Los clusters como mecanismo para la generaci��n de econom��as a escala en el sector de medicamentos de alto costo en Colombia

La presente investigaci��n tiene por objeto considerar los cluster en la industria farmac��utica Colombiana, como un mecanismo para la disminuci��n de los sobrecostos de los medicamentos, que han impactado de forma importante, entre otras causas, al sistema de salud, con unos recobros (por concepto de medicamentos No POS) que superan el bill��n de pesos, situaci��n que dada la crisis que enfrenta al respecto, el Estado Colombiano, ha propuesto una quinta reforma que cursa actualmente en el Congreso de la Rep��blica. Se trata de una investigaci��n cualitativa tipo estudio de caso, en la que se presenta el modelo Colombiano de Salud y las cifras de recobros de las Empresas Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud (EPS), cantidad que represent�� el 0.4% del PIB (Producto Interno Bruto) en el 2009. Para tal fin se analizar�� el comportamiento de los recobros durante el a��o 2012, en cuarenta y una (41) EPS reconocidas del sector. Subsecuentemente se estudian las diferentes estrategias para la generaci��n de econom��as de escala y dentro de ellas, los clusters como un posible modelo a seguir hacia la disminuci��n de estos costos en salud, se analizan sus componentes y su posible constituci��n dentro del entorno Colombiano. Al final del estudio se establece como conclusi��n, que existen suficiente evidencia para apoyar la implementaci��n de un cluster farmac��utico dentro del territorio Colombiano.

Eficiencia de los sistema de salud en los pa��ses de Am��rica Latina y del Caribe desde el indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer para los a��os 1990 y 2012 frente al gasto total en salud como porcentaje del producto interno bruto para el a��o 1995 y 2012 ���una oportunidad de brenchmarking para el sistema de protecci��n social colombiano���

Para los pa��ses emergentes en Am��rica Latina y El Caribe se hace necesario determinar la eficiencia de su sistema de salud para generar beneficios a su poblaci��n desde el indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer y los recursos que se hacen uso desde Colombia en comparaci��n con sus hom��logos. Se evidencia que a pesar de Colombia poseer una econom��a fuerte durante el an��lisis de los dos momentos se mantiene en la tendencia general de los dem��s pa��ses y con los mismos resultados del indicador. A su vez se concluye que el momento en que se tomaron las decisiones de cambio del sistema de salud es un factor diferenciador en los resultados obtenidos como fue el caso de Costa Rica identificado con el de mejor desempe��o en la relaci��n Indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer y Porcentaje de gasto en salud como parte del Producto interno bruto.

The evolution of innovation capability in multinational enterprise subsidiaries: dual network embeddedness and the divergence of subsidiary specialisation in Taiwan

This paper examines how innovation-related capabilities for production, design and marketing develop at the subsidiary level within multinational enterprises (MNEs). We focus on how subsidiary autonomy and changing opportunities to access internal (MNE) and external (host country) sources of capability contribute in a combined way to the accumulation of specialist capabilities in five Taiwan-based MNE subsidiaries in the semiconductor industry. Longitudinal analysis shows how the accumulation process is subject to discontinuities, as functional divisions are (re)opened and closed during the lifetime of the subsidiary. A composite set of innovation output measures also shows significant variations in within-function levels of capability across our sample. We conclude that subsidiary specialisation and unique subsidiary-specific advantages have evolved in a way that is strongly influenced by the above factors.

An investigation of the required skills for the delivery of low and zero carbon buildings within a region

The United Kingdom is committed to a raft of requirements to create a low-carbon economy. Buildings consume approximately 40% of UK energy demand. Any improvement on the energy performance of buildings therefore can significantly contribute to the delivery of a low-carbon economy. The challenge for the construction sector and its clients is how to meet the policy requirements to deliver low and zero carbon (LZC) buildings, which spans broader than the individual building level, to requirements at the local and regional levels, and wider sustainability pressures. Further, the construction sector is reporting skills shortages coupled with the need for ���new skills��� for the delivery of LZC buildings. The aim of this paper is to identify, and better understand, the skills required by the construction sector and its clients for the delivery of LZC buildings within a region. The theoretical framing for this research is regional innovation system (RIS) using a socio-technical network analysis (STNA) methodology. A case study of a local authority region is presented. Data is drawn from a review of relevant local authority documentation, observations and semi-structured interviews from one (project 1) of five school retrofit projects within the region. The initial findings highlight the complexity surrounding the form and operation of the LZC network for project 1. The skills required by the construction sector and its clients are connected to different actor roles surrounding the delivery of the project. The key actors involved and their required skills are: project management and energy management skills required by local authority; project management skills (in particular project planning), communication and research skills required by school end-users; and a ���technical skill��� relating to knowledge of a particular energy efficient measure (EEM) and use of equipment to implement the EEM is required by the EEM contractors.

