O uso do software de edição áudio Audacity 2.0.5: aprendizagens decorrentes da sua utilização

Contém CD com áudio como anexo

Ensino de Português como Língua Estrangeira a Alunos Adultos: Prática Pedagógica, Manuais e o Papel do Professor

A língua, nas suas diversas vertentes, tem vindo a ser, desde tempos remotos, alvo de investigação, dada a sua importância como meio de comunicação e de transmissão de pensamento. Nas categorias atribuídas por Cook (2010), a língua tem também uma função social, útil à necessária convivência em comunidade. Esta obrigatória convivência entre povos não é um dado do presente, as constantes invasões, de que nos falam os relatos históricos, permitem-nos constatar a importância da língua nas imposições de poder que uns países exerciam sobre outros. O poder económico é, nos dias de hoje, ditado pela comunicação e informação, resultantes do necessário contacto entre diferentes países. Falar de modernidade implica falar em contágio de culturas, imperativo para a relação dos sujeitos com o meio envolvente. Conceitos como interculturalidade, multilinguismo e multiculturalidade ganham espaço e tornam-se fundamentais para a integração desses indivíduos. O convívio entre pessoas oriundas de diversas partes do mundo é responsável pelo aparecimento de novas necessidades de aprendizagem, muito vocacionadas para o conhecimento de línguas, considerado como um bem essencial. O interesse pelo outro e pela sua língua é extensível ao interesse pela sua cultura. Integrado num universo cada vez maior de aprendentes de português como LE, o presente estudo centra-se num público-alvo muito específico, alunos adultos residentes em Portugal que se encontram a trabalhar em empresas multinacionais, fruto da constante mobilidade a que assistimos atualmente. Sendo esta uma realidade com especificidades que não encontram eco nos estudos empíricos, especialmente dedicados à investigação de estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem de PLE, o trabalho apresentado pretende focar alguns aspetos que possam concorrer para o desenvolvimento teórico em torno desta matéria. Num contexto empresarial, é o professor que se desloca ao local de trabalho dos alunos, onde os mesmos pretendem aprender uma língua estrangeira. A adaptação a estes contextos tem início na observação feita aos alunos, às suas necessidades e características e culmina no contexto físico onde o ensinante exerce a sua atividade. Muitos são os fatores que convergem para o sucesso ou insucesso destas aulas, nas quais o professor tem um papel fundamental. São inúmeras as dúvidas levantadas por si sobre os métodos a utilizar e os materiais a preparar, no sentido de poder melhorar, a cada dia, as suas abordagens pedagógicas e contribuir para o aumento de falantes ativos de português. Não pretendendo assumir-se como uma forma de responder a todas essas questões, o presente estudo debruça-se, essencialmente, sobre o papel do professor em contextos designados como empresariais, aludindo a algumas estratégias a adotar em aula e ao tipo de materiais pedagógicos de que o ensinante se deverá munir, cuja análise é suportada nos resultados obtidos com a aplicação prática de exercícios a alunos adultos, numa ótica de ensino individualizado. Tendo em conta o contexto de aula mencionado, começa-se por fazer uma abordagem teórica à realidade atual marcada pela globalização, seguindo-se a referência a algumas estratégias de aprendizagem em língua estrangeira e à aceção de L1, L2 e LE defendidas por diferentes estudiosos.

The World Health Organization Multi-Professional Patient Safety Curriculum : implementation of key modules and its impact on patient safety knowledge, skills, and attitudes of medical students at the University of Algarve

