Roudan muodostumisesta ja esiintymisestä Suomessa vuosina 1955-1975

Engl. summary: On the formation and occurrence of soil frost in Finland 1956 to 1975

Rauhan atomi, sodan koodi : Suomalaisen atomivoimaratkaisun teknopolitiikka 1955-1970

This dissertation investigates the atomic power solution in Finland between 1955 - 1970. During these years a national arrangement for atomic energy technology evolved. The foundations of the Finnish atomic energy policy; the creation of basic legislation and the first governmental bodies, were laid between 1955 - 1965. In the late 1960's, the necessary technological and political decisions were made in order to purchase the first commercial nuclear reactor. A historical narration of this process is seen in the international context of "atoms for peace" policies and Cold War history in general. The geopolitical position of Finland made it necessary to become involved in the balanced participation in international scientific-technical exchange and assistive nuclear programs. The Paris Peace Treaty of 1947 categorically denied Finland acquisition of nuclear weapons. Accordingly, from the "Geneva year" of 1955, the emphasis was placed on peaceful purposes for atomic energy as well as on the education of national professionals in Finland. An initiative for the governmental atomic energy commission came from academia but the ultimate motive behind it was an anticipated structural change in the supply of national energy. Economically exploitable hydro power resources were expected to be built within ten years and atomic power was seen as a promising and complementing new energy technology. While importing fuels like coal was out of the question, because of scarce foreign currency, domestic uranium mineral deposits were considered as a potential source of nuclear fuel. Nevertheless, even then nuclear energy was regarded as just one of the possible future energy options. In the mid-1960 s a bandwagon effect of light water reactor orders was witnessed in the United States and soon elsewhere in the world. In Finland, two separate invitations for bids for nuclear reactors were initiated. This study explores at length both their preceding grounds and later phases. An explanation is given that the parallel, independent and nearly identical tenders reflected a post-war ideological rivalry between the state-owned utility Imatran Voima and private energy utilities. A private sector nuclear power association Voimayhdistys Ydin represented energy intensive paper and pulp industries and wanted to have free choice instead of being associated themselves with "the state monopoly" in energy pricing. As a background to this, a decisive change had started to happen within Finnish energy policy: private and municipal big thermal power plants became incorporated into the national hydro power production system. A characteristic phenomenon in the later history is the Soviet Union s effort to bid for the tender of Imatran Voima. A nuclear superpower was willing to take part in competition but not on a turnkey basis as Imatran Voima had presumed. As a result of many political turns and four years of negotiations the first Finnish commercial light water reactor was ordered from the East. Soon after this the private nuclear power group ordered its reactors from Sweden. This work interprets this as a reasonable geopolitical balance in choosing politically sensitive technology. Conceptually, social and political dimensions of new technology are emphasised. Negotiations on the Finnish atomic energy program are viewed as a cooperation and a struggle, where state-oriented and private-oriented regimes pose their own macro level views and goals (technopolitical imaginaries) and defend and advance their plans and practical modes of action (schemata). Here, not only technologists but even political actors are seen to contribute to technopolitical realisations.

A long-lost relic from the eastern ghats: morphology, distribution and habitat of sepsophis punctatus Beddome, 1870 (Squamata: Scincidae)

Sepsophis punctatus Beddome 1870, the only species of a monotypic genus, was described based on a single specimen from the Eastern Ghats of India. We rediscovered the species based on specimens from Odisha and Andhra Pradesh state, India, after a gap of 137 years, including four specimens from close to the type locality. The holotype was studied in detail, and we present additional morphological characters of the species with details on natural history, habitat and diet. The morphological characters of the holotype along with two additional specimens collected by Beddome are compared with the specimens collected by us. We also briefly discuss the distribution of other members of the subfamily Scincinae and their evolutionary affinities.

History of Computing in India: 1955-2010

The history of computing in India is inextricably intertwined with two interacting forces: the political climate determined by the political party in power) and the government policies mainly driven by the technocrats and bureaucrats who acted within the boundaries drawn by the political party in power. There were four break points (which occurred in 1970, 1978, 1991 and 1998) that changed the direction of the development of computers and their applications. This article explains why these breaks occurred and how they affected the history of computing in India.

