Determination of eutectic solidification mode in Sr-modified hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys by EBSD

The effect of eutectic modification by strontium on nucleation and growth of the eutectic in hypoeutectic Al-Si foundry alloys has been investigated by electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) mapping. Specimens were prepared from three hypoeutectic AlSi base alloys with 5, 7 and 10 mass%Si and with different strontium contents up to 740 ppm for modification of eutectic silicon. By comparing the orientation of the aluminium in the eutectic to that of the surrounding primary aluminium dendrites? the growth mode of the eutectic could be determined. The mapping results indicate that the eutectic grew from the primary phase in unmodified alloys. When the eutectic was modified by strontium, eutectic grains nucleated separately from the primary dendrites. However, in alloys with high strontium levels, the eutectic again grew from the primary phase. These observed effects of strontium additions on the eutectic solidification mode are independent of silicon content in the range between 5 and 10 mass%Si.

Habitat complexity, spatial interference, and "minimum risk distribution": a framework for population stability

In the past century, the debate over whether or not density-dependent factors regulate populations has generally focused on changes in mean population density, ignoring the spatial variance around the mean as unimportant noise. In an attempt to provide a different framework for understanding population dynamics based on individual fitness, this paper discusses the crucial role of spatial variability itself on the stability of insect populations. The advantages of this method are the following: (1) it is founded on evolutionary principles rather than post hoc assumptions; (2) it erects hypotheses that can be tested; and (3) it links disparate ecological schools, including spatial dynamics, behavioral ecology, preference-performance, and plant apparency into an overall framework. At the core of this framework, habitat complexity governs insect spatial variance. which in turn determines population stability. First, the minimum risk distribution (MRD) is defined as the spatial distribution of individuals that results in the minimum number of premature deaths in a population given the distribution of mortality risk in the habitat (and, therefore, leading to maximized population growth). The greater the divergence of actual spatial patterns of individuals from the MRD, the greater the reduction of population growth and size from high, unstable levels. Then, based on extensive data from 29 populations of the processionary caterpillar, Ochrogaster lunifer, four steps are used to test the effect of habitat interference on population growth rates. (1) The costs (increasing the risk of scramble competition) and benefits (decreasing the risk of inverse density-dependent predation) of egg and larval aggregation are quantified. (2) These costs and benefits, along with the distribution of resources, are used to construct the MRD for each habitat. (3) The MRD is used as a benchmark against which the actual spatial pattern of individuals is compared. The degree of divergence of the actual spatial pattern from the MRD is quantified for each of the 29 habitats. (4) Finally, indices of habitat complexity are used to provide highly accurate predictions of spatial divergence from the MRD, showing that habitat interference reduces population growth rates from high, unstable levels. The reason for the divergence appears to be that high levels of background vegetation (vegetation other than host plants) interfere with female host-searching behavior. This leads to a spatial distribution of egg batches with high mortality risk, and therefore lower population growth. Knowledge of the MRD in other species should be a highly effective means of predicting trends in population dynamics. Species with high divergence between their actual spatial distribution and their MRD may display relatively stable dynamics at low population levels. In contrast, species with low divergence should experience high levels of intragenerational population growth leading to frequent habitat-wide outbreaks and unstable dynamics in the long term. Six hypotheses, erected under the framework of spatial interference, are discussed, and future tests are suggested.

An in situ study of photosynthetic oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta)

Direct comparisons between photosynthetic O-2 evolution rate and electron transport rate (ETR) were made in situ over 24 h using the benthic macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta), growing and measured at a depth of 1.8 m, where the midday irradiance rose to 400-600 mumol photons m(-2) s(-1). O-2 exchange was measured with a 5-chamber data-logging apparatus and ETR with a submersible pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer (Diving-PAM). Steady-state quantum yield ((Fm'-Ft)/Fm') decreased from 0.7 during the morning to 0.45 at midday, followed by some recovery in the late afternoon. At low to medium irradiances (0-300 mumol photons m(-2) s(-1)), there was a significant correlation between O-2 evolution and ETR, but at higher irradiances, ETR continued to increase steadily, while O-2 evolution tended towards an asymptote. However at high irradiance levels (600-1200 mumol photons m-(2) s(-1)) ETR was significantly lowered. Two methods of measuring ETR, based on either diel ambient light levels and fluorescence yields or rapid light curves, gave similar results at low to moderate irradiance levels. Nutrient enrichment (increases in [NO3-], [NH4+] and [HPO42-] of 5- to 15-fold over ambient concentrations) resulted in an increase, within hours, in photosynthetic rates measured by both ETR and O-2 evolution techniques. At low irradiances, approximately 6.5 to 8.2 electrons passed through PS II during the evolution of one molecule of O-2, i.e., up to twice the theoretical minimum number of four. However, in nutrient-enriched treatments this ratio dropped to 5.1. The results indicate that PAM fluorescence can be used as a good indication of the photosynthetic rate only at low to medium irradiances.

