950 resultados para Exploração de petróleo
Resumo:
Oil exploration at great depths requires the use of mobile robots to perform various operations such as maintenance, assembly etc. In this context, the trajectory planning and navigation study of these robots is relevant, as the great challenge is to navigate in an environment that is not fully known. The main objective is to develop a navigation algorithm to plan the path of a mobile robot that is in a given position (
Resumo:
The monoaromatic compounds are toxic substances present in petroleum derivades and used broadly in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Those compounds are continuously released into the environment, contaminating the soil and water sources, leading to the possible unfeasibility of those hydrous resources due to their highly carcinogenic and mutagenic potentiality, since even in low concentrations, the BTEX may cause serious health issues. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and search for new methodologies that assist and enable the treatment of BTEX-contaminated matrix. The bioremediation consists on the utilization of microbial groups capable of degrading hydrocarbons, promoting mineralization, or in other words, the permanent destruction of residues, eliminating the risks of future contaminations. This work investigated the biodegradation kinetics of water-soluble monoaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene), based on the evaluation of its consummation by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, for concentrations varying from 40 to 200 mg/L. To do so, the performances of Monod kinetic model for microbial growth were evaluated and the material balance equations for a batch operation were discretized and numerically solved by the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The kinetic parameters obtained using the method of least squares as statistical criteria were coherent when compared to those obtained from the literature. They also showed that, the microorganism has greater affinity for ethylbenzene. That way, it was possible to observe that Monod model can predict the experimental data for the individual biodegradation of the BTEX substrates and it can be applied to the optimization of the biodegradation processes of toxic compounds for different types of bioreactors and for different operational conditions.
Resumo:
The monoaromatic compounds are toxic substances present in petroleum derivades and used broadly in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Those compounds are continuously released into the environment, contaminating the soil and water sources, leading to the possible unfeasibility of those hydrous resources due to their highly carcinogenic and mutagenic potentiality, since even in low concentrations, the BTEX may cause serious health issues. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and search for new methodologies that assist and enable the treatment of BTEX-contaminated matrix. The bioremediation consists on the utilization of microbial groups capable of degrading hydrocarbons, promoting mineralization, or in other words, the permanent destruction of residues, eliminating the risks of future contaminations. This work investigated the biodegradation kinetics of water-soluble monoaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene), based on the evaluation of its consummation by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, for concentrations varying from 40 to 200 mg/L. To do so, the performances of Monod kinetic model for microbial growth were evaluated and the material balance equations for a batch operation were discretized and numerically solved by the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The kinetic parameters obtained using the method of least squares as statistical criteria were coherent when compared to those obtained from the literature. They also showed that, the microorganism has greater affinity for ethylbenzene. That way, it was possible to observe that Monod model can predict the experimental data for the individual biodegradation of the BTEX substrates and it can be applied to the optimization of the biodegradation processes of toxic compounds for different types of bioreactors and for different operational conditions.
Resumo:
Oil exploration is one of the most important industrial activities of modern society. Despite its derivatives present numerous applications in industrial processes, there are many undesirable by-products during this process, one of them is water separated from oil, called water production, it is constituted by pollutants difficult to degrade. In addition, the high volume of generated water makes its treatment a major problem for oil industries. Among the major contaminants of such effluents are phenol and its derivatives, substances of difficult natural degradation, which due their toxicity must be removed by a treatment process before its final disposal. In order to facilitate the removal of phenol in wastedwater from oil industry, it was developed an extraction system by ionic flocculation with surfactant. The ionic flocculation relies on the reaction of carboxylate surfactant and calcium íons, yielding in an insoluble surfactant that under stirring, aggregates forming floc capable of attracting the organic matter by adsorption. In this work was used base soap as ionic surfactant in the flocculation process and evaluated phenol removal efficiency in relation to the following parameters: surfactant concentration, phenol, calcium and electrolytes, stirring speed, contact time, temperature and pH. The flocculation of the surfactant occurred in the effluent (initial phenol concentration = 100 ppm) reaching 65% of phenol removal to concentrations of 1300 ppm and calcium of 1000 ppm, respectively, at T = 35 °C, pH = 9.7, stirring rate = 100 rpm and contact time of 5 minutes. The permanence of the flocs in an aqueous medium promotes desorption of the phenol from the flake surface to the solution, reaching 90% of desorption at a time of 150 minutes, and the study of desorption kinetics showed that Lagergren model of pseudo-first order was adequate to describe the phenol desorption. These results shows that the process may configure a new alternative of treatment in regard the removal of phenol of aqueous effluent of oil industry.
