Species diversity and dominance-richness relationships for ground and arboreal ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) assemblages in Namibian desert, saltpan, and savannah

Namibia has high levels of invertebrate endemism, but biodiversity research has been geographically and taxonomically limited. In South African savannah, species richness of ground-foraging ant assemblages is regulated by dominant ant species, but this pattern has not been tested in other arid environments. In this study, we provide a description of ant diversity at baits in three different Namibian habitats (savannah, saltpan and desert), and we test the relationship between ant dominance and richness for ground-foraging and arboreal species. Forty-two ant species were collected in this study, with species richness being highest in the saltpan, followed by savannah and then desert. Ant assemblages were most similar between the savannah and desert, due to shared arboreal species. Similarity between savannah and saltpan ant assemblages was due to an overlap in ground-foraging species. Ground ants were more diverse than arboreal ants, and several species were observed at baits for both strata, although the degree of overlap varied with habitat type. The dominance-richness relationship varied depending on habitat and sampling strata. We found a unimodal relationship in the saltpan, but not in the savannah. For ground ants the relationship was logarithmic, with increasing abundance of dominants leading to decreasing overall species richness. However, no trend was observed for the arboreal ant assemblage. In the desert, low ant abundance meant that we were unable to assign species dominance, possibly due to reduced foraging activity caused by high temperatures. The lack of a consistent dominance-richness trend across assemblages may be the result of varying degrees of environmental stress or competition. Our study is a preliminary description of diversity and dominance in Namibia, and we hope it stimulates further research on ant assemblages in arid regions of Africa.

A molecular phylogeny of the stingless bee genus Melipona (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Stingless bees (Meliponini) constitute a diverse group of highly eusocial insects that occur throughout tropical regions around the world. The meliponine genus Melipona is restricted to the New World tropics and has over 50 described species. Melipona, like Apis, possesses the remarkable ability to use representational communication to indicate the location of foraging patches. Although Melipona has been the subject of numerous behavioral, ecological, and genetic studies, the evolutionary history of this genus remains largely unexplored. Here, we implement a multigene phylogenetic approach based on nuclear, mitochondrial, and ribosomal loci, coupled with molecular clock methods, to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships and antiquity of subgenera and species of Melipona. Our phylogenetic analysis resolves the relationship among subgenera and tends to agree with morphology-based classification hypotheses. Our molecular clock analysis indicates that the genus Melipona shared a most recent common ancestor at least similar to 14-17 million years (My) ago. These results provide the groundwork for future comparative analyses aimed at understanding the evolution of complex communication mechanisms in eusocial Apidae. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Trophallaxis in Dehydrated Leaf Cutting Colonies of Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Trophallaxis, the transfer of liquid among individuals by oral regurgitation or anal deposition, occurs in many insect groups including ants. The first indication that trophallaxis could occur in leaf cutting ants (Atta sexdens rubropilosa) was made by Autuori in 1942. He reported water collection by this ant species, and highlighted what in those days was an undescribed behavior for this species. In 2005, Da-Silva and Ribeiro presented preliminary results suggesting the existence of trophallaxis in A. sexdens rubropilosa. Here we report on a formal test of the hypothesis of trophallaxis in that species. Our approach was to test ant pairs in which only one individual (Group I) had access to blue-dyed water and the other individual (Group II), a nest-mate, came from a colony dehydrated by offering dry crushed corn for fungal growth. Positive results for trophallaxis were obtained in ants from four colonies and accounted for 33%-46% of all tests in which ants from Group I drank dyed water. These results indicate that trophallaxis occurs in this species.

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity of Orchid Bee Euglossa fimbriata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Populations Assessed by PCR-RFLP

Euglossa fimbriata is a euglossine species widely distributed in Brazil and occurring primarily in Atlantic Forest remnants. In this study, the genetic mitochondrial structure of E. fimbriata from six Atlantic Forest fragments was studied by RFLP analysis of three PCR-amplified mtDNA gene segments (16S, COI-COII, and cyt b). Ten composite haplotypes were identified, six of which were exclusive and represented singleton mitotypes. Low haplotype diversity (0.085-0.289) and nucleotide diversity (0.000-0.002) were detected within samples. AMOVA partitioned 91.13% of the overall genetic variation within samples and 8.87% (I center dot(st) = 0.089; P < 0.05) among samples. Pairwise comparisons indicated high levels of differentiation among some pairs of samples (I center dot(st) = 0.161-0.218; P < 0.05). These high levels indicate that these populations of E. fimbriata, despite their highly fragmented landscape, apparently have not suffered loss of genetic variation, suggesting that this particular population is not currently endangered.