Differential proteomic and genomic profiling of mouse striatal cell model of Huntington's disease and control; probable implications to the disease biology

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder of central nervous system caused by expansion of CAG repeats in exon1 of the huntingtin gene (Htt). Among various dysfunctions originated from the mutation in Htt gene, transcriptional deregulation has been considered to be one of the most important abnormalities. Large numbers of investigations identified altered expressions of genes in brains of HD patients and many models of HD. In this study we employed 2D SDS-PAGE/MALDI-MS coupled with 2D-DIGE and real-time PCR experiments of an array of genes focused to HD pathway to determine altered protein and gene expressions in STHdh(Q111)/Hdh(Q111) cells, a cell model of HD and compared with STHdh(Q7)/Hdh(Q7) cells, its wild type counterpart. We annotated 76 proteins from these cells and observed differential expressions of 31 proteins (by 2D-DIGE) involved in processes like unfolded protein binding, negative regulation of neuron apoptosis, response to superoxides etc. Our PCR array experiments identified altered expressions of 47 genes. Altogether significant alteration of 77 genes/proteins could be identified in this HD cell line with potential relevance to HD biology. Biological significance: In this study we intended to find out differential proteomic and genomic profiles in HD condition. We used the STHdh cells, a cellular model for HD and control. These are mouse striatal neuronal cell lines harboring 7 and 111 knock -in CAG repeats in their two alleles. The 111Q containing cell line (STHdh(Q111)/Hdh(Q111)) mimics diseased condition, whereas the 7Q containing ones (STHdh(Q7)/Hdh(Q7)), serves as the proper control cell line. Proteomic experiments were performed earlier to obtain differential expressions of proteins in R6/2 mice models, Hdh(Q) knock -in mice and in plasma and CSF from HD patients. However, no earlier report on proteomic alterations in these two HD cell lines and control was available in literature. It was, therefore, an important objective to find out differential expressions of proteins in these two cell lines. In this study, we annotated 76 proteins from STHdh(Q7)/Hdh(Q7) and STHdh(Q111)/Hdh(Q111) cells using 2D-gel/mass spectrometry. Next, by performing 2D-DIGE, we observed differential expressions of 31 proteins (16 upregulated and 15 downregulated) between these two cell lines. We also performed customized qRT-PCR array focused to HD pathway and found differential expressions of 47 genes (8 gene exptessions increased and 39 genes were decreased significantly). A total of 77 genes/proteins (Htt downregulated in both the studies) were found to be significantly altered from both the experimental paradigms. We validated the differential expressions of Vim, Hypk, Ran, Dstn, Hspa5 and Sod2 either by qRT-PCR or Western blot analysis or both. Out of these 77, similar trends in alteration of 19 out of 31 and 38 out of 47 proteins/genes were reported in earlier studies. Thus our study confirmed earlier observations on differential gene/protein expressions in HD and are really useful. Additionally, we observed differential expression of some novel genes/proteins. One of this was Hypk, a Htt-interacting chaperone protein with the ability to solubilize mHtt aggregated structures in cell lines. We propose that downregulation of Hypk in STHdh-Qm (Q111)/Hdh(Q111) has a causal effect towards HD pathogenesis. Thus the novel findings from our study need further research and might be helpful to understand the molecular mechanism behind HD pathogenesis. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sapientia, 1955, Vol. X, nº 37 (número completo)

Contenido: Trascendencia social de la verdad / La Dirección – Método, sentido y alcance de la investigación metafísica en Heidegger y Sto. Tomás (II) / Octavio N. Derisi – Las nociones de substancia y de causa según el realismo tradicional / R. Garrigou-Lagrange – El ocaso de la educación nueva / Jorge H. Moreno – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

La planificación en la Argentina del desarrollo (1955-1973)

Resumen: Entre el derrocamiento del primer peronismo y el ocaso del segundo, la política económica de los distintos gobiernos se propuso por medios distintos alcanzar una relativa certidumbre de largo plazo a través de la preparación de planes ¿Por qué esta idea tuvo éxito? La planificación fue una tendencia más o menos general en América Latina. Pero además cada gobierno fue impulsando una modalidad particular de planificación acorde a sus objetivos políticos. Nuestro trabajo pretende resumir las diversas expresiones de la planificación, mostrar algunos de los principales obstáculos para su concreción y analizar el funcionamiento del sistema estatal encargado de esa tarea, especialmente representado por el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo.