Industrial policy and development

Includes bibliography

Rela����es inter-firmas em Barcarena/PA: um estudo das pr��ticas de inova����o e coopera����o na rede de fornecedores e subcontratados da IRCC

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo das rela����es inter-firmas estabelecidas entre empresas m��nero-metal��rgicas localizadas no distrito industrial do munic��pio de Barcarena, no estado do Par��, a partir da an��lise das intera����es entre uma empresa central e sua rede de fornecedores e subcontratados, que operacionalizam o beneficiamento e a exporta����o do mineral conhecido como caulim. Segundo as abordagens te��ricas que defendem a ocorr��ncia e a dissemina����o de inova����es tecnol��gicas como base para o desenvolvimento econ��mico, realizou-se um estudo sobre a forma como os arranjos produtivos s��o capazes de gerar e manter vantagens competitivas a partir de sistemas de inova����o baseados em redes cooperativas integradas por um grupo espec��fico de agentes p��blicos e privados. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que, em que pese a exist��ncia de inova����es nos processos produtivos, em fun����o das exig��ncias t��cnicas apresentadas por seus contratantes, as empresas subcontratadas, via de regra, n��o conseguem estabelecer rela����es de coopera����o capazes de promover a dissemina����o destas inova����es, assim como tamb��m geralmente n��o disp��em de recursos gerenciais e tecnol��gicos capazes de gerar inova����es de produtos ou de transformar as inova����es de processos em significativos ganhos de produtividade. A aus��ncia de coopera����o entre as empresas estende-se aos relacionamentos com os outros agentes, tais como institui����es de ensino e pesquisa, de treinamento e capacita����o t��cnica, ��rg��os de fomento e cr��dito, associa����es, cooperativas e sindicatos. Conseq��entemente, a rede de subcontrata����o desperdi��a o potencial de ganhos sin��rgicos capazes de elevar os patamares de competitividade local. Abordam-se tamb��m as implica����es do estudo para a pesquisa, para o desenvolvimento local e para o planejamento e as pol��ticas p��blicas.

Inova����o, competi����o internacional e transi����o hegem��nica: a pol��tica cient��fico-tecnol��gica dos Estados Unidos para evitar o decl��nio no s��culo XXI

P��s-gradua����o em Rela����es Internacionais (UNESP - UNICAMP - PUC-SP) - FFC

Applications and Potentials for Biogenic Methane Recovery Operations in Nebraska Agriculture, Industry, and Economic Development

ABSTRACT: This thesis report illustrates the applications and potentials of biogenic methane recovery in Nebraska���s agricultural and industrial sectors and as a means for increasing sustainable economic development in the state���s rural communities. As the nation moves toward a new green economy, biogenic methane recovery as a waste management strategy and renewable energy resource presents significant opportunities for Nebraska to be a national and world leader in agricultural and industrial innovation, advanced research and development of renewable energy technology, and generation of new product markets. Nebraska���s agricultural economy provides a distinct advantage to the state for supporting methane recovery operations that provide long-term economic and environmental partnerships among producers, industry, and communities. These opportunities will serve to protect Nebraska���s agricultural producers from volatile energy input markets and as well as creating new markets for Nebraska agricultural products. They will also serve to provide quality education and employment opportunities for Nebraska students and businesses. There are challenges and issues that remain for the state in order to take advantage of its resource potential. There is a need to produce a comprehensive Nebraska biogenic methane potential study and digital mapping system to identify high-potential producers, co-products, and markets. There is also a need to develop a web-based format of consolidated information specific to Nebraska to aid in connecting producers, service providers, educators, and policy-makers.

Innovation, Coordination, and Positioning: Locational Policies of Secondary Capital City Regions

Capital cities that are not the economic centers of their nations - so-called secondary capital cities - tend to be overlooked in the field of political science. Consequentially, there is a lack of research and resulting theory describing their political economy and their formulated policies. This paper analyzes how secondary capital cities try to develop and position themselves through the formulation of locational policies. By linking three different theoretical strands - the Regional Innovation System approach, the concept of locational policies, and the regime perspective - this paper proposes a framework to study the the economic and political dynamics in secondary capital cites.

