Operator, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : air conditioner, horizontal, compact, 9,000 Btu (Trane models) 208V, 3 phase, 50/60 hertz, model MAC6H9-208-1101-03 (FSN 4120-411-5442), 208V ... 115V ... 230V ....

"September 1971."

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : air conditioner, horizontal, compact, 9,000 Btu, Trane models, 115V, 1 phase, 50/60 hertz, model MAC6H9-115-1101-01, FSN 4120-411-5442, 230V ... 208 V ....

"October 1971."

Investigation of Performance Enhancements for a Liquid-Desiccant Solar Air-Conditioner

Thermally driven liquid-desiccant air-conditioners (LDAC) are a proven but still developing technology. LDACs can use a solar thermal system to reduce the operational cost and environmental impact of the system by reducing the amount of fuel (e.g. natural gas, propane, etc.) used to drive the system. LDACs also have a key benefit of being able to store energy in the form of concentrated desiccant storage. TRNSYS simulations were used to evaluate several different methods of improving the thermal and electrical coefficients of performance (COPt and COPe) and the solar fraction (SF) of a LDAC. The study analyzed a typical June to August cooling season in Toronto, Ontario. Utilizing properly sized, high-efficiency pumps increased the COPe to 3.67, an improvement of 55%. A new design, featuring a heat recovery ventilator on the scavenging-airstream and an energy recovery ventilator on the process-airstream, increased the COPt to 0.58, an improvement of 32%. This also improved the SF slightly to 54%, an increase of 8%. A new TRNSYS TYPE was created to model a stratified desiccant storage tank. Different volumes of desiccant were tested with a range of solar array system sizes. The largest storage tank coupled with the largest solar thermal array showed improvements of 64% in SF, increasing the value to 82%. The COPe was also improved by 17% and the COPt by 9%. When combining the heat recovery systems and the desiccant storage systems, the simulation results showed a 78% increase in COPe and 30% increase in COPt. A 77% improvement in SF and a 17% increase in total cooling rate were also predicted by the simulation. The total thermal energy consumed was 10% lower and the electrical consumption was 34% lower. The amount of non-renewable energy needed from the natural gas boiler was 77% lower. Comparisons were also made between LDACs and vapour-compression (VC) systems. Dependent on set-up, LDACs provided higher latent cooling rates and reduced electrical power consumption. Negatively, a thermal input was required for the LDAC systems but not for the VC systems.

Conforto térmico em edificações

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Monitoring energy performance of air conditioners in classrooms

Air quality and temperatures in classrooms are important factors influencing the student learning process. To improve the thermal comfort of classrooms for Queensland State Schools, Queensland Government initiated the "Cooler Schools Program". One of the key objectives under this program was to develop low energy cooling systems as an alternative to high energy demand conventioanl split system of air conditioning (AC) systems. In order to compare and evaluate the energy performance of different types of air conditioners installed in classrooms, monitoring systems were installed in a state primary school located in the greater outer urban area of Brisbane, Australia. It was found that the installation of monitoring systems could have a significant impact on the accuracy of the data being collected. By comparing the estimated energy efficiency ratio (EER)for four qualified air conditioners included in this study, it was also found that AC6, a hybrid air conditioner newly developed by the Queensland Department of Public Works (DPW), had the best energy performance, although the current data were not able to show the full advantages of the system.

A Framework for Adaptation of Australian Households to Heat Waves

Climate change is leading to an increased frequency and severity of heat waves. Spells of several consecutive days of unusually high temperatures have led to increased mortality rates for the more vulnerable in the community. The problem is compounded by the escalating energy costs and increasing peak electrical demand as people become more reliant on air conditioning. Domestic air conditioning is the primary determinant of peak power demand which has been a major driver of higher electricity costs. This report presents the findings of multidisciplinary research which develops a national framework to evaluate the potential impacts of heat waves. It presents a technical, social and economic approach to adapt Australian residential buildings to ameliorate the impact of heat waves in the community and reduce the risk of its adverse outcomes. Through the development of a methodology for estimating the impact of global warming on key weather parameters in 2030 and 2050, it is possible to re-evaluate the size and anticipated energy consumption of air conditioners in future years for various climate zones in Australia. Over the coming decades it is likely that mainland Australia will require more cooling than heating. While in some parts the total electricity usage for heating and cooling may remain unchanged, there is an overall significant increase in peak electricity demand, likely to further drive electricity prices. Through monitoring groups of households in South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland, the impact of heat waves on both thermal comfort sensation and energy consumption for air conditioning has been evaluated. The results show that households are likely to be able to tolerate slightly increased temperature levels indoors during periods of high outside temperatures. The research identified that household electricity costs are likely to rise above what is currently projected due to the impact of climate change. Through a number of regulatory changes to both household design and air conditioners, this impact can be minimised. A number of proposed retrofit and design measures are provided, which can readily reduce electricity usage for cooling at minimal cost to the household. Using a number of social research instruments, it is evident that households are willing to change behaviour rather than to spend money. Those on lower income and elderly individuals are the least able to afford the use of air conditioning and should be a priority for interventions and assistance. Increasing community awareness of cost effective strategies to manage comfort and health during heat waves is a high priority recommended action. Overall, the research showed that a combined approach including behaviour change, dwelling modification and improved air conditioner selection can readily adapt Australian households to the impact of heat waves, reducing the risk of heat related deaths and household energy costs.

