Managing and resisting ‘degeneration’ in employee-owned businesses: a comparative study of two large retailers in Spain and the UK

Employee-owned businesses have recently enjoyed a resurgence of interest as possible ‘alternatives’ to the somewhat tarnished image of conventional investor-owned capitalist firms. Within the context of global economic crisis, such alternatives seem newly attractive. This is somewhat ironic because, for more than a century, academic literature on employee-owned businesses has been dominated by the ‘degeneration thesis’. This suggested that these businesses tend towards failure – they either fail commercially, or they relinquish their democratic characters. Bucking this trend and offering a beacon - especially in the UK - has been the commercially successful, co-owned enterprise of the John Lewis Partnership (JLP) whose virtues have seemingly been rewarded with favourable and sustainable outcomes. This paper makes comparisons between JLP and its Spanish equivalent Eroski – the supermarket group which is part of the Mondragon cooperatives. The contribution of this paper is to examine in a comparative way how the managers in JLP and Eroski have constructed and accomplished their alternative scenarios. Using longitudinal data and detailed interviews with senior managers in both enterprises it explores the ways in which two large, employee-owned, enterprises reconcile apparently conflicting principles and objectives. The paper thus puts some new flesh on the ‘regeneration thesis’.

Radioaktives Cäsium im Fisch der Barentssee weiterhin abnehmend

A decrease of 137Cs concentration in cod flesh from Barents Sea is shown by six years random sampling. This reduction runs parallel to reduced emissions from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant Sellafield (Great Britain). It must be emphasized that even the highest values from 1992 are lower than comparable ones from the North Sea and from the Baltic. Although there is no increase of the radiation dose on people by consuming these fishes further monitoring should not be stopped. Potential risk arises from radioactive wastes of the russian nuclear navy in their coastal area. Obviously a safe storage seams almost too expensive.

Growth response of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings fed with varying levels of dietary freshwater mussel (Aspatharia sinuata)

A common bivalve: Freshwater mussel, Aspatharia sinuate was evaluated as a dietary protein supplement in the production diet for Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings with mean body weight 8.34 plus or minus 10g reared in aquaria tanks. Four diets containing fishmeal protein at a rate of 25%, 50% and 75% along with the freshwater mussel flesh were formulated. The diet without the freshwater mussel served as the control. The fish fingerlings were fed at 5% body weight per day for 56 days. It was revealed at the end of the experiment that freshwater mussel was most suitable as a protein supplement when incorporated at 25% replacement. The body weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ration values of 6.83g, 1.06% day and 0.62 respectively were highest in diet with 25% replacement closely followed by diet with 50% replacement. Beyond 75% inclusion level there was no significant growth (P>0.05). However, complete replacement of fishmeal by freshwater mussel decreases growth rates and should not be used in Heterobranchus longifilis diets

Nematodenlarven in Heringen aus verschiedenen Fanggebieten

The prevalence of nematodes in herring from five different fishing grounds of the North Sea and west of Scotland were examined. The abundance of nematode larvae in the flesh of the North Sea herring was approximately twice as high and the abundance in the body cavity was more than 6 fold of the herring from fishing grounds west of Scotland. The worm burden in the flesh was not correlated to the length of the fishes but the worm burden of the body cavity tends to increase by length. The frequency distribution of the nematodes in the flesh and the influence of the catching season is also discussed.

Desenho-escrita a ponto de verbo

A pesquisa é um dos desdobramentos possíveis da ação do desenho como exigência do próprio corpo. O trabalho propõe a tentativa e o fracasso como movimentação do fazer artístico. Por acreditar na experiência cotidiana com a força escritural, em seu caráter performático, investe na possibilidade de ativar o desenho latente no mundo. Ao investigar a palavra como tentativa de ordenação e como uma condição de possibilidade da arte contemporânea, discute-se (e, simultaneamente, pratica-se) o risco, o acidente introduzido pelo poético em seu caráter desestabilizador,a fim de debruçar-se sobre o aspecto não estável das relações prático-teóricas, entre o texto e a matéria plástica, entre imagens e palavras. A dissertação busca, (na tensão da) experiência, a reflexão inesgotável diante da energia gasta na convivência com a matéria-pensamento, com a palavra que é carne. O horizonte da pesquisa é a impossibilidade - dentro do texto do artista que tangencia seu próprio trabalho de colocar-se em movimento em direção a um fim que não seja o caminho.