Spatial distribution of benthic microalgae on coral reefs determined by remote sensing

Understanding the ecological role of benthic microalgae, a highly productive component of coral reef ecosystems, requires information on their spatial distribution. The spatial extent of benthic microalgae on Heron Reef (southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia) was mapped using data from the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper sensor. integrated with field measurements of sediment chlorophyll concentration and reflectance. Field-measured sediment chlorophyll concentrations. 2 ranging from 23-1.153 mg chl a m(2), were classified into low, medium, and high concentration classes (1-170, 171-290, and > 291 mg chl a m(-2)) using a K-means clustering algorithm. The mapping process assumed that areas in the Thematic Mapper image exhibiting similar reflectance levels in red and blue bands would correspond to areas of similar chlorophyll a levels. Regions of homogenous reflectance values corresponding to low, medium, and high chlorophyll levels were identified over the reef sediment zone by applying a standard image classification algorithm to the Thematic Mapper image. The resulting distribution map revealed large-scale ( > 1 km 2) patterns in chlorophyll a levels throughout the sediment zone of Heron Reef. Reef-wide estimates of chlorophyll a distribution indicate that benthic Microalgae may constitute up to 20% of the total benthic chlorophyll a at Heron Reef. and thus contribute significantly to total primary productivity on the reef.

Motivação dos trabalhadores na sociedade do conhecimento

RESUMO: Nas sociedades avançadas da actualidade, aqui denominadas por sociedades do conhecimento, os níveis de responsabilidade e de exigência mental das organizações para com os seus trabalhadores é superior a qualquer outra realidade anterior. É emergente a necessidade de redefinir a estrutura das organizações, para que os reponsáveis e os seus respectivos colaboradores usufruam de condições potenciadoras do seu desempenho profissional. Os perfis ideais dos responsáveis de equipas e , em especial, dos «novos» trabalhadores produtores de conhecimento, incorporam determinadas características fundamentais para favorecerem o processo criativo e o trabalho autónomo. Mas as alterações não estão confinadas à dimensão laboral, pois surgiram igualmente mudanças profundas no seio da sociedade, as quais obrigam à existência de uma nova relação entre a vida pessoal e a vida profissional dos cidadãos. Todas estas transformações resultam na necessidade de uma componente motivacional muito forte por parte dos trabalhadores, os quais dependem apenas de si mesmos para a conseguir obter e manter. A solução desta problemática surge aqui configurada sob a forma de uma mudança de atitude por parte de todos os trabalhadores, a qual deverá fomentar a ocorrência de «Experiências óptimas» provenientes do desenvolvimento da actividade profissional dos mesmos, tal como é sugerido pela Teoria do Fluxo. Esta versão profunda da motivação intrínseca e estável é proposta como modelar e mesmo fulcral para o trabalhador na Sociedade do conhecimento. ABSTRACT: In today’s advanced societies, here referred as Knowledge Societies, the levels of responsibility and mental demanding which organizations require from their workers is higher than ever before. The need to redefine organizations structures is now emerging in order to allow CEO’s and their co-workers having access to encouraging conditions which improve their work performance. The ideal profile for a team leader and especially for the «new» Knowledge production workers, incorporate a defined group of fundamental characteristics to encourage the creative process and the autonomous work. But changes are not confined to the labor dimension. The Society core also suffered profound changes which demand the existence of a new relation between personal and professional life of its citizens. All these changes create the need for the existence of high motivational levels inside all workers, which now have to find their own ways to get and maintain it. The solution for this problem is presented here as a switch in workers attitude, which will increase the occurrence of optimal experiences coming directly from the development of their professional activity like it’s suggested in the flow theory. This version of the deep intrinsic and stable motivation is proposed as a model or even a central solution to the worker in the Knowledge Society.