ABSTRACT - Objectives: We attempted to show how the implementation of the key elements of the World Health Organization Patient Safety Curriculum Guide Multi-professional Edition in an undergraduate curriculum affected the knowledge, skills, and attitudes towards patient safety in a graduate entry Portuguese Medical School. Methods: After receiving formal recognition by the WHO as a Complementary Test Site and approval of the organizational ethics committee , the validated pre-course questionnaires measuring the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to patient safety were administered to the 2nd and3rd year students pursuing a four-year course (N = 46). The key modules of the curriculum were implemented over the academic year by employing a variety of learning strategies including expert lecturers, small group problem-based teaching sessions, and Simulation Laboratory sessions. The identical questionnaires were then administered and the impact was measured. The Curriculum Guide was evaluated as a health education tool in this context. Results: A significant number of the respondents, 47 % (n = 22), reported having received some form of prior patient safety training. The effect on Patient Safety Knowledge was assessed by using the percentage of correct pre- and post-course answers to construct 2 × 2 contingency tables and by applying Fishers’ test (two-tailed). No significant differences were detected (p < 0.05). To assess the effect of the intervention on Patient Safety skills and attitudes, the mean and standard deviation were calculated for the pre and post-course responses, and independent samples were subjected to Mann-Whitney’s test. The attitudinal survey indicated a very high baseline incidence of desirable attitudes and skills toward patient safety. Significant changes were detected (p < 0.05) regarding what should happen if an error is made (p = 0.016), the role of healthcare organizations in error reporting (p = 0.006), and the extent of medical error (p = 0.005). Conclusions: The implementation of selected modules of the WHO Patient Safety Curriculum was associated with a number of positive changes regarding patient safety skills and attitudes, with a baseline incidence of highly desirable patient safety attitudes, but no measureable change on the patient safety knowledge, at the University of Algarve Medical School. The significance of these results is discussed along with implications and suggestions for future research.

Honours students: good marks and what else?

Currently in Portugal academic excellence in higher education is given recognition through merit prizes. Because honours students can be seen as having the potential to achieve imporant levels of professional expertise, especially if they have some personal skills, it is important to know not only the marks of the students but also the personal characteristics that contribute to academic success and which may also be important for career success. Some theoretical models of giftedness and excellence agree with this idea and this work considers the latest contribution of Renzulli (2005) where it is pointed out that excellent achievements result from the combination of motivational, intellectual and creative factors as well as from co-cognitive factors which are most associated with personality functioning in a particular context. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze how honours students differ from their classmates in various psychological dimensions: Cognition-creativity, Motivation and Learning Strategies, Persistence, Social Interaction, Drive for Excellence and Cultural Interest. These dimensions were measured by the Inventory of Psychological Characteristics Associated with Academic Performance (ICPADA), which was constructed taking into consideration the previous study of Scaeger et al. (2012). The sample included 914 Portuguese higher educatoin students from a first cycle degree in the Bologna process. Participants were selected from three different fields of study: Social and Human Sciences; Science and Technology; Arts and Humanities. The data collected through the administration of the ICPADA was presented, and the results revealed a higher self-perception by honours students in all areas analyzed, with the exception of the dimension of social interaction. In addition an interaction effect was revealed for persistence, social interaction, and cultural interest. The field of study and whether the participants were honours students or not were also taken into account. Some implications for future studies are presented here along with possible interventions for honours students.

O trabalho colaborativo na aprendizagem de uma utilização segura da Internet

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ensino de Informática

Potenciar a competência comunicativa e sociocultural através de documentos audiovisuais na aula de espanhol língua estrangeira

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ensino de Português no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e Ensino Secundário e de Espanhol nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário

Clínica jurídica ambiental

La “Clínica Jurídica Ambiental” constitueix una experiència d’innovació docent desenvolupada en el marc del Màster Oficial en Dret Ambiental i de la Llicenciatura en Dret de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili des del curs 2005-2006. El mètode clínic, que parteix dels principis de la contextualització de l’aprenentatge en escenaris reals, el model de learning by doing i la redefinició dels rols de l’alumne i del professor en el procés d’ensenyament-aprenentatge, és una estratègia que permet a l’alumne una formació integral orientada a la capacitació professional, d’acord amb el canvi de paradigma educatiu que suposa la creació de l’EEES. Es pretén així assolir una millor qualitat dels titulats a partir d’una formació en competències genèriques i específiques assolibles només amb estratègies d’aprenentatge actiu que facilitin l’autonomia i la responsabilització en la construcció del propi aprenentatge. Paral·lelament, la metodologia obliga a establir mecanismes de coordinació entre el professorat de diverses àrees de coneixement jurídiques. Els alumnes treballen en petits grups, durant el curs acadèmic, sobre un cas real subministrat per un client extern (administracions públiques, fiscalia, ONG,s). Els alumnes tenen un tutor intern, professor, i un tutor extern, que pertany a la institució que ha subministrat el cas. El tutor intern avalua de manera contínua i individual el procés d’aprenentatge de l’alumne (60% de la qualificació final); l'extern avalua el resultat final (40 % de la qualificació final), que s’ha de presentar com a treball de grup quan finalitza el curs acadèmic. El finançament atorgat per l’AGAUR, en el marc de la convocatòria MQD 2006, ha permès introduir millores significatives en aquest projecte: la introducció de la figura dels practitioners (advocats en exercici) en l’equip docent; l’organització d’un Seminari Internacional sobre Clinical Legal Education, i la realització de sessions plenàries formatives pels professors i els alumnes de la Clínica.

Aproximació al canvi conceptual dels docents respecte a l'ensenyament estratègic de la lectura, a partir d'un curs de formació : una experiència al Cicle mitjà d'Educació Primària

Aquest projecte s'emmarca dins de l'àmbit de l'assessorament psicopedagògic, concretament, en la formació del professorat per a l'ensenyament d'estratègies d'aprenentatge. El tema d'estratègies d'ensenyament/aprenentatge és massa ampli per a poder tractar-lo en un projecte com aquest, amb una limitació temporal que exigeix concretar l'actuació en els punts següents: fer una selecció prèvia d'un determinat conjunt de procediments d'aprenentatge vinculats amb la lectura, situar-lo dins d'un context escolar concret de manera que la formació vagi dirigida als docents del cicle mitjà d'educació primària d'un CEIP del Masnou i centrar l'experiència en dos d'aquests docents.

Adaptive search and information updating in sequential mate choice

Classical treatments of problems of sequential mate choice assume that the distribution of the quality of potential mates is known a priori. This assumption, made for analytical purposes, may seem unrealistic, opposing empirical data as well as evolutionary arguments. Using stochastic dynamic programming, we develop a model that includes the possibility for searching individuals to learn about the distribution and in particular to update mean and variance during the search. In a constant environment, a priori knowledge of the parameter values brings strong benefits in both time needed to make a decision and average value of mate obtained. Knowing the variance yields more benefits than knowing the mean, and benefits increase with variance. However, the costs of learning become progressively lower as more time is available for choice. When parameter values differ between demes and/or searching periods, a strategy relying on fixed a priori information might lead to erroneous decisions, which confers advantages on the learning strategy. However, time for choice plays an important role as well: if a decision must be made rapidly, a fixed strategy may do better even when the fixed image does not coincide with the local parameter values. These results help in delineating the ecological-behavior context in which learning strategies may spread.

Diagnosi de necessitats socials i educatives de l'aula multilingüe: aproximació des del cas de matemàtiques

El nostre objectiu principal ha estat estudiar el desenvolupament de competències discursives de l’alumnat (d’origen) estranger que contribueixin a entendre i atendre les seves necessitats socials i educatives a l’aula (de matemàtiques) multilingüe. Amb aquesta intenció, hem dut a terme accions científiques a dos nivells: amb professorat i amb estudiants. Quant a la caracterització de la complexitat normativa de l’aula de matemàtiques multilingüe, tal com estava previst: 1) hem exemplificat diverses normes socials i lingüístiques existents en el desenvolupament de pràctiques matemàtiques a l’aula; i 2) hem particularitzat el fenomen de la diversitat de normes socials i lingüístiques en casos de sessions de classe de secundària. Quant a la documentació d'indicadors de progrés en la comprensió de normes socials i lingüístiques de l’aula, i en el desenvolupament de competències discursives d’adequació a aquestes normes, tal com estava previst: 1) hem caracteritzat estratègies d’ensenyament i aprenentatge de normes socials i lingüístiques en situacions d’interacció social en petit i gran grup; i 2) hem construït criteris de seguiment del grau de desenvolupament de competències discursives d’adequació a les normes, tant pel que a professorat com alumnat. Finalment, quant a l'anàlisi de la contribució de les competències discursives a la construcció d’identitats socials, lingüístiques i matemàtiques compartides: 1) hem estudiat els usos que l’estudiant (d’origen) estranger fa de normes escolars vinculades a pràctiques socials, lingüístiques i matemàtiques; i 2) hem examinat la construcció de significats socials, lingüístics i matemàtics compartits en un ampli ventall de processos d’adequació a normes de l’aula orquestrades pel professorat de la nostra mostra.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