Resumo:
Oil exploration is one of the most important industrial activities of modern society. Despite its derivatives present numerous applications in industrial processes, there are many undesirable by-products during this process, one of them is water separated from oil, called water production, it is constituted by pollutants difficult to degrade. In addition, the high volume of generated water makes its treatment a major problem for oil industries. Among the major contaminants of such effluents are phenol and its derivatives, substances of difficult natural degradation, which due their toxicity must be removed by a treatment process before its final disposal. In order to facilitate the removal of phenol in wastedwater from oil industry, it was developed an extraction system by ionic flocculation with surfactant. The ionic flocculation relies on the reaction of carboxylate surfactant and calcium íons, yielding in an insoluble surfactant that under stirring, aggregates forming floc capable of attracting the organic matter by adsorption. In this work was used base soap as ionic surfactant in the flocculation process and evaluated phenol removal efficiency in relation to the following parameters: surfactant concentration, phenol, calcium and electrolytes, stirring speed, contact time, temperature and pH. The flocculation of the surfactant occurred in the effluent (initial phenol concentration = 100 ppm) reaching 65% of phenol removal to concentrations of 1300 ppm and calcium of 1000 ppm, respectively, at T = 35 °C, pH = 9.7, stirring rate = 100 rpm and contact time of 5 minutes. The permanence of the flocs in an aqueous medium promotes desorption of the phenol from the flake surface to the solution, reaching 90% of desorption at a time of 150 minutes, and the study of desorption kinetics showed that Lagergren model of pseudo-first order was adequate to describe the phenol desorption. These results shows that the process may configure a new alternative of treatment in regard the removal of phenol of aqueous effluent of oil industry.
Resumo:
The main problem on the exploration activity on petroleum industry is the formation water resulted on the fields producing. The aggravating of this problem is correlated with the advancing technologies used on the petroleum extractions and on its secondary approach objecting the reobtainment of this oil. Among the main contaminants of the water formation are corrosives gases such as: O2, CO2 and H2S, some solids in suspension and dissolved salts. Concerning to those gases the CO2 is the one that produce significant damage for carbon steel on corrosion process of the petroleum and gas industries. Corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in formation water is one of the most used agents in control of those damages. In this context, the poor investigations of carbon steel corrosion proceeding from solids in suspension is an opened field for studies. On this work the inhibitor effect of the commercial CORRTREAT 703 was evaluated on some specific solids in suspension at saline medium containing 10.000 ppm of de-aerated chloride using CO2 until non oxygen atmosphere been present. For that, quartz, calcium carbonate, magnetite and iron sulphide were subjected to this investigation as the selected solids. The effect of this inhibitor on corrosion process correlated with those specific solids, was measured using electrochemical (resistance of linear polarization and galvanic pair) and gravimetrical techniques. During all the experimental work important parameters were monitored such as: pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, instantaneous corrosion rate and galvanic current. According to the obtained results it was proved that the suspension solids calcium carbonate and iron sulphide decrease the corrosion process in higher pH medium. Meanwhile the quartz and magnetite been hardness increase corrosion by broking of the passive layer for erosion. In the other hand, the tested inhibitor in concentration of 50 ppm, showed to be effective (91%) in this corrosion process
Resumo:
On Rio Grande do Norte northern coast the process of sediment transport are intensely controlled by wind and sea (waves and currents) action, causing erosion and shoreline morphological instability. Due to the importance of such coastal zone it was realized the multi-spectral mapping and physical-chemical characterization of mudflats and mangroves aiming to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process on the oil fields of Macau and Serra installed at the study area. The multi-spectral bands of 2000 and 2008 LANDSAT 5 TM images were submitted on the several digital processing steps and RGB color compositions integrating spectral bands and Principal Components. Such processing methodology was important to the mapping of different units on surface, together with field works. It was possible to make an analogy of the spectral characteristics of wetlands with vegetations areas (mangrove), showing the possibility to make a restoration of this area, contributing with the environmental monitoring of that ecosystem. The maps of several units were integrated in GIS environment at 1:60,000 scale, including the classification of features according to the presence or absence of vegetation cover. Thus, the strategy of methodology established that there are 10.13 km2 at least of sandy-muddy and of these approximately 0.89 km2 with the possibility to be used in a reforestation of typical flora of mangrove. The physical-chemical characterization showed areas with potential to introduce local species of mangrove and they had a pH above neutral with a mean of 8.4. The characteristic particle size is sand in the fine fractions, the high levels of carbonate, organic matter and major and trace element in general are concentrated where the sediment had the less particles size, showing the high correlation that those elements have with smaller particles of sediment. The application of that methodological strategy is relevant to the better understanding of features behavior and physical-chemical data of sediment samples collected on field allow the analysis of efficiency/capability of sandy-muddy to reforestation with local mangrove species for mitigation of the erosive action and coastal processes on the areas occupied by the oil industry