Post-Crisis Economic Reform in Indonesia:Policy for Intervening in Ownership in Historical Perspective

Introduction : Economic reform in Indonesia after the Asian currency crisis is often discussed in parallel with Thailand and South Korea, which were alike hit by the crisis. It should however be noted that what happened in Indonesia was a change of political regime from authoritarianism to democracy, not just a change of government as seen in Thailand and South Korea. Indonesia���s post-crisis reform should be understood in the context of dismantling of the Soeharto regime to seek a new democratic state system. ���������In the political sphere, dramatic institutional changes have occurred since the downfall of the Soeharto government in May 1998. In comparison, changes in the economic sphere are more complex than the political changes, as the former involve at least three aspects. The first is the continuity in the basic framework of capitalist system with policy orientation toward economic liberalization. In this framework, the policies to overcome the crisis are continued from the last period of the Soeharto rule, under the support system of IMF and CGI (Consultative Group on Indonesia). The second aspect is the impact of the political regime change on the economic structure. It is considered that the structure of economic vested interests of the Soeharto regime is being disintegrated as the regime breaks down. The third aspect is the impact of the political regime change on economic policy-making process. The process of formulating and implementing policies has changed drastically from the Soeharto time. With these three aspects simultaneously at work, it is not so easy to identify which of them is the main cause for a given specific economic phenomenon emerging in Indonesia today. ���������Keeping this difficulty in mind, this paper attempts to situate the post-crisis economic reform in the broader context of the historical development of Indonesian economic policies and their achievements. We focus in particular on the reform policies for banking and corporate sectors and resulting structural changes in these sectors. This paper aims at understanding the significance of the changes in the economic ownership structure that are occurring in the post-Soeharto Indonesia. Economic policies here do not mean macro economic policies, such as fiscal, financial and trade policies, but refer to micro economic policies whereby the government intervenes in the economic ownership structure. In Section 1, we clarify why economic policies for intervening in the ownership structure are important in understanding Indonesia. Section 2 follows the historical development of Indonesia���s economic policies as specified above, throughout the four successive periods since Indonesia���s independence, namely, the parliamentary democracy period, the Guided Democracy period under Soekarno, the Soeharto-regime consolidation period, and the Soeharto-regime transfiguration period2. Then we observe what economic ownership structure was at work in the pre-crisis last days of the Soeharto rule as an outcome of the economic policies. In Section 3, we examine what structural changes have taken place in the banking and corporate sectors due to the reform policies in the post-crisis and post-Soeharto Indonesia. Lastly in Section 4, we interpret the current reorganization of the economic ownership in the context of the historical transition of the ownership structure, taking account of the changes in the policy-making processes under democratization.

Timed mind maps using MINDMANAGER & MS-PROJECT for educational innovation

The adaptation to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is becoming a great challenge for the University Community, especially for its teaching and research staff, which is involved actively in the teaching-learning process. It is also inducing a paradigm change for lecturers and students. Among the methodologies used for processes of teaching innovation, system thinking plays an important role when working mainly with mind maps, and is focused to highlighting the essence of the knowledge, allowing its visual representation. In this paper, a method for using these mind maps for organizing a particular subject is explained. This organization is completed with the definition of duration, precedence relationships and resources for each of these activities, as well as with their corresponding monitoring. Mind maps are generated by means of the MINDMANAGER package whilst Ms-PROJECT is used for establishing tasks relationships, durations, resources, and monitoring. Summarizing, a procedure and the necessary set of applications for self organizing and managing (timed) scheduled teaching tasks has been described in this paper.

Timed mind maps using mindmanager & msproject for educational innovation

The adaptation to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is becoming a great challenge for the University Community, especially for its teaching and research staff, which is involved actively in the teaching-learning process. It is also inducing a paradigm change for lecturers and students. Among the methodologies used for processes of teaching innovation, system thinking plays an important role when working mainly with mind maps, and is focused to highlighting the essence of the knowledge, allowing its visual representation. In this paper, a method for using these mind maps for organizing a particular subject is explained. This organization is completed with the definition of duration, precedence relationships and resources for each of these activities, as well as with their corresponding monitoring. Mind maps are generated by means of the MINDMANAGER package whilst Ms-PROJECT is used for establishing tasks relationships, durations, resources, and monitoring. Summarizing, a procedure and the necessary set of applications for self organizing and managing (timed) scheduled teaching tasks has been described in this paper

Modelo de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i, para liderar y coordinar el sistema regional de innovaci��n en apoyo a las PYMIS. Caso de estudio el estado Bol��var, Venezuela

This proposed project aims to design a Model of Public Policy for R&D &I to lead, coordinate and direct the Regional Innovation System (RIS) in support of the SMI sector. The case study of the Bolivar State, Venezuela, is analyzed. The project represents a no- experimental research of projective type and is divided into two parts. In the first one, the current state of the SRI and its relationship with the SMIs is diagnosed, evaluated and described. In the second part, a model of public policy for R&D&I is designed and proposed in order to strengthen the capacity for innovation in SMIs.