Characterization of microsatellite loci of Tetragonisca angustula (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini)

An enriched genomic library was constructed from Tetragonisca angustula, a stingless bee species widely distributed in Brazil. The library was screened using two simple-repeat oligonucleotide probes and 21 microsatellite primer pairs were designed flanking a selection of repeat sequences within positive clones. The polymorphism of the microsatellite loci was analyzed by screening a sample of 19 unrelated T. angustula workers. Fifteen out of 21 loci were shown to be polymorphic, with observed heterozygosity estimates ranging from 0.00 to 0.89. The primers were also successfully used to amplify microsatellite loci from other stingless bee species, Tetragonisca fiebrigi, Tetragonisca weyrauchi, Lestrimelitta maracaia and Schwarziana quadripunctata. The results from variability analyses suggest that the microsatellite loci isolated from T. angustula will be useful in further population studies for the species and also for other Meliponini.

New species of the bee genus Augochlorodes Moure (Hymenoptera, Apidae s. I., Halictinae)

Five new species of the bee genus Augochlorodes from Brazil are described and the type species, A. turrifaciens Moure, 1958, is redescribed. The new species are: A. clementis sp. nov. (from the states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul), A. incomitatus sp. nov. (Rio Grande do Sul), A. politus sp. nov. (Parana), A. rostratus sp. nov. (Rio Grande do Sul) and A. vachali sp. nov. (Parana, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo). A discriminant function analysis using head measurements is presented to help distinguish the species. An identification key for the species is provided.

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Ovaries of Leaf-cutting Ant (Atta sexdens rubropilosa) Queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

In this study, the ovary morphology of newly emerged ant queens of Atta sexdens rubropilosa was studied in whole mount preparations by confocal microscopy. The ovaries are composed of approximately 40 ovarioles, showing non-synchronic oocyte maturation. The terminal filament with clusters of undifferentiated cells was found at the distal end of the ovarioles. Next to this region is the germarium, composed of several elongated cystocytes interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. The nurse cells (23-28 cells) result from asymmetric mitosis. Cytoskeleton analysis showed F-actin concentrated at the muscle cells of the external tunica and in fusomes inside the ovarioles. Microtubules were concentrated around the nuclei of the nurse and follicular cells. In contrast, the oocytes and the external tunica showed faint staining for tubulin.

Small bowel injury associated to allergy is triggered by platelet-activating factor, mast cells, neutrophils and protected by nitric oxide

Allergy to components of the diet is followed by gut inflammation which in children, sometimes progress to mucosal lesions and anaphylaxis. In newborns suffering of cow`s milk allergy, bloody stools, rectal. bleeding and ulcerations are found. The rat systemic anaphylaxis is a suitable model to study the intestinal lesions associated to allergy. In the present study we used this model to investigate some mechanisms involved. We found that 15 min after antigen challenge of sensitized rats, hemorrhagic lesions develop in the small intestine. The lesions were more severe in jejunum and ileum compared to duodenum. Pretreatment of the rats with a platelet-activating factor-receptor antagonist (WEB-2170) reduced the lesions whereas inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide by L-NAME, greatly increased the hemorrhagic lesions and mortality. Both, lesions and mortality were reversed by L-arginine. The hemorrhagic lesions were also significantly reduced by the mast cell stabilizers, disodium cromoglycate and ketotifen as well as by neutrophils depletion (with anti-PMN antibodies) or inhibition of selectin binding (by treatment with fucoidan). Thus, the intestinal hemorrhagic lesions in this model are dependent on ptatelet-activating factor, mast cell granule-derived mediators and neutrophils. Endogenous nitric oxide and supplementation with L-arginine has a protective role, reducing the lesions and preventing mortality. These results contributed to elucidate mechanisms involved in intestinal lesions which could be of relevance to human small bowel injury associated to allergy. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Parâmetros bioecológicos de Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) e modelagem da dinâmica espaço-temporal da sua interação com Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) através da simulação de múltiplos agentes

