An experimental study of reverse transition in two-dimensional channel flow

An experimental investigation on reverse transition from turbulent to laminar flow in a two-dimensional channel was carried out. The reverse transition occurred when Reynolds number of an initially turbulent flow was reduced below a certain value by widening the duct in the lateral direction. The experiments were conducted at Reynolds numbers of 625, 865, 980 and 1250 based on half the height of the channel and the average of the mean velocity. At all these Reynolds numbers the initially turbulent mean velocity profiles tend to become parabolic. The longitudinal and vertical velocity fluctuations ($\overline{u^{\prime 2}}$ and $\overline{v^{\prime 2}}$) averaged over the height of the channel decrease exponentially with distance downstream, but $\overline{u^{\prime}v^{\prime}} $ tends to become zero at a reasonably well-defined point. During reverse transition $\overline{u^{\prime}}\overline{v^{\prime}}/\sqrt{\overline{u^{\prime 2}}}\sqrt{\overline{v^{\prime 2}}}$ also decreases as the flow moves downstream and Lissajous figures taken with u’ and v’ signals confirm this trend. There is approximate similarly between $\overline{u^{\prime 2}} $ profiles if the value of $\overline{u^{\prime 2}_{\max}} $ and the distance from the wall at which it occurs are taken as the reference scales. The spectrum of $\overline{u^{\prime 2}} $ is almost similar at all stations and the non-dimensional spectrum is exponential in wave-number. All the turbulent quantities, when plotted in appropriate co-ordinates, indicate that there is a definite critical Reynolds number of 1400±50 for reverse transition.

Measurement of the Gibbs energy of formation of URh3 using an oxide solid electrolyte

The Gibbs' energy offormation of the intermetallic compound URh3has been measured in the temperature range 980 to 1320 K using an oxide solid state cell incorporating yttria-doped thoria as the solid electrolyte and a mixture of manganese and manganese oxide as the reference electrode. The cell can be represented as Pt, Mn + MnO I (Y203)Th02 I Rh + URh3 + U02 + x' Rh, Pt The reversible emf of the cell was a linear function of temperature E = 15.60 +0.0237 T (±0.8) mY. Using auxiliary thermodynamic data for MnO and U02+ x the Gibbs' energy of formation of URh3 from component metals has been computed. The results can be expressed by the equation L'.G?< URh3 > = -316240 + 13.22 T (± 3000) J mol-1. The "third-law" enthalpy of formation of URh3at 298 K is -293.2 (± 4) kJ mol-1, significantly more negative than the value of -181.5 kJ mol-1 calculated using Miedema's model.

Solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions in transition metal alloys: Pt-Ti system

An isothermal section of the phase diagram for (silver + rhodium + oxygen) at T = 1173 K has been established by equilibration of samples representing twelve different compositions, and phase identification after quenching by optical and scanning electron microscopy (s.e.m.), X-ray diffraction (x.r.d.), and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (e.d.x.), Only one ternary oxide, AgRhO2, was found to be stable and a three phase region involving Ag, AgRhO2 and Rh2O3 was identified. The thermodynamic properties of AgRhO2 were measured using a galvanic cell in the temperature range 980 K to 1320 K. Yttria-stabilized zirconia was used as the solid electrolyte and pure oxygen gas at a pressure of 0.1 MPa was used as the reference electrode. The Gibbs free energy of formation of the ternary oxide from the elements, ΔfGo (AgRhO2), can be represented by two linear equations that join at the melting temperature of silver. In the temperature range 980 K to 1235 K, ΔfGo(AgRhO2)/(J . mol-1) = -249080 + 179.08 T/K (±120). Above the melting temperature of silver, in the temperature range 1235 K to 1320 K, ΔfGo(AgRhO2)/(J . mol-1) = -260400 + 188.24 T/K (±95). The thermodynamic properties of AgRhO2 at T = 298.15 K were evaluated from the high temperature data. The chemical potential diagram for (silver + rhodium + oxygen) at T = 1200 K was also computed on the basis of the results of this study.