Dise��o de una Metodolog��a de Pol��tica P��blica de I+D+i para el Desarrollo de la Capacidad de la Innovaci��n en el Sector PYMIS del estado Bol��var, Venezuela

El estado Bol��var con una superficie de 238.000 Km2 se encuentra ubicado al SE de Venezuela y su capital es Ciudad Bol��var. Ocupa el 26,24% de la superficie del territorio nacional. Ciudad Guayana es la principal regi��n del desarrollo econ��mico del estado siendo sede de las empresas b��sicas de los sectores sider��rgicos y del aluminio que se encargan de la extracci��n, procesamiento y transformaci��n del mineral de hierro y de la transformaci��n de la bauxita en aluminio primario. Adem��s, cuenta con un gran potencial hidroel��ctrico, garantizando el suministro de energ��a el��ctrica para el funcionamiento de las empresas b��sicas, para el parque industrial de la regi��n, as�� como para el desarrollo industrial, econ��mico y social de la naci��n. Con relaci��n al sector de la industria del mineral de hierro y del aluminio, las empresas destinan m��s del 60 por ciento de su producci��n al mercado internacional. A pesar de que el sector de las Peque��as y Medianas Industrias (PYMIS) del estado Bol��var cuenta con un mercado cercano y seguro, no se le ha propiciado un desarrollo integral en t��rminos de orientar sus esfuerzos en innovar en nuevos productos o mejoras de procesos. Debido a la falta del personal de investigaci��n calificado, la escasa vinculaci��n con centros de investigaci��n, la baja inversi��n en investigaci��n, desarrollo tecnol��gico e innovaci��n (I+D+i), la ausencia de la aplicaci��n de una pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i y la desarticulaci��n de los miembros del Sistema Regional de Innovaci��n (SRI), constituyen los principales obst��culos para generar bienes y servicios con un alto valor agregado. Esta situaci��n desequilibra y hace ineficiente el funcionamiento del SRI. La baja capacidad de las PYMIS del estado Bol��var en I+D+i, es una situaci��n que impide generar por si sola nuevos productos o procesos para satisfacer las demandas del mercado regional. Por lo tanto, se requiere de la intervenci��n y participaci��n activa de la instituci��n gubernamental responsable del dise��o y aplicaci��n de una pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i para dinamizar la capacidad de innovaci��n en las PYMIS, en su articulaci��n y vinculaci��n con los miembros del SRI. xiii El presente proyecto se plante�� como objetivo dise��ar una metodolog��a de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i para liderar, coordinar y direccionar el SRI del estado Bol��var, para el desarrollo de la capacidad de innovaci��n en el sector industrial y espec��ficamente en las PYMIS. La presente tesis representa una investigaci��n no experimental de tipo proyectivo que analiza la situaci��n actual del Sistema Regional de Innovaci��n del estado Bol��var. El an��lisis de los resultados se ha dividido en tres fases. En la primera se realizan diagn��sticos por medio de encuestas de las PYMIS en materia de I+D+i, de los centros y laboratorios de investigaci��n pertenecientes a las universidades de la regi��n en el ��rea de Materiales y de los sectores financieros p��blico y privado. En dichas encuestas se eval��a el nivel de integraci��n con los entes gubernamentales que definen y administran la pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i. En la segunda fase, con el diagn��stico y procesamiento de los resultados de la primera fase, se procede a desarrollar un an��lisis de las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas (FODA) del Sistema Regional de Innovaci��n, permitiendo comprender la situaci��n actual de la relaci��n y vinculaci��n de las PYMIS con los centros de investigaci��n, instituciones financieras y entes gubernamentales. Con la problem��tica detectada, result�� necesario el dise��o de estrategias y un modelo de gesti��n de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i para la articulaci��n de los miembros del SRI, para el apoyo de las PYMIS. En la tercera fase se dise��a la metodolog��a de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i para fortalecer la innovaci��n en las PYMIS. La metodolog��a se representa a trav��s de un modelo propuesto que se relaciona con las teor��as de los procesos de innovaci��n, con los modelos de sistemas de innovaci��n y con las reflexiones y recomendaciones hechas por diferentes investigadores e instituciones de cooperaci��n internacional referentes a la aplicaci��n de pol��ticas p��blicas de I+D+i para dinamizar la capacidad de innovaci��n en el sector industrial. La metodolog��a dise��ada es comparada con diferentes modelos de aplicaci��n de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i. Cada modelo se representa en una figura y se analiza su xiv situaci��n presente y la funci��n que desempe��a el ente gubernamental en la aplicaci��n del enfoque de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i. El dise��o de la metodolog��a de pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i propuesta aportar�� nuevos conocimientos y podr�� ser aplicado para apoyar el progreso de la I+D+i en las PYMIS de la regi��n, como caso de estudio, con el fin de impulsar una econom��a m��s competitiva y reducir el grado de dependencia