Aplicació d'estratègies didàctiques de comprensió lectora en textos electrònics narratius

La comprensió lectora ha estat molt estudiada durant el segle XX però sempre sobre el suport paper. Amb la creació i desenvolupament del format digital i les Tecnologies de la Informació i la Comunicació (TIC) a finals d"aquest mateix segle, ha aparegut la lectura (i escriptura) electrònica: la lectura en pantalles i altres suports digitals (Rodriguez Illera, 2003, p. 1). Al principi, aquesta era una lectura ergonòmicament «feixuga» ja que els monitors dels ordinadors tenien una resolució molt dolenta, provocant el cansament de la vista (Hill, 2001). Avui, entrats al segle XXI, els dispositius visuals han millorat molt i permeten una lectura més relaxada. La pràctica de la lectura en pantalla és més estesa per aquest motiu, però també perquè els dispositius electrònics ja són més assequibles per l"economia de les classes mitjanes en els anomenats països desenvolupats. Per tant, ens trobem amb un augment d"usuaris i davant d"uns dispositius que milloren any rere any. A més, com afirma Reinking (1998, p. XI), existeix una tendència inevitable cap a un món post-tipogràfic on els textos impresos ja no seran els dominants. Això no vol dir que els textos electrònics substitueixin completament els textos impresos, però cada vegada el format digital anirà guanyant terreny a l"analògic.

Estrategias para afrontar el envejecimiento y diferencias asociadas a la edad: una aproximación a través del análisis de contenido.

El objeto del presente estudio es examinar la naturaleza de las estrategias que las personas consideran a la hora de afrontar el envejecimiento, adenzás de comprobar la presencia de posibles efectos asociados a la edad en la preferencia por unas o por otras. Se entrevistaron 48 personas (16 jóvenes, 16 de mediana edad y 16 mayores) y se aplic6 un análisis de contenido a las respuestas obtenidas. Los resultados indican que existe una gran variedad de estrategias, algunas orientadas a la acción externa, otras al cambio cognitivo y que, en general, las personas consideran simultáneamente tanto unas como otras. En ciranto a las diferencias en función de la edad. las Dersonas mavores tienden a mencionar más estritegias internas que 10s jóvenes, aunque esta tendencia nofue estadísticanzente si~nificativaE. n concreto. 10s ióvenes mencionan esvecialmente la actividaYd como modo de afrontar eienvejecimiento, mienbus que 10s mavores aluden ma's frecuentemente a la tranauilidad.

L'aprenentatge de llengües mitjançant tasques pedagògiques

L'objectiu d'aquest article és, d¿una banda, presentar els arguments que han estat exposats per demostrar que l'ús de tasques pedagògiques pot promoure l'aprenentatge i l'adquisició de llengües i, d'altra banda, revisar com, des del camp de l'adquisició de llengües, s'han utilitzat les tasques pedagògiques com a objecte d'estudi. A l'article, en primer lloc, es defineix el concepte de tasca, tot distingint entre tasques reals i tasques pedagògiques. A continuació, es presenten alguns dels arguments que s'esgrimeixen per considerar les tasques com a eines facilitadores de l'aprenentatge. Finalment, s'hi apunten dues línies de recerca: una d'interactiva i una de cognitiva, que, en l'actualitat, intenten aportar proves sobre com determinats dissenys de tasques pedagògiques poden facilitar l'aprenentatge de llengües.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.