Estudos referentes à dinâmica espaço-temporal da interação hospedeiro-parasitóide são de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de manejo de insetos em agroecossistemas. Uma recente abordagem têm sido o estudo de populações através da simulação computacional dos indivíduos que a compõem. Este método tem possibilitado a incorporação de importantes características como individualidade e estrutura espacial nos modelos teóricos. Neste sentido, o presente estudo visou a elaboração de um modelo baseado no comportamento individual para simular a dinâmica espaço-temporal da interação Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae), inseto associado à cultura do fumo, e de seu inimigo natural, o parasitóide de ovos Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Para a elaboração do modelo, estudos sobre a bioecologia de G. gallardoi foram desenvolvidos, de modo a investigar (i) o efeito da temperatura no seu desenvolvimento e viabilidade, (ii) a mortalidade de imaturos em campo, (iii) os parâmetros reprodutivos e a longevidade dos adultos, (iv) os padrões de dispersão em campo e (v) a resposta funcional e a interferência mútua dos parasitóides em diferentes densidades de ovos de S. dentiventris. No intuito de avaliar a capacidade de predição do modelo elaborado, a dinâmica espaço-temporal de ovos sadios e parasitados de S. dentiventris foi acompanhada em um cultivo de fumo, estabelecido em área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS, Porto Alegre (30o01’S e 51o13’O), RS, Brasil A viabilidade do desenvolvimento dos parasitóides na faixa de 20 a 30oC não diferiu significativamente, alcançando 98,8%. O tempo de desenvolvimento ovo-adulto de machos e fêmeas foi inversamente proporcional ao aumento da temperatura. Os valores estimados para o limite térmico inferior de desenvolvimento e para a constante térmica foram 15,5oC e 185,19GD para machos e 15,6oC e 192,31GD para fêmeas. Diversos fatores afetam o sucesso de imaturos de G. gallardoi em campo, sendo que o malogro e a predação por sugadores são os principais responsáveis pela emergência de apenas 37,87% dos adultos. Foi observado um período médio de oviposição de 10,1 ± 1,74 dias, com o pico de oviposição no segundo dia, sendo depositados ao longo dos mesmos uma média de 67,5 ± 11,29 ovos por fêmea. Fêmeas de G. gallardoi foram significativamente mais longevas que os machos, vivendo, respectivamente, 13,7 ± 1,94 e 10,6 ± 1,78 dias. A razão sexual total observada foi de 0,79. A dispersão de G. gallardoi em cultivo de fumo não foi sensivelmente influenciada pelo vento, sendo estimada uma capacidade de locomoção diária média para fêmeas de no mínimo 7,62 m. O padrão de parasitismo de G. gallardoi ajustou-se perfeitamente à resposta funcional do tipo II (pseudo-r2= 0,99), sendo obtidos os valores de 0,0557 e 0,9989 h para os componentes a’ e Tm , respectivamente O aumento da densidade de parasitóides acarretou, de maneira geral, uma diminuição no número de ovos parasitados por parasitóide. Foi obtido para o índice de interferência mútua “m” o valor 0,626. A dinâmica temporal de S. dentiventris – G. gallardoi simulada ajustou-se muito bem aos dados obtidos em campo (r2= 0,82 para ovos sadios e r2= 0,72 para ovos parasitados). Da mesma forma, os arranjos espaciais dos ovos e da taxa de parasitismo observados em campo foram satisfatoriamente reproduzidos através das simulações computacionais. Os resultados indicam que G. gallardoi apresenta um bom potencial para controlar populações de S. dentiventris, seja pela sua viabilidade de desenvolvimento em uma larga faixa de temperatura ou pela sua capacidade reprodutiva e padrões de dispersão similares àqueles observados para outras espécies já utilizadas no controle biológico de insetos. Por outro lado, a sensibilidade às baixas temperaturas, a alta mortalidade de imaturos observada em campo e uma resposta funcional do tipo II podem ser fatores que se contrapõe ao sucesso do parasitóide no controle de populações de S. dentiventris. Considerando a independência entre os dados observados e os dados obtidos através de simulações, o modelo elaborado obteve pleno sucesso em simular a dinâmica da interação S. dentiventris – G. gallardoi a partir do comportamento individual dos diferentes agentes Duas importantes características associadas à estabilidade de sistemas hospedeiro-parasitóide foram observadas no estudo de campo e reproduzidas no modelo – um padrão de parasitismo inversamente dependente da densidade dos hospedeiros e uma resposta agregativa dos parasitóides em algumas regiões do sistema. Desta forma, futuros estudos podem avaliar, a partir de um enfoque baseado no indivíduo, quais mecanismos são responsáveis por tais comportamentos e qual é o seu efeito na dinâmica do sistema. Conclui-se, através deste trabalho, que o estudo da dinâmica de populações através de uma abordagem baseada no indivíduo, com base em modelos computacionais, pode ser uma alternativa viável para superar as limitações e a complexidade inerente ao uso de modelos populacionais analíticos. Desta forma, o maior realismo implícito nestes modelos os torna ferramentas muito úteis para diversas áreas da ecologia aplicada, particularmente para a entomologia agrícola.