Low temperature charge transport and microwave absorption of carbon coated iron nanoparticles-polymer composite films

In this paper, the low temperature electrical conductivity and microwave absorption properties of carbon coated iron nanoparticles-polyvinyl chloride composite films are investigated for different filler fractions. The filler particles are prepared by the pyrolysis of ferrocene at 980 degrees C and embedded in polyvinyl chloride matrix. The high resolution transmission electron micrographs of the filler material have shown a 5 nm thin layer graphitic carbon covering over iron particles. The room temperature electrical conductivity of the composite film changes by 10 orders of magnitude with the increase of filler concentration. A percolation threshold of 2.2 and an electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI SE) of similar to 18.6 dB in 26.5-40 GHz range are observed for 50 wt% loading. The charge transport follows three dimensional variable range hopping conduction. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Direct ultrafast laser written C-band waveguide amplifier in Er-doped chalcogenide glass

This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of an ultrafast laser written Er-doped chalcogenide glass buried waveguide amplifier; Er-doped GeGaS glass has been synthesized by the vacuum sealed melt quenching technique. Waveguides have been fabricated inside the 4 mm long sample by direct ultrafast laser writing. The total passive fiber-to-fiber insertion loss is 2.58 +/- 0.02 dB at 1600 nm, including a propagation loss of 1.6 +/- 0.3 dB. Active characterization shows a relative gain of 2.524 +/- 0.002 dB/cm and 1.359 +/- 0.005 dB/cm at 1541 nm and 1550 nm respectively, for a pump power of 500 mW at a wavelength of 980 nm. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America

Distributed Space Time Coding for Wireless Two-Way Relaying

We consider the wireless two-way relay channel, in which two-way data transfer takes place between the end nodes with the help of a relay. For the Denoise-And-Forward (DNF) protocol, it was shown by Koike-Akino et al. that adaptively changing the network coding map used at the relay greatly reduces the impact of Multiple Access Interference at the relay. The harmful effect of the deep channel fade conditions can be effectively mitigated by proper choice of these network coding maps at the relay. Alternatively, in this paper we propose a Distributed Space Time Coding (DSTC) scheme, which effectively removes most of the deep fade channel conditions at the transmitting nodes itself without any CSIT and without any need to adaptively change the network coding map used at the relay. It is shown that the deep fades occur when the channel fade coefficient vector falls in a finite number of vector subspaces of, which are referred to as the singular fade subspaces. DSTC design criterion referred to as the singularity minimization criterion under which the number of such vector subspaces are minimized is obtained. Also, a criterion to maximize the coding gain of the DSTC is obtained. Explicit low decoding complexity DSTC designs which satisfy the singularity minimization criterion and maximize the coding gain for QAM and PSK signal sets are provided. Simulation results show that at high Signal to Noise Ratio, the DSTC scheme provides large gains when compared to the conventional Exclusive OR network code and performs better than the adaptive network coding scheme.

The curvature of the liquid-vapor reduced pressure curve and its relation with the critical region

For most fluids, there exist a maximum and a minimum in the curvature of the reduced vapor pressure curve, p(r) = p(r)(T-r) (with p(r) = p/p(c) and T-r = T/T-c, p(c) and T-c being the pressure and temperature at the critical point). By analyzing National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) data on the liquid-vapor coexistence curve for 105 fluids, we find that the maximum occurs in the reduced temperature range 0.5 <= T-r <= 0.8 while the minimum occurs in the reduced temperature range 0.980 <= T-r <= 0.995. Vapor pressure equations for which d(2)p(r)/dT(r)(2) diverges at the critical point present a minimum in their curvature. Therefore, the point of minimum curvature can be used as a marker for the critical region. By using the well-known Ambrose-Walton (AW) vapor pressure equation we obtain the reduced temperatures of the maximum and minimum curvature in terms of the Pitzer acentric factor. The AW predictions are checked against those obtained from NIST data. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High quality oxide-free metallic nanoparticles: a strategy for synthesis through laser ablation in aqueous medium

The paper explores the synthesis of oxide-free nanoparticles of Ag and Cu through laser ablation of pure targets under aqueous medium and tuning the quality and size through addition of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the medium. The size distribution of nanoparticles reduces from 37 +/- 30 nm and 13 +/- 5 nm to 32 +/- 12 nm and 4 +/- 1 nm for Ag and Cu with changes in PVP concentration from 0.00 to 0.02 M, respectively. Irregular shaped particles of Ag with Ag2O phase and a Cu-Cu2O core-shell particles form without the addition of PVP, while oxide layer is absent with 0.02 M of PVP. The recent understanding of the mechanism of particle formation during laser ablation under liquid medium allows us to rationalize our observation.

Further analysis of indentation loading curves: Effects of tip rounding on mechanical property measurements

The effects of indenter tip rounding on the shape of indentation loading curves have been analyzed using dimensional and finite element analysis for conical indentation in elastic-perfectly plastic solids. A method for obtaining mechanical properties from indentation loading curves is then proposed. The validity of this method is examined using finite element analysis. Finally, the method is used to determine the yield strength of several materials for which the indentation loading curves are available in the literature.

