Pickled products from green mussel

Methods of preparing different types of delicious ready to serve pickled products from green mussel (Perna viridis) and a comparative study of their storage characteristics are reported. Of the three types of products, namely, dried and pickled, fried and pickled and light smoked and pickled, the last one had the best shelf life. The optimum conditions of drying and smoking for preparing such type of pickles are also reported.

Mercury toxicity in two intertidal tropical marine molluscs

Lethal and sub-lethal effects of mercury have been studied in Perna viridis and Modiolus carvalhoi. For P. viridis LC30 is 1.0 p.p.m. at 48 h and 0.23 p.p.m. at 96 h. Recorded LC50 values for M. carvalhoi are 0.5 p.p.m. and 0.19 p.p.m. at 48 h and 96 h respectively. The results document that these two species, although inhabiting the same area in the tidal belt, exhibit clear differences in mercury resistance. It is further shown that the duration of exposure affects mortality rates. In sub-lethal concentration, between 0.01 and 0.10 p.p.m. decrease in pedal-gland activity is conspicuous in P. viridis. At concentrations much below LC50 values (at 96 h), although some animals are alive, pedal-gland activity is totally suspended, supporting the assumption that shell closure ability plays a minor role in byssus thread production. In M. carvalhoi total cessation of pedal gland activity occurred at 0.09 p.p.m. of mercury.

Acute toxicity of cadmium to six intertidal invertebrates

Following a static bioassay techniques the acute toxicity of cadmium to six species of intertidal invertebrates was determined. The sensitivity of the animals to cadmium was of the following order: Emerita sp. (burrowing crustacean) Donax spiculum (burrowing bivalve) Perna viridis (sedentary bivalve) Sabellaria clandestinus (tube-dwelling polychaete) Modiolus carvalhoi and Modiolus sp. (sedentary bivalves). The above observation was based on the median lethal concentrations recorded for the different species, Emerita sp. 1.35 p.p.m., Donax spiculum 1.8 p.p.m., Perna viridis 2.5 p.p.m., Sabellaria clandestinus 2.8 p.p.m., Modiolus carvalhoi 5.6 p.p.m. and Modiolus sp. 9.6 p.p.m. The findings throw insight into the toxicity of cadmium to the common intertidal animals which are either suspension or detritus feeders.

Preliminary studies on the holding of live mussels after harvest

Green mussel (Perna viridis) were harvested to study the applicability of chilling to keep the mussels alive for a longer period of time and to review existing methods of packaging and transport. Data obtained from preliminary studies indicated the effectiveness of keeping mussels alive as long as 4 days with minimal mortality rates.

Identification of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) genes from Microcystis (Cyanobacteria : Chroococcales) and theoretical analyses of the potential of cyanobacterial TIM as a target for designing specific inhibitors

The genes encoding triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) in three species of Microcystis (M. aeruginosa, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii) were investigated. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction indicated that they were transcribed in the cells. Analyses showed that their DNA and deduced amino acid sequences were highly conserved between all the three species, only a single nonsynonymous substitution was seen at position 31, from an Asp in M. aeruginosa and M. viridis to Glu in M. wesenbergii. Sequence alignment of these with 12 other known cyanobacterial TIM sequences showed that all the cyanobacterial TIMs had a very high level of amino acid identity (over 50% between each two). Comparison of the cyanobacterial TIMs with other reported TIMs (from diverse lineages of the three Domains) showed that they possessed common active-site residues and sequence motifs. All cyanobacterial TIMs have two common cysteine residues (Cys127 and Cys176), and the Cys176 is almost cyanobacteria-specific with only one exception in Streptomyces coelicolor. Both secondary structure alignment and comparative modelling of Synechocystis sp. TIM showed that Cys176 was located at the hinge region of the flexible loop-6 and might therefore be critical to the movement of TIM's loop-6, which is important to the function of the enzyme. Thus, the cyanobacterial TIM-specific Cys176 may be a potential site for the discovery of suitable drugs against cyanobacteria, and such drugs may have utility in controlling water blooms due to cyanobacteria.

