, el no tener depresión y ser parte de unas redes de apoyo positivas. En el presente trabajo se hizo una revisión de los aportes de la psicología al entendimiento de la pobreza. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo acerca de la autoeficacia, el locus de control y la indefensión aprendida, se planteó la hipotesis de que existe un gran nivel de desesperanza en personas de nivel socioeconómico (NSE) bajo. Los participantes en esta investigación fueron treinta personas de NSE 1 y 2, de acuerdo con el Sisben (sistema de clasificación de Colombia), en localidades de Bogotá (Bosa, San Cristóbal y Suba) y en los municipios cercanos de Anolaima y La Mesa (Cundinamarca). Se aplicaron dos escalas: autoeficacia general (de Baessler y Schwarzer) y locus de control (de Rotter); se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los participantes en sus contextos de vivienda, previo contacto con líderes comunitarios de la zona y establecimiento de confianza con la familia. Los resultados muestran consistencia con las investigaciones en otros contextos, en cuanto a locus de control y autoeficacia. Además, se encontró un nivel alto de desesperanza en sus verbalizaciones. Se establecieron otras categorías importantes como la dinámica familiar, la percepción del tiempo y la planeación que son discutidas a la luz de la literatura científica y las estrategias y políticas actuales de superación de la pobreza en el mundo. Así mismo, se encontraron como factores importantes las creencias religiosas y la percepción de la política y la democracia. Se discuten los resultados a la luz de las estrategias de superación de la pobreza en el mundo y el aporte de la psicología para la comprensión y modificación de las actitudes, conductas y cogniciones asociadas con la pobreza.

Relación entre entrenamiento en habilidades sociales, locus de control y rendimiento académico.

Se pretende comprobar si el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales afecta al locus de control. Si se disminuye el malestar y se incrementa la probabilidad de respuesta (asertividad) con el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales. Si el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales. Si el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales repercute positivamente en las calificaciones académicas. 48 alumnos de segundo de BUP, con una media de edad de 16,2 años. Variable independiente: a nivel molar la variable independiente fue el programa complejo de entrenamiento en habilidades sociales con dos niveles, uno experimental, de entrenamiento y otro de control, sin entrenamiento. Las técnicas que se incluyen en el entrenamiento fueron: a) instrucciones, modelado, ensayo comportamental, feedback informativo y reforzamiento, así como tareas para casa; b) variables criteriales, locus de control, con tres grupos, locus interno, grupo intermedio y locus externo. c) variables dependientes: calificaciones escolares de las asignaturas de Matemáticas y Lengua, obtenidas durante el curso. Puntuaciones obtenidas en el inventario de aserción de Gambril. Mide el grado de malestar y la probabilidad de realizar cierta conducta. Puntuaciones obtenidas en el locus de control. d) variables controladas: edad, nivel escolar, locus de control, control de doble ciego, efecto de los instructores. Cuestionario de locus de control. Inventario de aserción. Fichas y autorregistros de habilidad social. Aparatos y material audiovisual. Nuestro entrenamiento en habilidades sociales modifica el locus de control en la dirección esperada, es decir, las personas ganan en internalidad y pierden en externalidad. Este efecto, no obstante, está modulado por el mismo locus: es más pronunciado en las personas externas que en las medias e internas. Nuestro entrenamiento en habilidades sociales incrementa la asertividad, de manera significativa. Este entrenamiento disminuye la ansiedad (malestar en la respuesta), en concordancia con lo postulado y encontrado por los distintos autores e investigaciones. Nuestro entrenamiento en habilidades sociales no modifica el rendimiento académico, ni para la calificación en Lengua, ni para la calificación en Matemáticas, en contradicción con nuestras expectativas apoyadas en la literatura experimental sobre el tema. Este resultado no se debe atribuir a que nuestro entrenamiento sea inocuo a este respecto; a nuestro juicio, la causa de este resultado se encuentra en la forma en que hemos medido el rendimiento académico: a través de calificaciones e inmediatamente despues del entrenamiento en habilidades sociales. Se sugiere la importancia de estudiar las bases de los cambios que genera en entrenamiento las habilidades sociales. Para ello, se debería tener en cuenta factores como la autoestima, la ansiedad, el locus de control, la inteligencia social y el ajuste personal, entre otros. Se propone el estudio de la relación entre todos los factores mencionados y sus interacciones.