Resumo:
With the growth of energy consumption worldwide, conventional reservoirs, the reservoirs called "easy exploration and production" are not meeting the global energy demand. This has led many researchers to develop projects that will address these needs, companies in the oil sector has invested in techniques that helping in locating and drilling wells. One of the techniques employed in oil exploration process is the reverse time migration (RTM), in English, Reverse Time Migration, which is a method of seismic imaging that produces excellent image of the subsurface. It is algorithm based in calculation on the wave equation. RTM is considered one of the most advanced seismic imaging techniques. The economic value of the oil reserves that require RTM to be localized is very high, this means that the development of these algorithms becomes a competitive differentiator for companies seismic processing. But, it requires great computational power, that it still somehow harms its practical success. The objective of this work is to explore the implementation of this algorithm in unconventional architectures, specifically GPUs using the CUDA by making an analysis of the difficulties in developing the same, as well as the performance of the algorithm in the sequential and parallel version
Resumo:
Este trabalho foi realizado devido aos novos desafios existentes na área petrolífera, pois tem-se verificado novas necessidades na transferência de calor em tubagens em águas profundas. Com estes novos cenários de produção em águas profundas, existe a preocupação de garantir o escoamento do produto evitando cenários de obstrução nas tubagens. Os principais problemas aquando da exploração petrolífera prendem-se com a ocorrência de parafinas nas paredes dos tubos bem como a formação de hidratos. É descrito neste trabalho as soluções existentes para a transferência do produto e comparação das mesmas. Numa segunda fase é realizado um modelo matemático para análise térmica das tubagens comparando os materiais isolantes propostos, afim de garantir a temperatura mínima do fluido circulante. De salientar que houve a preocupação de ter em conta uma paragem na exploração do petróleo, por motivos de manutenção por exemplo, e garantir dessa maneira a temperatura mínima do mesmo. Este trabalho propõe soluções de isolamento térmico e discute todos os desafios e problemas existentes.
Resumo:
Este trabalho foi realizado devido aos novos desafios existentes na área petrolífera, pois tem-se verificado novas necessidades na transferência de calor em tubagens em águas profundas. Com estes novos cenários de produção em águas profundas, existe a preocupação de garantir o escoamento do produto evitando cenários de obstrução nas tubagens. Os principais problemas aquando da exploração petrolífera prendem-se com a ocorrência de parafinas nas paredes dos tubos bem como a formação de hidratos. É descrito neste trabalho as soluções existentes para a transferência do produto e comparação das mesmas. Numa segunda fase é realizado um modelo matemático para análise térmica das tubagens comparando os materiais isolantes propostos, afim de garantir a temperatura mínima do fluido circulante. De salientar que houve a preocupação de ter em conta uma paragem na exploração do petróleo, por motivos de manutenção por exemplo, e garantir dessa maneira a temperatura mínima do mesmo. Este trabalho propõe soluções de isolamento térmico e discute todos os desafios e problemas existentes.
Resumo:
No Brasil, a Lei nº.8630 de 1993, conhecida como Lei de Modernização dos Portos, se constituiu como um importante marco institucional no setor o qual resultou, nos anos que se seguiram, dentre outros, na ampliação do número de terminais portuários destinados a atender as demandas do comércio internacional de mercadorias. Novos arranjos institucionais criaram condições para a adequação dos portos brasileiros ao seu novo papel como nó central de uma rede logística que articula as escalas internacional, nacional, regional e local. Contudo, como destaca Dieter Goebel (2002), o foco principal da atividade portuária no Brasil ainda permanece na recepção e no despacho de cargas. Nos principais portos do mundo, os portos, particularmente os de terceira geração, passaram a se constituir como nós da complexa rede de distribuição/produção internacional, centros de serviços de valor agregado e de logística de abrangência internacional, podendo ser transformados em vetores para a redinamização de economias locais. A região norte do estado Rio de Janeiro, conhecida como norte fluminense, a reboque das transformações portuárias no país, recebeu, nos últimos anos, enormes investimentos destinados a instalação de terminais portuários. Destacam-se o Complexo Logístico e Industrial do Açu e o Complexo Logístico e Naval Farol-Barra do Furado. Chama a atenção o fato desta região ser marcada historicamente pelo desenvolvimento de atividades tradicionais de baixa produtividade, como o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar e a pecuária, tendo recebido nos últimos anos recursos provenientes da exploração do petróleo na Bacia de Campos. Neste artigo apresentamos uma análise das transformações ocorridas na estrutura portuária na região, avaliando os motivos para a atração exercida sobre investimentos deste tipo, dadas as características históricas da região.