Sapientia, 1955, Vol. X, nº 38 (número completo)

Contenido: El odio a la verdad y a la inteligencia / La Dirección – Sentido, alcance y fundamentación del principio de razón de ser / Octavio N. Derisi – El cristiano y la libertad / Alberto Caturelli – Para una teoría del signo y del concepto mental como signo formal / Juan A. Casaubón – Notas y comentarios – Documentos -- Bibliografía

Sapientia, 1955, Vol. X, nº 35 (número completo)

Contenido: Del progreso en filosofía / La Dirección – Evolución de la verdad / Alberto García Vieyra – El sentimiento como revelador de lo ético / José Ignacio de Alcorta – Sobre algunos aspectos de la antropología filosófica actual en Alemania / Walter Brüning – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Efecto de diferentes fuentes de nitrógeno sobre el maíz

Para probar el efecto de diferentes fuentes de nitrógeno sobre el maíz se realizó un ensayo en un lote de terreno de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria "La Calera". Se sembró el híbrido "Nicaragua H-1" el día 24 de Junio de 1966 en un diseño experimental de Bloques al azar con 4 repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en emplear 5 fuentes de nitrógeno que prevalecen en el mercado y son: Urea 45% de nitrógeno; Sulfato de Amonio 21% de nitrógeno; Nitrato de Amonio 33% de nitrógeno, Nitrato de Sodio 16% de Nitrógeno, y Nitrógeno foliar Ferti-Fol de la fórmula 20-5-5, además de las fuentes nitrogenadas se aplicó también 100 y 50 lbs/Mz, de fósforo y potasio respectivamente, a todas las parcelas menos al testigo. Cada tratamiento consistió en el equivalente de 100 lb. de nitrógeno por manzana, pero el ferti-fol se puso, según la recomendación de la casa distribuidora, a razón de 5 litros de Ferti-Fol por manzana. Al momento de la siembra se aplicó la mitad del nitrógeno proveniente de Sulfato de Amonio, Urea y Nitrato de Amonio, el resto se aplicó al aporque; el Nitrato de Sodio (chileno) se aplicó toda la dósis al hacer el aporque y el Ferti-Fol se aplicó la mitad al aporque y el resto 15 días más tarde. No hubo diferencias notables en color, vigor y altura de plantas, con las diferentes fuentes pero para el carácter días a flor encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significantes para los tratamientos y fué el sulfato de amonio el que mostró la floración más temprana, a los 44 días de sembrado el maíz el testigo tardó 48 días para florecer. El rendimiento en grano nos mostró que el nitrógeno aplicado, sin importar la fuente, aumenta la producción y que hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre tratamientos y testigo pero no entre tratamientos es decir que ninguna fuente de nitrógeno fue superior a otra. Este resultado estuvo de acuerdo con los encontrados en otros tres ensayos realizados en "La Calera" y Chinandega, en los años de 1954, 1955 y 1956. En base al presente experimento se concluye que en las condiciones que se realizó el ensayo no se encontró fuente de nitrógeno superior y por lo tanto sería recomendable el uso de las fuentes más baratas, que actualmente corresponden a la Urea y Sulfato de Amonio. En relación con el fertilizante foliar Forti-Fol, aplicado en forma de aspersión al follaje de las plantas de maíz se encontró en éste ensayo, un efecto similar al de las demás fuentes de nitrógeno granulado y una indicación de que su costo sería relativamente bajo, pero como no se cuenta con más evidencias no se pudo llegar aún a conclusiones.

Da matéria à invenção : as obras de Oscar Niemeyer em Minas Gerais - 1938-1955

Analisa o processo de criação das obras arquitetônicas de Oscar Oscar Niemeyer em Minas Gerais, do período de 1938 a 1955.

Dados estatísticos : eleições federais, estaduais e municipais, realisadas no Brasil em 1952, 1954 e 1955, e em confronto com anteriores

Analisa o resultado das eleições federais, estaduais e municipais, realizadas no Brasil em 1952, 1954 e 1955, confrontando com dados estatísticos de eleições anteriores.

[Discurso do Deputado Anísio Rocha : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 26 de setembro de 1955]

Defende a interiorização da capital do país, destacando seus benefícios para a segurança e o desenvolvimento nacional.