Contact potential induced enhancement of magnetization in polyaniline coated nanomagnetic iron oxides by plasma polymerization

The present work derives motivation from the so called surface/interfacial magnetism in core shell structures and commercial samples of Fe3O4 and c Fe2O3 with sizes ranging from 20 to 30 nm were coated with polyaniline using plasma polymerization and studied. The High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy images indicate a core shell structure after polyaniline coating and exhibited an increase in saturation magnetization by 2 emu/g. For confirmation, plasma polymerization was performed on maghemite nanoparticles which also exhibited an increase in saturation magnetization. This enhanced magnetization is rather surprising and the reason is found to be an interfacial phenomenon resulting from a contact potential.

A Log-linear model of grain size influence on the geochemistry of sediments

Sediment composition is mainly controlled by the nature of the source rock(s), and chemical (weathering) and physical processes (mechanical crushing, abrasion, hydrodynamic sorting) during alteration and transport. Although the factors controlling these processes are conceptually well understood, detailed quantification of compositional changes induced by a single process are rare, as are examples where the effects of several processes can be distinguished. The present study was designed to characterize the role of mechanical crushing and sorting in the absence of chemical weathering. Twenty sediment samples were taken from Alpine glaciers that erode almost pure granitoid lithologies. For each sample, 11 grain-size fractions from granules to clay (ø grades <-1 to >9) were separated, and each fraction was analysed for its chemical composition. The presence of clear steps in the box-plots of all parts (in adequate ilr and clr scales) against ø is assumed to be explained by typical crystal size ranges for the relevant mineral phases. These scatter plots and the biplot suggest a splitting of the full grain size range into three groups: coarser than ø=4 (comparatively rich in SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3, and dominated by “felsic” minerals like quartz and feldspar), finer than ø=8 (comparatively rich in TiO2, MnO, MgO, Fe2O3, mostly related to “mafic” sheet silicates like biotite and chlorite), and intermediate grains sizes (4≤ø <8; comparatively rich in P2O5 and CaO, related to apatite, some feldspar). To further test the absence of chemical weathering, the observed compositions were regressed against three explanatory variables: a trend on grain size in ø scale, a step function for ø≥4, and another for ø≥8. The original hypothesis was that the trend could be identified with weathering effects, whereas each step function would highlight those minerals with biggest characteristic size at its lower end. Results suggest that this assumption is reasonable for the step function, but that besides weathering some other factors (different mechanical behavior of minerals) have also an important contribution to the trend. Key words: sediment, geochemistry, grain size, regression, step function

Trace element geochemistry from the Birrimian metasediments of the Northern Region of Ghana

Trace element distributions in rock, soil and groundwater from of the Birrimian metasediments and granites located in the Northern Region of Ghana are described. High positive correlations are observed between selected major elements and trace metals (e.g. K2O and Rb, Al2O3 and V, Fe2O3 and V, and K2O and Y) in rocks and soils, and attributed to the presence of major source minerals. Ca and Sr were strongly correlated in groundwater, suggesting greater water-rock interaction. Low association of V with Fe is explained by (i) relatively higher mobility of V as against Fe; (ii) low Fe content in the parent rocks and (iii) variable sources of Fe and V.

Mineral and geochemical characterization of a leptic aluandic soil and a thapto aluandic-ferralsol developed on trachytes in Mount Bambouto (Cameroon volcanic line)