Environmental quality standards to protect identified uses of controlled waters: salmonid fisheries, cyprinid fisheries, migratory fisheries, commercial harvesting of marine fish for public consumption, commercial harvesting of shellfish for for public consumption

This report considers the development of environmental quality standards (EQSs) for the salmonid fishery, cyprinid fishery, migratory fishery, commercial harvesting of marine fish for public consumption and commercial harvesting of shellfish for public consumption uses of controlled surface waters. Previous reports have been used to identify those parameters necessary for the maintenance of these five uses. Each water use is considered in a separate section within which identified parameters are discussed and standards proposed, a summary of the proposed standards is presented at the beginning of the relevant section. For salmonid, cyprinid and migratory fisheries, EQSs for substances in water have been proposed for the protection of these fisheries. For the commercial harvesting of marine fish and shellfish for public consumption uses 'Warning Levels' of substances in waters have been proposed. These 'Warning Levels' have been proposed by considering data on bioaccumulation and food standards and aim to prevent acceptable intake values and concentrations in fish/shellfish flesh exceeding statutory or recommended levels. For the commercial harvesting of marine fish for public consumption it has been concluded that the current EQSs for most List II substances for the protection of salt water life should be adequately stringent to protect this use, however for the commercial harvesting of shellfish for public consumption, these List II EQSs do not appear adequate to protect this use and more stringent 'Warning Levels' have been proposed. For all five uses considered in this report there has been found to be limited information on a number of the parameters considered and in general for indigenous species, this has been found to be especially so when considering migratory fisheries and the commercial harvesting of marine fish and shellfish.

Três datas: entre nascer e morrer, O guardador de rebanhos

O presente trabalho objetiva o exercício de criação em torno do dia 8 de março de 1914, dito como triunfal pelo poeta Fernando Pessoa, nos momentos que antecedem a escrita do poema O guardador de rebanhos, de autoria do heterônimo Alberto Caeiro. A partir de versos do poema intenta-se uma construção ficcional fincada em um estado onírico que é canal para os fluxos de criação, preparação para o que vai eclodir: um poema potente que emerge do mistério da heteronímia, renúncia do poeta à sua voz para dar lugar ao OUTRO que dele difere, porém dele surge, nele mora. Há no espaço ficcional a ideia de inscrever a data de 8 de março de 1914 como um terceiro marco na biografia do poeta que negou ter biografia, apenas nascimento e morte como limites entre os quais a vida correu como obra, como fazer poesia. A data que dá carne ao poema é ficção dentro da ficção, contraponto de guerra em meio à luz da poesia que nasce como tarefa heroica de enfrentamento diante dos perigos do mundo. O trabalho pretende chegar mais perto de uma verdade que só através da ficção pode ser tocada: sentir o fluxo de um dia no processo de criação do poeta, ser livre como ele, na ousadia de recriar o momento da escrita do poema em 1914

Perspectives from agriculture: advances in livestock breeding - implications for aquaculture genetics

In this paper we present livestock breeding developments that could be taken into consideration in the genetic improvement of farmed aquaculture species, especially in freshwater fish. Firstly, the current breeding objective in aquatic species has focused almost exclusively on the improvement of body weight at harvest or on growth related traits. This is unlikely to be sufficient to meet the future needs of the aquaculture industry. To meet future demands breeding programs will most likely have to include additional traits, such as fitness related ones (survival, disease resistance), feed efficiency, or flesh quality, rather than only growth performance. In order to select for a multi-trait breeding objective, genetic variation in traits of interest and the genetic relationships among them need to be estimated. In addition, economic values for these traits will be required. Generally, there is a paucity of data on variable and fixed production costs in aquaculture, and this could be a major constraint in the further expansion of the breeding objectives. Secondly, genetic evaluation systems using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in a framework of mixed model methodology could be widely adopted to replace the more commonly used method of mass selection based on phenotypic performance. The BLUP method increases the accuracy of selection and also allows the management of inbreeding and estimation of genetic trends. BLUP is an improvement over the classic selection index approach, which was used in the success story of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in the Philippines, with genetic gains from 10 to 20 per cent per generation of selection. In parallel with BLUP, optimal genetic contribution theory can be applied to maximize genetic gain while constraining inbreeding in the long run in selection programs. Thirdly, by using advanced statistical methods, genetic selection can be carried out not only at the nucleus level but also in lower tiers of the pyramid breeding structure. Large scale across population genetic evaluation through genetic connectedness using cryopreserved sperm enables the comparison and ranking of genetic merit of all animals across populations, countries or years, and thus the genetically superior brood stock can be identified and widely used and exchanged to increase the rate of genetic progress in the population as a whole. It is concluded that sound genetic programs need to be established for aquaculture species. In addition to being very effective, fully pedigreed breeding programs would also enable the exploration of possibilities of integrating molecular markers (e.g., genetic tagging using DNA fingerprinting, marker (gene) assisted selection) and reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization using cryopreserved spermatozoa.