Evaluación de sistemas productivos a pequeña escala de maíz y frijol utilizando indicadores de calidad de suelo en la microcuenca Las Jaguas, Ciudad Antigua 2011

Con el propósito de evaluar rendimientos y adaptabilidad de variedades mejoradas de maíz y frijol ante las frecuentes sequías y su efecto a la mejora de la calidad de suelo en la microcuenca Las Jaguas, municipio de Ciudad Antigua; se establecieron en tres fincas representativas del área un total de diez parcelas ó ensayos productivos en sitios que oscilan entre 880 y 1 980 m 2 , en época de postrera 2011. Las variedades utilizadas fueron maíz NUTRADER, maíz criollo Catacama (NB-9043), maíz criollo H-5, frijol INTA-Rojo y frijol Estelí 90 como criollo. Previo al establecimiento de los ensayos, se seleccionaron localmente un grupo de indicadores sencillos entre los cuales están: el contenido de materia orgánica en el suelo, tasa de infiltración de agua en el suelo, textura, pendiente del terreno, profundidad del suelo, piedras en la superficie, espesor orgánico, pH y fósforo disponible. Los cálculos indican que el contenido de materia orgánica comprende niveles de medio a alto; este indicador es el más importante ya que permite evaluar la calidad de suelos en vista de la influencia positiva en las propiedades y funciones básicas del suelo. Los niveles de fósforo disponible van de pobre a regular, presenta suelos muy ligeramente ácidos, textura de franco arcilloso arenosa a franco limosa arenosa; sin embargo, estos suelos tienen potencial para establecer una alternativa que permita incrementar los rendimientos de los cultivos, mediante prácticas de manejo adecuado como obras de conservación de suelos garantizando de esta manera la sostenibilidad de este recurso. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron una respuesta diferente a la aplicación de las fuentes de fertilizantes (18-46-0) y abono orgánico (lombrihumus), superando a todos los ensayos con rendimientos promedios de 1 291 kg ha -1 y 1 223 kg ha -1 , seguido por los ensayos establecidos con lombrihumus con rendimiento de 773 kg ha -1 y 427 kg ha -1 para el cultivo de frijol. En el caso del cultivo de maíz los mayores rendimientos fueron de 1 850 kg ha -1 y 1 836 kg ha -1 respectivamente, mediante la aplicación de urea y lombrihumus. El análisis económico muestra que el ensayo con fertilización lombrihumus mas 18-46-0 obtuvo los mayores beneficios económicos con C$ 1.40 por cada córdoba invertido, sin embargo, agronómicamente los mayores rendimientos se producen con la fertilización mineral y abono orgánico.

Efectos del nivel de fertilización nitrogenada y la edad de corte en el rendimiento y calidad del sorgo forrajero (Sorghum vulgare Pers.)

Se realizó un experimento con sorgo forrajero durante los meses de julio a noviembre de 1989, en la empresa Agropecuaria Arábica Libia Nicaragua (ANILIB), situada 2 kilómetros al noreste de la localidad de Tisma-Masaya a 50 metros sobre el nivel del mar. En un suelo de la serie cofradía, derivada de cenizas volcánicas de origen aluvial de color pardo oscuro: la precipitación pluvial anual es de 1361,4 milímetros, la temperatura promedio mensual es de 27.5 grados centígrado (ºC). La evaporación total durante el periodo del ensayo fue de 19.05 milímetro y la humedad relativa media durante el periodo del ensayo fue de 82.6 por ciento (%). Se aplicaron niveles de nitrógeno de 0.45 y 90 kg por hectárea y frecuencia de corte de 42,56 y 70 días en un diseño bibacterial en bloques completamente al azar (b.c.a) en parcela dividida. Se utilizó la variedad de sorgo barrajero hibrido kaw- kandy. En los dos corte efectuados en su tres frecuencia el nivel que presento mayores rendimiento, 59.90 ton. De M.S., fue el nivel uno (45kg n/ha) y con el nivel dos (90 kg n/ha) se obtuvo 57.80 ton. M.S. siendo este el menor rendimiento. La proteína bruta el máximo rendimiento en los dos corte efectuados fue 6.91 ton. P.B y le correspondió al nivel uno y 5.980 ton. P.B. para el nivel cero (0 kg n/ha) siendo este e3l mejor rendimiento. Por lo que a los 56 días es el momento óptimo del corte de sorgo forrajero.

运动无力场中的等离子体状况

<正> 在太阳活动区以及磁层和某些等离子体彗星中的磁场位形大多是无力场。无力场在太阳物理和空间物理中是常遇到的。我们经常通过无力场模型对客体进行理论分析和处理,然后与观测的结果进行比较。Gold和Hoyle最早提出太阳黑子磁场中的磁力线的扭绞特性。以后,人们用静力学的关系定量地计算了磁场与扭转过程的关系;开始是势场的磁场位形通