Mineral and geochemical investigations were carried out on soil samples and fresh rock (trachytes) from two selected soil profiles (TM profile on leptic aluandic soils and TL profile on thapto aluandic-ferralsols) from Mount Bambouto to better understand geochemical processes and mineral paragenesis involved in the development of soils in this environment. In TM profile, the hydrated halloysites and goethite occur in the weathered saprolite boulders of BC horizon while dehydrated halloysite, gibbsite and goethite dominate the soils matrices of BC and A horizons. In TL profile, the dehydrated halloysites and goethite are the most abundant secondary minerals in the weathered saprolites of C and BC horizons while gibbsite, hematite and kaolinite occur in the soil matrices of BC, B and A horizons. The highest gibbsite content is in the platy nodules of B horizon. In both soil profiles, organo-metal complexes (most likely of AI and Fe) are present in the surface A horizon. Geochemically, between the fresh rock and the weathered saprolites in both soils, SiO2, K2O, CaO, Na2O and MgO contents decrease strongly while Fe2O3 and Al2O3 tend to accumulate. The molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 (Ki) and the sum of Ca, Mg, K and Na ions (TRB) also decreases abruptly between fresh rocks and the weathered saprolites, but increases significantly at the soil surface. The TM profile shows intense Al enrichment whereas the TL profile highlights enrichment in both AI and Fe as the weathering progresses upwards. Both soil profiles are enriched in Ni, Cu, Ba and Co and depleted in U, Th, Ta, Hf, Y, Sr, Pb, Zr and Zn relative to fresh rock. They also show a relatively low fractionation of the rare earth elements (REE: La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu), except for Ce which tends to be enriched in soils compared to CI chondrite. All these results give evidence of intense hydrolysis at soil deep in Mount Bambouto resulting in the formation of halloysite which progressively transforms into gibbsite and/or dehydrated halloysite. At the soil surface, the prominent pedogenetic process refers to andosolization with formation of organo-metal complexes. In TL profile, the presence of kaolinite in soil matrices BC and B horizons is consistent with ferralitization at soil deep. In conclusion, soil forming processes in Mount Bambouto are strongly influenced by local climate: (i) in the upper mountain (>2000 m), the fresh, misty and humid climate favors andosolization; whereas (ii) in the middle lands (1700-2000 m) with a relatively dry climate, both andosolization at the soil surface and ferralitization at soil deep act together. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efficiency and purity control in the preparation of pure and/or aluminum-doped barium ferrites by hydrothermal methods using ferrous ions as reactants

The synthesis of hexagonal barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) was studied under hydrothermal conditions by a method in which a significant amount of ferrous chloride was introduced along side ferric chloride among the starting materials. Though all of the Fe2+ ions in the starting material were converted to Fe3+ ions in the final product, Fe2+ was confirmed to participate differently from the Fe3+ used in the conventional method in the mechanism of forming barium ferrite. Indeed the efficiency of the synthesis and the quality of the product and the lack of impurities such as Fe2O3 and BaFe2O4 were improved when Fe2+ was included. However, the amount of ferrous ions that could be included to obtain the desired product was limited with an optimum ratio of 2:8 for FeCl2/FeCl3 when only 2h of reaction time were needed. It was also found that the role of trivalent Fe3+ could be successfully replaced by Al3+. Up to 50% of their on could be replaced by Al3+ in the reactants to produce Al- doped products. It was also found that the ratio of Fe2+/M3+ could be increased in the presence of Al3+ to produce high quality barium ferrite.

Immobilisation of phenanthroline-bis triazine(c1-btphen) on magnetic nanoparticles for co-extraction of americium(III) and europium(III)

The present work reports a convenient route for the immobilisation of a phenanthroline-bis triazine (C1-BTPhen) group on the surface of zirconia-coated maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with C1-BTPhen were able to co-extract Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid (HNO3). The extraction efficiency of these C1-BTPhen-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for both Am(III) and Eu(III) was 20% at 4M HNO3. The interaction between C1-BTPhen and metal cations is reversible. These functionalized magnetic nanoparticles can be used for the co-extraction of traces of Am(III) and Eu(III).

Neocuproine-functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles for extraction of copper(II) from aqueous solution

Neocuproine has been covalently bound to silica-coated maghemite(c-Fe2O3) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) by a phenyl ether linkage. The resulting MNPs are able to remove Cu(II) from 12 ppm aqueous solution with an extraction efficiency of up to 99% at pH 2.