Interfaces e inquietações no diálogo entre Kierkegaard e Foucault - filosofia antiga, psicologia e processos de subjetivação

A presente tese inicia-se por uma encruzilhada e um segredo: na encruzilhada está a psicologia, entre os apelos instrumentais, antropológicos e neurocientíficos; já o segredo refere-se à quase desconhecida leitura de Kierkegaard por Foucault. Os dois filósofos se inscrevem na esteira da experimentação filosófica, caminho oposto ao da metafísica. Experimentação, aqui, não diz respeito a qualquer empirismo; inspira-se nos exercícios espirituais da Antiguidade grega e romana, e nas práticas da ironia, do cuidado de si e da parresía filosófica. As aproximações possíveis entre o pensamento de Kierkegaard e o de Foucault por esse viés da filosofia antiga, visam a contribuir para uma compreensão da psicologia e de suas práticas que permita o enfrentamento dos dilemas acima referidos, ou seja, os instrumentais, antropológicos e neurocientíficos. O percurso do trabalho tem como ponto de partida as suspeitas direcionadas à psicologia, desde o questionamento colocado por Canguilhem há mais de cinqüenta anos acerca das intenções pouco claras da disciplina, passando pelas críticas aos processos de subjetivação psicologizantes, até chegar ao grave enquadramento contemporâneo que busca convencer os sujeitos de que são, em última análise, nada mais do que cérebros. Os processos de subjetivação engendrados pelas práticas psi se vêem, pois, colocados hoje frente a impasses de difícil solução. Tantas são as suspeitas e temores quanto aos efeitos psi, que os próprios profissionais da área têm, em muitos casos, assumido a posição de que a psicologia se tornou inviável e deve desaparecer. As referências objetivantes ou antropológicas, quando priorizadas pela psicologia, de fato não deixam saídas, tornando urgente o encontro com outros referenciais que possibilitem respirar novos ares. O pensamento de Kierkegaard e o de Foucault surgem como intercessores em face desse horizonte sombrio. Os dois filósofos se dedicaram a tornar o homem atento a si e ao mundo, priorizando saídas singulares e criativas em lugar da reprodução dos modos de ser hegemônicos que ameaçam igualar tudo e todos. Desnaturalizadores do presente e avessos às grandes especulações teóricas sobre a vida, escreveram obras que é preciso experienciar, mais do que simplesmente ler, a fim de captar-lhes a atmosfera e com elas operar. A partir dessa atitude, a psicologia experimental ou interpretativa pode dar lugar a uma psicologia experimentante, que acompanha o cotidiano ao invés de se colocar como uma curiosidade sem paixão. Tal psicologia segue de maneira interessada os movimentos da existência e a apropriação pessoal da verdade, que deixa de ser transcendente, metafísica ou sonhada, e aparece encarnada nas lutas, receios, enganos, ações e tensões do dia-a-dia dos sujeitos de carne, osso e espírito. É na tensão constituinte-constituído que o sujeito se forja, seja ele lançado por Deus, como pensa Kierkegaard, seja, como propõe Foucault, mergulhado nos esquemas e objetivações que toma como naturais: a tarefa do sujeito é tornar-se si mesmo, participando de forma mais livre da própria constituição, exercendo de maneira refletida e ética a liberdade e transparecendo a si mesmo, ao invés de tomar como suas as determinações que lhe são oferecidas. A presente tese visa, portanto, a estabelecer o diálogo entre Foucault e Kierkegaard, pelo viés da filosofia antiga, buscando inspiração para promover, no tempo presente, processos de subjetivação outros que os modos desesperados de ser, e práticas psicológicas mais experimentantes e menos disciplinadoras.

O corpo-limite

A pesquisa Corpolimite parte do discurso de onde a fisicalidade e experiência informe do corpo que atravessa camadas, dos rituais de passagem às políticas urbanas, cria complexidades e zonas desestabilizantes que revelam saberes via percepção e sentidos através da experiência poética em carne-viva. Partindo da perspectiva das modificações corporais no contexto das transformações extremas (como tatuagens, piercings, escarificação, implantes e suspensão corporal) o trabalho traça um percurso errático acerca das práticas de corpo que borram fronteiras, abrem fissuras e desviam, criando novos caminhos poéticos, novos jogos de significação. Baseando-se numa escrita poética e biográfica, o texto mistura imagem e palavra de forma a elaborar uma trama das complexidades envolvidas nos processos descritos. Trabalhando no campo da Performance Art e da Body Art o discurso arte-vida é permanente, trazendo à tona traços da vida cotidiana. Estes rastros transbordam e jorram pelo texto que é carne, matéria viva deste corpo de papel

O corpo vivido entre afetos: psicorporeidade e intersubjetividade em Ferenczi, Balint e Winnicott