Resposta de Gryon gallardoi (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) à qualidade dos ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) e evidências dos mecanismos de seleção envolvidos

Foi investigada, em condições de laboratório, a resposta de Gryon gallardoi a grupos de ovos de Spartocera dentiventris de diferentes idades (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 12 dias), registrando-se o efeito destas nos processos de seleção do parasitóide e na prole produzida. Os estímulos envolvidos em tais processos e a descrição morfológica das sensilas antenais também foram estudados. O aumento da idade do hospedeiro modificou o comportamento de oviposição, acarretando em um maior tempo de tamborilamento e de inserção do ovipositor, não influenciando o percentual de parasitismo, auto-parasitismo e a proporção de machos, porém acarretou em um maior tempo de desenvolvimento, redução no percentual de emergência, diminuição na aceitação das fêmeas e redução do tamanho corporal da prole do parasitóide. Testes em olfatômetro demonstraram que folhas de fumo provocaram uma maior resposta nas fêmeas recém-emergidas do parasitóide do que nas experientes. (Continua Através do contato, as fêmeas não diferenciaram extratos de ovos jovens e velhos, quando aplicados em ovos lavados com solvente. Ovos não parasitados, impregnados com extrato de parasitados, foram evitados. Cilindros de acrílico de maior tamanho, usados como hospedeiro artificial, resultou em um maior tempo de tamborilamento em relação aos menores. A análise cromatográfica detectou três substâncias diferentes em extrato de ovos de um dia de idade em relação a extrato de ovos de 5 e 12 dias. Nas antenas das fêmeas do parasitóide encontrou-se diferentes tipos de sensilas porosas e aporosas. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que a condição do hospedeiro acarreta em modificações no comportamento bem como no sucesso da prole, sendo a aceitação e a discriminação dos mesmos possivelmente influenciada por uma complexa mistura de estímulos.

Avaliação do potencial de formigas (Hymenoptera: formicidae) como vetores mecânicos de bactérias do gêneroSstaphylococcus no ambiente hospitalar.

In a hospital environment, these bacteria can be spread by insects such as ants, which are characterized by high adaptability to the urban environment. Staphylococcus is a leading cause of hospital infection. In Europe, Latin America, USA and Canada, the group of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) is the second leading cause of these infections, according to SENTRY (antimicrobial surveillance program- EUA). In this study, we investigated the potential of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as vehicle mechanics of Staphylococcus bacteria in a public hospital, in Natal-RN. The ants were collected, day and night, from June 2007 to may 2008, in the following sectors: hospitals, laundry, kitchen, blood bank. The ants were identified according to the identification key of Bolton, 1997. For the analysis of staphylococci, the ants were incubated in broth Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for 24 hours at 35 º C and then incubated on Mannitol Salt Agar. The typical colonies of staphylococci incubated for 24 hours at 35 ° C in Tryptic Soy Agar for the characterization tests (Gram stain, catalase, susceptibility to bacitracin and free coagulase). The identification of CoNS was performed through biochemical tests: susceptibility to novobiocin, growth under anaerobic conditions, presence of urease, the ornithine decarboxylation and acid production from the sugars mannose, maltose, trehalose, mannitol and xylose. The antimicrobial susceptibility examined by disk-diffusion technique. The technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to confirm the presence of mecA gene and the ability to produce biofilm was verified by testing in vitro using polystyrene inert surface, in samples of resistant staphylococci. Among 440 ants, 85 (19.1%) were carrying coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) of the species Staphylococcus saprophyticus (17), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15), Staphylococcus xylosus (13), Staphylococcus hominis hominis (10), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (10), Staphylococcus warneri (6), Staphylococcus cohnii urealyticum (5), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3), Staphylococcus simulans (3), Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii (2), and Staphylococcus capitis (1). No Staphylococcus aureus was found. Among the isolates, 30.58% showed resistance to erythromycin. Two samples of CoNS (2.35%), obtained from the ant Tapinoma melanocephalum collected in the post-surgical female ward, S. Hominis hominis and S. lugdunensis harbored the mecA gene and were resistant to multiple antibiotics, and the specie S. hominis hominis even showed to be a biofilm producer. This study proves that ants act as carriers of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci and biofilm producers and points to the risk of the spreading of pathogenic microorganisms by this insect in the hospital environment

Activity of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) and ricinine against the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) and the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus

The focus of this study was the identification of compounds from plant extracts for use in crop protection. This paper reports on the toxic activity of fractions of leaf extracts of Ricinus communis L (Euphorbiaceae) and isolated active compounds in the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel and its symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Singer) Moller. The main compounds responsible for activity against the fungus and ant in leaf extracts of R communis were found to be fatty acids for the former and ricinine for the ants. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.