A DFT study of the structures, stabilities and redox behaviour of the major surfaces of magnetite Fe3O4

The renewed interest in magnetite (Fe3O4) as a major phase in different types of catalysts has led us to study the oxidation–reduction behaviour of its most prominent surfaces. We have employed computer modelling techniques based on the density functional theory to calculate the geometries and surface free energies of a number of surfaces at different compositions, including the stoichiometric plane, and those with a deficiency or excess of oxygen atoms. The most stable surfaces are the (001) and (111), leading to a cubic Fe3O4 crystal morphology with truncated corners under equilibrium conditions. The scanning tunnelling microscopy images of the different terminations of the (001) and (111) stoichiometric surfaces were calculated and compared with previous reports. Under reducing conditions, the creation of oxygen vacancies in the surface leads to the formation of reduced Fe species in the surface in the vicinity of the vacant oxygen. The (001) surface is slightly more prone to reduction than the (111), due to the higher stabilisation upon relaxation of the atoms around the oxygen vacancy, but molecular oxygen adsorbs preferentially at the (111) surface. In both oxidized surfaces, the oxygen atoms are located on bridge positions between two surface iron atoms, from which they attract electron density. The oxidised state is thermodynamically favourable with respect to the stoichiometric surfaces under ambient conditions, although not under the conditions when bulk Fe3O4 is thermodynamically stable with respect to Fe2O3. This finding is important in the interpretation of the catalytic properties of Fe3O4 due to the presence of oxidised species under experimental conditions.

Effective separation of Am(III) and Eu(III) from HNO3 Q1 Q2 solutions using CyMe4-BTPhen-functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles

It has been shown that CyMe4-BTPhen-functionalized silica-coated maghemite (c-Fe2O3) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are capable of quantitative separation of Am(III) from Eu(III) from HNO3 solutions. These MNPs also show a small but significant selectivity for Am(III) over Cm(III) with a separation factor of around 2 in 4 M HNO3. The water molecule in the cavity of the BTPhen may also play an important part in the selectivity.

Effective separation of Am(III) and Eu(III) from HNO3 solutions using CyMe4-BTPhen-functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles

It has been shown that CyMe4-BTPhen-functionalized silica-coated maghemite (c-Fe2O3) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are capable of quantitative separation of Am(III) from Eu(III) from HNO3 solutions. These MNPs also show a small but significant selectivity for Am(III) over Cm(III) with a separation factor of around 2 in 4 M HNO3. The water molecule in the cavity of the BTPhen may also play an important part in the selectivity.

Interparticle Interactions Effects on the Magnetic Order in Surface of Fe(3)O(4) Nanoparticles

We report interparticle interactions effects on the magnetic structure of the surface region in Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles. For that, we have studied a desirable system composed by Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles with (d) = 9.3 nm and a narrow size distribution. These particles present an interesting morphology constituted by a crystalline core and a broad (similar to 50% vol.) disordered superficial shell. Two samples were prepared with distinct concentrations of the particles: weakly-interacting particles dispersed in a polymer and strongly-dipolar-interacting particles in a powder sample. M(H, T) measurements clearly show that strong dipolar interparticle interaction modifies the magnetic structure of the structurally disordered superficial shell. Consequently, we have observed drastically distinct thermal behaviours of magnetization and susceptibility comparing weakly- and strongly-interacting samples for the temperature range 2 K < T < 300 K. We have also observed a temperature-field dependence of the hysteresis loops of the dispersed sample that is not observed in the hysteresis loops of the powder one.

Footemineite, the Mn-analog of atencioite, from the Foote mine, Kings Mountain, Cleveland County, North Carolina, USA, and its relationship with other roscherite-group minerals