Esta tese pretende reafirmar duas dimensões existenciais, constituintes do ser humano: a psicorporeidade e a intersubjetividade. O ser humano é uma unidade psicossomática que se constitui no e através do ambiente humano que é seu entorno. Essa afirmativa parece nada incomum em 2005, mas não foi a hegemônica no pensamento ocidental. No racionalismo dualista, proposto por Platão na antiguidade e radicalizado e sistematizado por Descartes na modernidade, vigorava a radical separação entre corpo (res extensa) e alma (res cogitans), entre sujeito e objeto. Recorro à noção de corpo vivido na intersubjetividade, presente em Merleau-Ponty, para expor como concebo estas duas dimensões. Assinalo os paralelos de sua concepção ulterior (a noção de carne) com a da reformulação teórica freudiana - a partir da introdução do conceito de narcisismo (1914c) e do inconsciente originário, enraizado no corpo (1923a). Este é o período da formulação freudiana no qual encontram-se os pilares das principais concepções desenvolvidas por Ferenczi, Balint e Winnicott, clínicos da psicanálise cujas contribuições podem ser agrupadas no que denomino de matriz ferencziana - destacando-se a reformulação da teoria do trauma e a proposta clínica da regressão/progressão num ambiente facilitador que propicie continente para a experiência subjetiva. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a articulação entre as suas principais obras e como as dimensões da psicorporeidade e da intersubjetividade nelas estão presentes.

Biology and Potential Use of Pacific Grenadier, Coryphaenoides acrolepis, off California

Grenadiers (family Macrouridae) are the most abundant fish on most continental slope areas worldwide. Off California the Pacific grenadier, Coryphaenoides acrolepis, occurs in relatively large numbers and may have marketing potential. This repon provides information on the biology of the species and catch results from a number of scientific cruises. Catch data on several other species found together with Pacific grenadier, panicularly sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, are also given. The fish were caught with a bottom trawl (15 trawls), and with free-vehicle longline gear (117 sets). The latter was a hook and line system in which the gear was dropped to the seafloor untethered to the fishing vessel, and floated to the surface, with the catch, when detachable weights were automatically released. Sablefish dominated longline catches in depths of 200-600fm (334-1,098m), while Pacific grenadier was most abundant between 600 and 1,OOOfm (1,098-1,830m). Best trawl catches of Pacific grenadier were made at depths between 615 and 675fm (1,125 and 1,235 m) and at 760fm (1,391 m). Ripe females were absent from our samples, but spent females were found during the entire year with highest numbers in the spring and early summer. Only one larva was found despite extensive sampling with plankton nets. Pacific grenadier was found to have good edible qualities by a taste-test panel, although the protein content (15 percent) and flesh yield (24 percent) were significantly lower than those of other fishes. A second species, the giant grenadier, Albatrossia pectoralis, was found to have exceptionally poor eating qualities and even lower protein content.

Trace metals in common marine foods of the Pacific Coast

Trace metal analysis of 23 species of common Pacific Coast marine foods revealed high cadmium values for Bent-nosed clams (Macoma nasuta), Bay mussels (Mytilus edulis), Bay oysters (Osrtrea lurida), Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), and Littleneck clams (Protothaca staminea). Metals were found to concentrate in the gills, heart, and visceral mass of all 10 species of bivalve mollusks examined. Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) demonstrated the highest cadmium values for fish flesh.

Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning: a review on the chemistry, ecology, and toxicology with an emphasis on human health impacts

Azaspiracids (AZA) are polyether marine toxins that accumulate in various shellfish species and have been associated with severe gastrointestinal human intoxications since 1995. This toxin class has since been reported from several countries, including Morocco and much of western Europe. A regulatory limit of 160 μg AZA/kg whole shellfish flesh was established by the EU in order to protect human health; however, in some cases, AZA concentrations far exceed the action level. Herein we discuss recent advances on the chemistry of various AZA analogs, review the ecology of AZAs, including the putative progenitor algal species, collectively interpret the in vitro and in vivo data on the toxicology of AZAs relating to human health issues, and outline the European legislature associated with AZAs.

Ontogenetic shifts in natural diet during benthic stages of American lobster (Homarus americanus), off the Magdalen Islands

The natural diet of 506 American lobsters (Homarus americanus) ranging from instar V (4 mm cephalothorax length, CL) to the adult stage (112 mm CL) was determined by stomach content analysis for a site in the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada. Cluster and factor analyses determined four size groupings of lobsters based on their diet: <7.5 mm, 7.5 to <22.5 mm, 22.5 to <62.5 mm, and ≥62.5 mm CL. The ontogenetic shift in diet with increasing size of lobsters was especially apparent for the three dominant food items: the contribution of bivalves and animal tissue (flesh) to volume of stomach contents decreased from the smallest lobsters (28% and 39%, respectively) to the largest lobsters (2% and 11%, respectively), whereas the reverse trend was seen for rock crab Cancer irroratus (7% in smallest lobsters to 53% in largest lobsters). Large lobsters also ate larger rock crabs than did small lobsters.