tecnol��gica. La metodolog��a una vez evaluada podr�� ser empleada en el contexto de la gran industria y en otras regiones de Venezuela y adem��s, puede aplicarse en otros pa��ses con caracter��sticas similares en su tejido industrial. En la tesis doctoral se concluye que el desarrollo de la capacidad de innovaci��n en las PYMIS depende del dise��o y aplicaci��n de la pol��tica p��blica de I+D+i como elemento dinamizador y articulador del SRI del estado Bol��var. xv ABSTRACT The Bolivar state with an area of 238,000 km2 is located in the SE of Venezuela and its capital is Ciudad Bolivar. It occupies a surface which is 26.24% of the national territory. Ciudad Guayana is the main area of the state's economic development and the location of the corporate headquarters of the basic steel and aluminum sectors that are responsible for the extraction, processing and transformation of iron ore and bauxite processing for primary aluminum. It also has a great hydroelectric potential, ensuring the supply of electricity for the operation of enterprises, for the regional industrial park as well as for the industrial, economic and social development of the nation. With regard to the iron ore and aluminum industry, companies allocate more than 60 percent of their production to the international market. Although the sector of Small and Medium Industries (SMIs) of the Bolivar state has a secure market, it has not been led to an integral development in terms of targeting its efforts on innovating new products or improving processes. Due to the lack of qualified research staff, poor links with research centers, low investment in research, technological development and innovation (R & D & I), the absence of the implementation of a public policy for R & D & I and the dismantling of the members of the Regional Innovation System (RIS), are the main obstacles to generate goods and services with high added value. This situation makes the RIS unbalanced and inefficient. The low capacity of Bolivar state���s SMIs in R & D & I, is a situation that cannot generate by itself new products or processes to meet regional market demands. Therefore, it requires the active involvement and participation of the government institution responsible for the design and implementation of R & D & I public policy to boost the innovation capacity in SMIs, through the connection and integration with members of the RIS. This project is intended to design a methodology aimed at public policy for R & D & I to lead, coordinate and direct the RIS of Bolivar state, for the development of innovation capacity in the industrial sector and specifically in the SMIs. xvi This thesis is an experimental investigation of projective type which analyzes the current situation of the Regional Innovation System of the Bolivar state. The analysis of the results is divided into three phases. In the first one, a diagnosis is performed through surveys of SMIs in R & D & I centers and research laboratories belonging to the universities of the region in the area of materials and public and private financial sectors. In such surveys the level of integration with government agencies that define and manage the public policy of R & D & I is assessed. In the second phase, with the diagnosis and processing of the results of the first phase, we proceed to develop an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the Regional Innovation System, allowing the comprehension of the current status of the relationship of SMIs with research centers, financial institutions and government agencies. With the problems identified it was necessary to design strategies and a model of public policy management of R & D & I for the articulation of the members of the RIS, to support the SMIs. In the third phase a public policy methodology for R & D & I is designed in order to strengthen innovation in SMIs. The methodology is shown through a proposed model that relates to the theories of the innovation process, with models of innovation systems and with the discussions and recommendations made by different researchers and institutions of international cooperation concerning the implementation of policies public for R & D & I to boost innovation capacity in the industrial sector. The methodology designed is compared with different models of public policy implementation for R & D & I. Each model is represented in a figure and its current situation and the role of the government agency in the implementation of the public policy approach to R & D & I is analyzed. The design of the proposed public policy methodology for R & D & I will provide new knowledge and can be applied to support the progress of R & D & I in the region���s SMIs, as a case study, in order to boost a more competitive economy and reduce the degree of technological dependence. After being evaluated the methodology can be used in the context of big industry and in other regions of Venezuela and can also be applied in other countries with similar characteristics in their industrial structure. xvii The thesis concludes that the development of the innovation capacity in SMIs depends on the design and implementation of the public policy for R & D & I as a catalyst and coordination mechanism of the Regional Innovation System of the Bolivar state.