Footemineite, ideally Ca2Mn2+square Mn22+Be4(PO4)(6)(OH)(4)-6H(2)O, triclinic, is a new member of the roscherite group. It occurs on thin fractures crossing quartz-microcline-spodumene pegmatite at the Foote mine, Kings Mountain, Cleveland County, North Carolina, U.S.A. Associated minerals are albite, analcime, eosphorite, siderite/rhodochrosite, fairfieldite, fluorapatite, quartz, milarite, and pyrite. Footemineite forms prismatic to bladed generally rough to barrel-shaped crystals up to about 1.5 mm long and I mm in diameter. Its color is yellow, the streak is white, and the luster is vitreous to slightly pearly. Footemineite is transparent and non-fluorescent. Twinning is simple, by reflection, with twin boundaries across the length of the crystals. Cleavage is good on {0 (1) over bar1}) and {100}. Density (calc.) is 2.873 g/cm(3). Footemineite is biaxial (-), n(alpha) = 1.620(2), n(beta) = 1.627(2), n(gamma) = 1.634(2) (white light). 2V(obs) = 80 degrees, 2V(calc) = 89.6 degrees. Orientation: X boolean AND b similar to 12 degrees, Y boolean AND c similar to 15 degrees, Z boolean AND a similar to 15 degrees. Elongation direction is c, dispersion: r > v or r < v, weak. Pleochroism: beta (brownish yellow) > alpha = gamma (yellow). Mossbauer and IR spectra are given. The chemical composition is (EDS mode electron microprobe, Li and Be by ICP-OES, Fe3+:Fe2+ y Mossbauer, H2O by TG data, wt%): Li2O 0.23, BeO 9.54, CaO 9.43, SrO 0.23, BaO 0.24, MgO 0.18, MnO 26.16, FeO 2.77, Fe2O3 0.62, Al2O3 0.14, P2O5 36.58, SiO2 0.42, H2O 13.1, total 99.64. The empirical formula is (Ca1.89Sr0.03Ba0.02)Sigma(1.94)(Mn-0.90(2+)square(0.10))Sigma(1.00)(square 0.78Li0.17Mg0.05) Sigma(1.00)(Mn3.252+Fe0.432+ Fe0.093+Al0.03)Sigma(3.80) Be-4.30(P5.81Si0.08O24)[(OH)3.64(H2O)0.36]Sigma(4.00)center dot 6.00H(2)O . The strongest reflection peaks of the powder diffraction pattern [d, angstrom (1, %) (hkl)] are 9.575 (53) (010), 5.998 (100) (0 (1) over bar1), 4.848 (26) (021), 3.192 (44) (210), 3.003 (14) (0 (2) over bar2), 2.803 (38) ((1) over bar 03), 2.650 (29) ((2) over bar 02), 2.424 (14) (231). Single-crystal unit-cell parameters are a = 6.788(2), b = 9.972(3), c = 10.014(2) A, (x = 73.84(2), beta = 85.34(2), gamma = 87.44(2)degrees,V = 648.74 angstrom(3), Z = 1. The space group is P (1) over bar. Crystal structure was refined to R = 0.0347 with 1273 independent reflections (F > 2(5). Footemineite is dimorphous with roscherite, and isostructural with atencioite. It is identical with the mineral from Foote mine described as ""triclinic roscherite."" The name is for the Foote mine, type locality for this and several other minerals.

An investigation of the activation process of high temperature shift catalyst

The aim of this work is to address the activation process of a high temperature shift (HTS) catalyst, composed of Fe2O3/Cr2O3/CuO, by analyzing it before activation (HTS-V) and after activation (HTS-A) using complementary characterization techniques. The textural and morphological characterizations were done by transmission electron rnicroscopy (TEM) and nitrogen physisorption at 77 K; crystallographic structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD); electronic structure was analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and the chemical composition of the catalyst`s surface was obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The investigation pointed out that the HTS-V catalyst presents good textural and morphological properties, which are not deeply affected by the activation process (sample HTS-A). The iron oxide phase in the HTS-V catalyst is hematite whereas in HTS-A catalyst is magnetite with Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio close to the expected value (0.5). For both samples, the Cr ions seem to be incorporated in the iron oxide lattice with higher concentration at particle surface. In the HTS-V catalyst, the Cu ions have oxidation number II and occupy in average distorted octahedral sites; after the activation, the Cu ions are partially reduced, suggesting that the reduction of the Cu species is complex. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estratigrafia de seqüências : uso da icnologia, dos argilominerais e da geoquímica em rochas de idade permiana na Bacia do Paraná, Região de Lauro Müller (SC), Brasil