Nutritional factors in milk from Brazilian mothers delivering small for gestational age neonates

The composition of breast milk from brazilian mothers delivering low birthweight infants and its adequacy as a source of nutrients for this group has not yet been fully elucidated. A total of 209 milk samples from 66 women were analysed. The mothers were divided into three groups: G1, mothers delivering term babies of low birthweight (TSGA, n=16); G2, mothers delivering preterm babies of appropriate birthweight (PTAGA, n=20); G3, mothers delivering term babies of appropriate birthweight (TAGA, n=30). The following factors were analysed: osmolarity, total proteins and protein fractions, creamatocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Milk samples were collected 48 h and 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after delivery. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of osmolarity, total proteins and fractions, creamatocrit, calcium, magnesium or potassium throughout the study period. Sodium levels were higher in all samples from mothers of TSGA infants and in samples from mothers of PTAGA infants on the 7th, 15th and 30th days than in milk from the TAGA group. The authors consider the needs of the low birthweight and TAGA infants and that these high sodium levels may be necessary for growth of low birthweight infants.

A Flexible Architecture for the Computation of Direct and Inverse Transforms in H.264/AVC Video Codecs

A new high throughput and scalable architecture for unified transform coding in H.264/AVC is proposed in this paper. Such flexible structure is capable of computing all the 4x4 and 2x2 transforms for Ultra High Definition Video (UHDV) applications (4320x7680@ 30fps) in real-time and with low hardware cost. These significantly high performance levels were proven with the implementation of several different configurations of the proposed structure using both FPGA and ASIC 90 nm technologies. In addition, such experimental evaluation also demonstrated the high area efficiency of theproposed architecture, which in terms of Data Throughput per Unit of Area (DTUA) is at least 1.5 times more efficient than its more prominent related designs(1).

Prevalência de resistência a antimicrobianos em isolados ambientais de Escherichia coli e enterococos

A água é um recurso escasso e indispensável à vida, podendo ser um importante veículo de microrganismos patogénicos com origem fecal. A matéria fecal é também uma fonte de microrganismos resistentes a antimicrobianos e contribui para a sua disseminação e dos seus genes de resistência no ambiente e entre as comunidades microbianas comensais e microrganismos patogénicos humanos e animais. A qualidade microbiológica da água é monitorizada recorrendo à utilização de bioindicadores como Escherichia coli, enterococos e microrganismos totais. O presente estudo apresentou como principal objetivo determinar a prevalência de ESBLs e AmpCs e ainda avaliar a prevalência de estirpes de enterococos com resistência à vancomicina (VRE) em águas do rio Douro e da orla costeira da cidade do Porto. As amostragens de água foram realizadas em quatro locais localizados no estuário do rio Douro e orla costeira da cidade do Porto entre o mês de Abril e Julho. A deteção e quantificação dos bioindicadores foram realizadas pelo método de filtração por membrana. A suscetibilidade das estirpes de E. coli e enterococos foi testada pelo método de difusão em disco relativamente a várias classes de antimicrobianos. As contagens microbianas mais elevadas foram determinadas entre Abril e Junho e em amostras de água doce. Foram isoladas 62 estirpes de E. coli e 49 estirpes de enterococos que apresentaram prevalências de resistência a antimicrobianos de 90,3% (56/62) e 83,7% (41/49), respetivamente. As estirpes de E. coli apresentaram altas frequências de resistência à ampicilina (74,2%) e tetraciclina (61,3%). Nestas estirpes verificou-se ainda fenótipos associados a multirresistência a um mínimo de três classes de antimicrobianos em 56,5% (35/62) dos isolados. Verificou-se que as estirpes de enterococos apresentaram altos níveis de resistência à rifampicina (34,7%) e azitromicina (40,8%), detetando-se ainda a manifestação de fenótipo de resistência à vancomicina em 26,5% das estirpes. Observou-se uma prevalência de 36,7% (18/49) de estirpes de enterococos associadas a fenómenos de multirresistência antimicrobiana. Ana Martins vi Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o rio Douro e orla costeira, bem como os ambientes aquáticos, constituem reservatórios de bactérias e genes de resistência a antimicrobianos e possuem um papel preponderante na sua disseminação.