Resumo:
A análise das atuais transformações no campo torna-se fundamental, pois, o campo, além de desem-penhar as funções tradicionais de fornecer mão-de-obra para a cidade, matérias primas e consumir produtos oriundos da cidade abriga, cada vez mais, atividades não agrícolas, como a produção industrial, os serviços associados às atividades de turismo que valorizam as áreas com aspectos naturais. Esse processo ocorre intensamente no estado do Rio de Janeiro, pois apresenta uma con-fguração territorial marcada pelo intenso processo de urbanização (o Rio de Janeiro é a unidade da federação que apresenta maior índice de população urbana entre os estados brasileiros). No território fuminense, encontramos eixos de urbanização que conectam a Região Metropolitana ao interior e a outros Estados. Os fuxos que circulam nesses eixos geram implicações socioeconômi-cas no espaço rural, e entre elas destacamos as novas funções e atividades desempenhadas pelos produtores rurais, que além da produção agropecuária, exercem outras atividades não-agrícolas, como prestação de serviços e atividades industriais na busca da complementação da renda familiar (unidade familiar de produção pluriativa). Esse processo ocorre de forma diferenciada no território fuminense, destacando-se as atividades associadas ao turismo e à indústria na Região Serrana Flu-minense e as atividades de exploração de petróleo na Bacia de Campos, no litoral norte do estado.Destarte, o objetivo central desse trabalho é o de analisar as permanências e mudanças em curso no espaço rural fuminense e que vêm mudando as formas, as funções e a estrutura de vastas áreas de nosso Estado.
Resumo:
Esta dissertação debruçou-se sobre o estudo da regulação da exploração e da produção de recursos não convencionais de petróleo e gás natural e de controvérsias acerca da matéria. Partimos de fundamentos e segmentos do Direito Internacional Contemporâneo, sua interseção com o direito interno, precisamente no que diz respeito ao tema da regulação e os seus novos contornos, para então adentrar na regulação propriamente dita dos recursos não convencionais. Após ilustrarmos os diferentes tratamentos conferidos à exploração e à produção de recursos não convencionais no direito comparado, destacamos, como estudo de caso, o tratamento conferido no Brasil à questão e as controvérsias decorrentes dos não convencionais. Ao final, apresentamos algumas proposições com vistas a viabilizar tal atividade não apenas no Brasil como em demais países, por meio de uma regulação não convencional, isto é, elaborada de forma compartilhada e global, pautada nas Melhores Práticas da Indústria, nos princípios de direito internacional e na governança global, que respeite as peculiaridades dos recursos não convencionais e que conte com uma maior aceitação pelos diferentes atores envolvidos e/ou afetados por essa atividade exploratória, por meio da promoção do diálogo e do esclarecimento necessário. Acreditamos que dessa forma estar-se-ia por estimular uma era de ouro global ao gás natural, a considerar todas as suas vantagens perante demais fontes energéticas, proporcionando o desenvolvimento dos Estados de forma ambientalmente sustentável, resguardando-se os interesses dos investidores e, principalmente, dos principais beneficiários da política energética que são os indivíduos.
Resumo:
Este trabalho tem como objetivo central o crescimento da competividade de uma Companhia de Petróleo. Propõe melhoramentos operacionais continuos através de uma metodologia de gestão integrada das atividades de exploração, perfuração e produção fundamenta-se na teoria das restrições de Eliyahu M. Goldratt, este ilustre físico israelense
Resumo:
A publicação exploração e produção de petróleo em águas ultraprofundas : nova fronteira para o pós-crise, trata da formação da nova oferta de petróleo e gás natural, que incluirá os recursos recém-descobertos em jazidas localizadas em águas ultraprofundas, no Brasil e no Golfo do México, e o petróleo a ser extraído das areias asfálticas do Canadá. O texto considera também a situação atual da demanda e da oferta internacional de petróleo, as características do petróleo produzido no Brasil e a modernização de seu sistema de refino.