A Icnologia, os Argilominerais e a Geoquímica foram integradas aos estudos de Associação Faciológica com objetivo de testá-las como ferramentas auxiliares na caracterização de Seqüências Deposicionais, segundo os conceitos da Estratigrafia de Seqüências (sentido Exxon). Para isso, foi selecionado o intervalo estratigráfico, compreendido do Sakmariano ao Kunguriano (Permiano), correspondente às formações Rio do Sul, Rio Bonito e base da Formação Palermo. A área de estudo está situada na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, nos municípios de Orleans e Lauro Müller, região sul do estado de Santa Catarina. Como metodologia de trabalho, foi selecionado um arcabouço estratigráfico considerando uma hierarquia de eventos de 3a e 4a ordem, inseridos em um evento de 2a ordem, correspondente a uma superseqüência. Para isso, foram selecionados dez afloramentos, e os poços PB-18 e PB-20, com testemunhos, totalizando 500 m. Foram interpretadas seis associações faciológicas, representadas, da base para o topo, por rochas glácio-marinha, plataforma marinha dominada por ondas com estrutura “hummocky”, arenito de “shoreface” médio/superior, bioturbados, pelitos marinho/marinhos marginais, flúvio-estuarino e ilha de barreira/laguna. Admitiu-se ainda a formação de vales incisos para as região de Lauro Müller e para a área do poço RL-6, a partir da deposição das rochas flúvio-estuarinas. O uso da Icnologia limitou-se à interface entre o topo da formação Rio do Sul e a base do Membro Triunfo da Formação Rio Bonito, onde a identificação da Icnofábrica de Glossifungites auxiliou na delimitação de limites de seqüência de alta freqüência. Além disso, foram reconhecidas, o predomínio das Icnofábricas de Thalassinoides e Teichichnus e, secundariamente, Planolites, Ophiomorpha, Arenicolites, Cylindrichnus, Monocraterion, Diplocraterion e Rosselia, permitindo posicionar a interface entre estas formações na Icnofácies Skolithos/Cruziana. Helminthopsis, Condrites e Palaeophycus passam a predominar quando da presença de subambientes mais restritos tipo baías e lagunas. Os argilominerais identificados foram a caolinita, a clorita, a ilita e o interestratificado ilita-esmectita (I-S) do tipo ordenado. O predomínio da clorita e da ilita, na Formação Rio do Sul e o da caolinita no Membro Siderópolis, indicam variações paleoclimáticas, onde, inicialmente, existiram condições mais frias e secas, passando para condições de clima mais quente e úmido. Os pelitos transgressivos do Membro Paraguaçu da Formação Rio Bonito foram caracterizados pelos valores relativos mais elevados do interestratificado I-S, e do SiO2 e Na2O e, os menores valores relativos do Al2O3, K2O, Fe2O3, MgO e TiO2. Interpretou-se uma proveniência detrítica para estes argilominerais sendo associados a minerais micáceos e feldspáticos. As relações V/(V+Ni) e V/Cr indicam condições paleoambientais restritas, de caráter redutor, praticamente para todo o intervalo estudado. A relação Sr/Ba mostrou-se boa indicadora de eventos transgressivos no PB-18 e no poço 1-TV-4-SC, perfurado em posição mais distal na bacia. Embora o uso da Taphonomia não tenha sido contemplada no objetivo inicial, a utilização da razão pólens/esporos foi satisfatória. Pulsos transgressivos de alta freqüência puderam também ser balizados pelas razões mais elevadas desta relação, havendo uma correlação razoável com as indicações advindas da curva da razão Sr/Ba. Integrando-se os resultados destas várias ferramentas foi possível dividir o intervalo estratigráfico no PB-18, em sete seqüências deposicionais de 4a ordem e, em cinco seqüências deposicionais, no PB-20. As variações encontradas nos estilos de estaqueamento estratigráfico entre as áreas perfuradas por estes poços, deve-se às variações locais no estilo tectono-sedimentar, dentro do modelo de bacias tipo “foreland” – parte distal, modelo este adotado para a sedimentação destas seqüências e que tiveram, na subsidência e no controle glácio-eustático, os agentes moduladores deste padrão estratigráfico.