Phylogeny of east Asian bufonids inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences (Anura : Amphibia)

We investigated the relationships of Asian bufonids using partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA genes. Twenty-six samples representing 14 species of Bufo from China and Vietnam and 2 species of Torrentophryne from China were examined. Three samples of Bufo viridis from Armenia and Georgia were also sequenced to make a comparison to its sibling tetraploid species B. danatensis. Bufo americanus, from Canada, was used as the outgroup. Sequences from the 12S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA, cytochrome b, and the control region were analyzed using parsimony. East Asian bufonids were grouped into two major clades. One clade included B. andrewsi, B. bankorensis, B. gargarizans, B. tibetanus, B. tuberculatus, its sister clade B. cryptotympanicus, and the 2 species of Torrentophryne. The second clade consisted of B. galeatus, B. himalayanus, B. melanostictus, and a new species from Vietnam. The placement of three taxa (B. raddei B. viridis, and its sister species, B. danatensis) was problematic. The genus Torrentophryne should be synonymized with Bufo to remove paraphyly. Because B. raddei does not belong to the clade that includes B. viridis and B. danatensis, it was removed from the viridis species group. The species status of B bankorensis from Taiwan is evaluated. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

中国淡水微囊藻属常见种类的分类学讨论——以滇池为例

根据中国云南滇池藻类样品的观察结果,对中国分布的淡水微囊藻属Microcystis10个常见种的形态特征进行了描述,同时对它们的分类学进行了讨论,并整理出分类检索表。这10种微囊藻是铜绿微囊藻M.aeruginosa、放射微囊藻M.botrys、坚实微囊藻M.firma、水华微囊藻M.flos-aquae、鱼害微囊藻M.ichthyoblabe、挪氏微囊藻M.novacekii、假丝微囊藻M.pseudofilamentosa、史密斯微囊藻M.smithii、绿色微囊藻M.viridis、惠氏微囊藻M.w

微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性在不同环境因素下的调节与适应

测定了3种微囊藻水华中的优势种类,即铜锈微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosaK櫣tz .) ,绿色微囊藻(Microcystis viridis(A. Br .)Lemm) ,惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii(Kom.)Kom.) ,以及微囊藻573(Microcystissp.573)的碳酸酐酶活性;研究了无机碳、pH、温度、光强、N/P比等环境因素和外源葡萄糖对铜锈微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性的影响,发现微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性受环境中碳酸氢根浓度的调节,故推断碳酸氢根是铜锈

七株微囊藻系统进化关系的RAPD-PCR分析(英文)

应用RAPD－PCR的方法，选用24个随机引物，分析来自不同地区的7株微囊藻的基因组多态性．结果显示，Microcystis．viridis及M.wesenbergii明显与M．aeruginosa区分开．M．aeruginosa分为两个可视为不同种的异源分类单位．作为对照的Anabaenasp．7120与其他微囊藻株表现出完全不同的基因型及更远的遗传距离．此项研究表明，以基因型而不是表现型为基础，分析蓝藻种内及种间区别是可能的．因此，为解决蓝藻分类问题，特别是在种和属的水平上，提供了重要的线索．结合正在

七株微囊藻系统进化关系的RAPD-PCR分析

应用RAPD-PCR的方法,选用24个随机引物,分析来自不同地区的7株微囊藻的基因组多态性。结果显示,Microcystis.viridis及M.wesenbergii明显与M.aeruginosa区分开。M.aeruginosa分为两个可视为不同种的异源分类单位。作为对照的Anabaena sp.7120与其他微囊藻株表现出完全不同的基因型及更远的遗传距离。 此项研究表明,以基因型而不是表现型为基础,分析蓝藻种内及种间区别是可能的。因此,为解决蓝藻分类问题,特别是在种和属的水平上,提供了重要的线索。结合