QSAR modeling of antitubercular activity of diverse organic compounds

Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide infectious disease that has shown over time extremely high mortality levels. The urgent need to develop new antitubercular drugs is due to the increasing rate of appearance of multi-drug resistant strains to the commonly used drugs, and the longer durations of therapy and recovery, particularly in immuno-compromised patients. The major goal of the present study is the exploration of data from different families of compounds through the use of a variety of machine learning techniques so that robust QSAR-based models can be developed to further guide in the quest for new potent anti-TB compounds. Eight QSAR models were built using various types of descriptors (from ADRIANA.Code and Dragon software) with two publicly available structurally diverse data sets, including recent data deposited in PubChem. QSAR methodologies used Random Forests and Associative Neural Networks. Predictions for the external evaluation sets obtained accuracies in the range of 0.76-0.88 (for active/inactive classifications) and Q(2)=0.66-0.89 for regressions. Models developed in this study can be used to estimate the anti-TB activity of drug candidates at early stages of drug development (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Instrumentos de apoio à gestão estratégica e ao desempenho organizacional dos fisioterapeutas em unidades privadas de fisioterapia

Mestrado em Intervenção Sócio-Organizacional na Saúde - Área de especialização: Políticas de Administração e Gestão de Serviços de Saúde.

Avaliação da tonopaquimetria como exame de rastreio de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto

Mestrado em Gestão e Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde

Análise do impacto da utilização de femto-células em LTE

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Hopping conduction and persistent photoconductivity in Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films

The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and the photoconductivity of polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 were investigated. It was found that at high temperatures the electrical conductivity was dominated by band conduction and nearest-neighbour hopping. However, at lower temperatures, both Mott variable-range hopping (VRH) and Efros–Shklovskii VRH were observed. The analysis of electrical transport showed high doping levels and a large compensation ratio, demonstrating large degree of disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4. Photoconductivity studies showed the presence of a persistent photoconductivity effect with decay time increasing with temperature, due to the presence of random local potential fluctuations in the Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film. These random local potential fluctuations cannot be attributed to grain boundaries but to the large disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4.

Analysis of the combined exposure to noise and ototoxic substances—pilot study

Abstract: Ototoxic substances have been associated to damage of the auditory system, and its effects are potentiated by noise exposure. The present study aims at analyzing auditory changes from combined exposure to noise and organic solvents, through a pilot study in the furniture industry sector. Audiological tests were performed on 44 workers, their levels of exposure to toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene were determined and the levels of noise exposure were evaluated. The results showed that workers are generally exposed to high noise levels and cabin priming filler and varnish sector workers have high levels of exposure to toluene. However, no hearing loss was registered among the workers. Workers exposed simultaneously to noise and ototoxic substances do not have a higher degree of hearing loss than those workers exposed only to noise. Thus, the results of this study did not show that the combined exposure to noise and the organic solvent is associated with hearing disorders.

Environmental lead poisoning among children in Porto Alegre state, Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of lead poisoning in children and to identify associated factors, as well as possible local sources of contamination. METHODS: A cross-sectional prevalence study conducted in 2006 with a random sample of 97 children age zero to five years from a neighborhood in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Blood lead levels were measured and a questionnaire administered to collect information on sociodemographics, recycling and dwelling. A preliminary environmental evaluation was carried out with direct analysis of soil and indirect analysis of air pollution with bioindicators to identify possible sources of contamination. To analyze lead concentrations from the different collection sites, for each type of material studied, ANOVA was performed with a Brown-Forsythe adjustment for heteroscedasticity and with Dunnett's T3 procedure for multiple comparisons of unequal variances. RESULTS: Blood lead levels > 10.0 µg/dL was found in 16.5% of children. Recycling of waste at home, low father's education level, and increased age of children were associated with increase blood lead levels. High lead levels were found in soil, and there was little indication of lead air pollution. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of lead poisoning was identified, and the potential sources of contamination in this community appear related to waste recylcing activities. Studies should be conducted with other populations of Brazilian children and evaluate potential sources of local and general contamination, to accurately characterize this issue in Brazil.