Caracterização tecnológica e beneficiamento mineral para a produção de concentrado de zircão de alta qualidade, partindo de pré-concentrado e concentrado de zircão de baixa qualidade, produzidos na mina do Guaju (PB)

Este estudo foi dirigido para identificar as causas que determinam a formação de concentrados de zircão de baixa qualidade, mineral extraído de dunas da jazida do Guaju, no Estado da Paraíba, e beneficiado em uma rota industrial desenvolvida pela empresa Millennium Inorganic Chemicals do Brasil S/A. A caracterização tecnológica indicou que a jazida do Guaju corresponde a sedimentos de origem eólica, inconsolidados, constituídos por quartzo (95%), argila (2%) e minerais pesados (3%) disseminados nas dunas. Ilmenita, zircão, rutilo e cianita são os minerais pesados de interesse econômico na jazida. Devido a características mineralógicas e texturais, o pacote foi dividido, neste estudo, em dois compartimentos: TOPO e BASE. O primeiro corresponde à parte superior do pacote sedimentar; o segundo, à parte inferior. No TOPO, 95% dos grãos têm brilho vítreo, 5% são opacos, e 20% dos grãos de ilmenita têm alteração parcial ou total para leucoxeno. Na BASE, 2% dos grãos têm brilho vítreo, 98% são opacos, e 90% da ilmenita tem alteração parcial ou total para leucoxeno. O TOPO possui concentração de minerais pesados quatro vezes maior que a BASE. A opacidade dos grãos decorre de uma película argilo-ferruginosa fortemente aderida e que os envolve. A empresa produz seis tipos de concentrados de zircão, cujas qualidades variam conforme o teor de ZrO2 e das substâncias contaminantes Fe2O3, TiO2, Al2O3 e P2O5. Quanto maior o teor de ZrO2 e menores os teores das substâncias contaminantes, melhor é a qualidade do concentrado. Pesquisas desenvolvidas em um concentrado de baixa qualidade, denominado Zirconita B, indicaram que a formação dessa matéria-prima é decorrente de três fatores principais: excesso de minerais contaminantes, que não são eliminados nos processos eletrostáticos e magnéticos devido à película argilo-ferruginosa; presença de inclusões minerais nos zircões; processo de metamitização nos zircões Identificadas as causas, o estudo progrediu para o estabelecimento de uma rota alternativa de beneficiamento, para a produção de concentrados de zircão mais puros. A remoção da película ocorreu com a implementação do processo de atrição (escrubagem), tendo sido definidos os parâmetros operacionais otimizados, tanto em escala de bancada de laboratório, como em equipamento semipiloto. Removida a película, a matéria-prima foi submetida a separadores eletrostático e magnético para a retirada dos minerais condutores e/ou magnéticos do concentrado. Posteriormente, para a remoção das inclusões minerais dos zircões, foi implementada uma rota que iniciou com o aquecimento prévio do concentrado em forno de microondas, para fraturar as zonas de contato entre as inclusões minerais e a massa zirconítica, considerando as diferenças entre os coeficientes de dilatação dos minerais; seguiuse com o processo de moagem, para provocar a quebra dos zircões portadores de inclusões e liberar ou expor as mesmas; posteriormente, o material foi peneirado e a fração retida na malha 0,063 mm foi repassada nos separadores eletrostático e magnético, para a remoção das inclusões liberadas, ou expostas nos zircões quebrados Tecnicamente, esta rota foi considerada parcialmente eficaz, devido, principalmente, à baixa granulometria dos grãos de zircão. Essa característica afetou as performances na moagem e na separação magnética, determinando uma baixa recuperação do produto final. Apesar disso, esse produto final teve teor de ZrO2 compatível com o do produto de melhor qualidade produzido na mina do Guaju; entretanto, os teores das substâncias contaminantes ficaram levemente superiores aos mínimos exigidos para um produto de alta qualidade. Devido à baixa produção anual da matéria-prima, acredita-se que a rota para a remoção das inclusões minerais não seja economicamente viável. A atrição, no entanto, é perfeitamente viável, devido aos baixos investimentos de implantação e custos operacionais. Deverá ser implementada no produto denominado Pré-Concentrado de Zircão (PCZ), gerado no beneficiamento da ilmenita. A atrição do PCZ vai condicionar a produção de massas maiores de concentrados de zircão de qualidade superior, diminuindo, conseqüentemente, a formação dos produtos de menor qualidade.