中国新记录蓝藻——绿色微囊藻及其毒性的初步研究

<正> 蓝藻植物中的微囊藻属(Microcystis),是存在于湖泊、池塘、水库等环境中普生性藻类,其中一些种类能产生毒素。到目前为止,对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)及其它的毒性研究国内外都进行了大量的工作;但对绿色微囊藻(Microcystis viridis)的形态描述、生态特性及

Non-microcystin producing Microcystis wesenbergii (Komarek) Komarek (Cyanobacteria) representing a main waterbloom-forming species in Chinese waters

It is well known that several morphospecies of Microcystis, such as Microcystis aeruginosa (Kutzing) Lemmermann and Microcystis viridis (A. Brown) Lemmermann can produce hepatotoxic microcystins. However, previous studies gave contradictory conclusions about microcystin production of Microcystis wesenbergii (Komarek) Komarek. In the present study, ten Microcystis morphospecies were identified in waterblooms of seven Chinese waterbodies, and Microcystis wesenbergii was shown as the dominant species in these waters. More than 250 single colonies of M. wesenbergii were chosen, under morphological identification, to examine whether M. wesenbergii produce hepatotoxic microcystin by using multiplex PCR for molecular detection of a region (mcyA) of microcystin synthesis genes, and chemical analyses of microcystin content by ELISA and HPLC for 21 isolated strains of M. wesenbergii from these waters were also performed. Both molecular and chemical methods demonstrated that M. wesenbergii from Chinese waters did not produce microcystin. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Taxonomic notes on water bloom forming Microcystis species (Cyanophyta) from China - An example from samples of the Dianchi Lake

Ten common species of Microcystis, based on the examination of water samples from the Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China, were morphologically described, and their taxonomy was also discussed. They are Microcystis aeruginosa, M botrys, M firma, M flos-aquae, M ichthyoblabe, M novacekii, M pseudofilamentosa, M smithii, M viridis and M wesenbergii. Taxonomic status of other Microcystis species reported in China was also evaluated.

Lysis of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacterium) by a bacterium Bacillus cereus

A phytoplankton-lytic (PL) bacterium, Bacillus cereus, capable of lysing the bloom-forming cyanobacterium. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was isolated from Lake Dianchi of Yunnan province, China. This bacterium showed lytic activities against a wide range of cyanobacteria/algae, including A. flos-aquae, Microcystis viridis, Microcystis wesenbergi, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Oscillatoria tenuis, Nostoc punctiforme, Anabaena flos-aquae, Spirulina maxima, and Selenastrum capricornutum. Chlorophyll a contents, phycocyanin contents, and photosynthetic activities of the A. flos-aquae decreased evidently in an infected culture for a period. Bacterium B. cereus attacked rapidly A. flos-aquae cells by cell-to-cell contact mechanism. It was shown that the lysis of A. flos-aquae began with the breach of the cyanobacterial cell wall, and the cyanobacterial cell appeared abnormal in the presence of the PL bacterium. Moreover, transmission electron microscope examinations revealed that a close contact between the bacterium and the cyanobacterium was necessary for lysis. Some slime extrusions produced from B. cereus assisted the bacterial cells to be in close association with and lyse the cyanobacterial cells. These findings suggested that this bacterium could play an important role in controlling the Aphanizomenon blooms in freshwaters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The algae-lytic ability of bacterium DC10 and the influence of environmental factors on the ability

A lysing-bacterium DC10, isolated from Dianchi Lake of Yunnan Province, was characterized to be Pseudomonas sp. It was able to lyse some algae well, such as Microcystis viridis, Selenastrum capricomutum, and so on. In this study, it was shown that the bacterium lysed the algae by releasing a substance; the best lytic effects were achieved at low temperatures and in the dark. Different concentrations of CaCl2 and NaNO3 influenced the lytic effects; the ability to lyse algae decreased in the following order: pH 4 > pH 9 > pH 7 > pH 5.5. It was significant to develop a special technology with this kind of bacterium for controlling the bloom-forming planktonic microalgae.