Energy efficient home with price sensitive stochastically programmable TCAs

Introduction of dynamic pricing in present retail market, considerably affects customers with an increased cost of energy consumption. Therefore, customers are enforced to control their loads according to price variation. This paper proposes a new technique of Home Energy Management, which helps customers to minimize their cost of energy consumption by appropriately controlling their loads. Thermostatically Controllable Appliances (TCAs) such as air conditioner and water heater are focused in this study, as they consume more than 50% of the total household energy consumption. The control process includes stochastic dynamic programming, which incorporated uncertainties in price and demand variation. It leads to an accurate selection of appliance settings. It is followed by a real time control of selected appliances with its optimal settings. Temperature set points of TCAs are adjusted based on price droop which is a reflection of actual cost of energy consumption. Customer satisfaction is maintained within limits using constraint optimization. It is showed that considerable energy savings is achieved.

Residents’ experiences of privacy and comfort in multi-storey apartment dwellings in subtropical Brisbane

Dwellings in multi-storey apartment buildings (MSAB) are predicted to increase dramatically as a proportion of housing stock in subtropical cities over coming decades. The problem of designing comfortable and healthy high-density residential environments and minimising energy consumption must be addressed urgently in subtropical cities globally. This paper explores private residents’ experiences of privacy and comfort and their perceptions of how well their apartment dwelling modulated the external environment in subtropical conditions through analysis of 636 survey responses and 24 interviews with residents of MSAB in inner urban neighbourhoods of Brisbane, Australia. The findings show that the availability of natural ventilation and outdoor private living spaces play important roles in resident perceptions of liveability in the subtropics where the climate is conducive to year round “outdoor living”. Residents valued choice with regard to climate control methods in their apartments. They overwhelmingly preferred natural ventilation to manage thermal comfort, and turned to the air-conditioner for limited periods, particularly when external conditions were too noisy. These findings provide a unique evidence base for reducing the environmental impact of MSAB and increasing the acceptability of apartment living, through incorporating residential attributes positioned around climate-responsive architecture.

Optimização energética de um sistema de climatização industrial

O desenvolvimento deste trabalho teve como objectivo a optimização de um sistema de climatização industrial, constituído por quatro centrais de climatização adiabáticas, que apresentam limitações de capacidade de arrefecimento, controlo e eficiência. Inicialmente foi necessária a pesquisa bibliográfica e recolha de informação relativa à indústria têxtil e ao processo de arrefecimento evaporativo. Numa fase posterior foram recolhidos e analisados os diversos dados essenciais à compreensão do binómio edifício/sistema de climatização, para a obtenção de possíveis hipóteses de optimização. Da fase de recolha de informações e dados, destaca-se, também, a realização de análises à qualidade do ar interior (QAI). As optimizações seleccionadas como passíveis de implementação, foram estudadas e analisadas com o auxílio do software de simulação energética dinâmica DesignBuilder e os resultados obtidos foram devidamente trabalhados e ajustados de modo a permitir uma assimilação amigável e de fácil interpretação das suas vantagens e desvantagens, tendo ainda sido objecto de estudo de viabilidade económica. A optimização proposta reflecte uma melhoria substancial das condições interiores ao nível da temperatura e humidade relativa, resultando, ainda assim, numa redução de consumos energéticos na ordem dos 23 % (490.337 kWh), isto é, uma poupança anual de 42.169 € aos custos de exploração e com um período de retorno de 1 ano e 11 meses.

Avaliação e desenvolvimento de produtos eletro-eletrônicos orientados ao meio-ambiente

Este trabalho trata sobre um assunto relativamente novo, mas com uma importância cada vez maior no desenvolvimento de produtos. Trata-se do Projeto para o Meio-Ambiente (Design for Environment - DFe). São analisados os aspectos do DFe relacionados com o desenvolvimento de produtos eletro-eletrônicos, abrangendo métricas ambientais, práticas de projeto e métodos de análise de produtos. Estes conhecimentos são aplicados no desenvolvimento de um conjunto de métricas ambientais e de uma metodologia de avaliação ambiental de produtos, a serem adotadas pela Springer Carrier SA no desenvolvimento de seus novos produtos. Esta ferramenta foi criada através da análise de uma ferramenta anterior, desenvolvida nos Estados Unidos, mas incorporou sugestões presentes na literatura e a experiência prática acumulada pelo autor. Este trabalho trata sobre um assunto relativamente novo, mas com uma importância cada vez maior no desenvolvimento de produtos. Trata-se do Projeto para o Meio-Ambiente (Design for Environment - DFe). São analisados os aspectos do DFe relacionados com o desenvolvimento de produtos eletro-eletrônicos, abrangendo métricas ambientais, práticas de projeto e métodos de análise de produtos. Estes conhecimentos são aplicados no desenvolvimento de um conjunto de métricas ambientais e de uma metodologia de avaliação ambiental de produtos, a serem adotadas pela Springer Carrier SA no desenvolvimento de seus novos produtos. Esta ferramenta foi criada através da análise de uma ferramenta anterior, desenvolvida nos Estados Unidos, mas incorporou sugestões presentes na literatura e a experiência prática acumulada pelo autor.

Sistema de ar condicionado por absorção para ônibus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo e seleção de um aparelho de ar condicionado para ônibus

The study and selection of an equipment of air conditioner for any type of environment, should be made without overestimate or undersizing the project. The undersizing does not provide an adequate comfort temperature if the environment is too hot because the air conditioner does not remove all the heat necessary in the environment. But if the project is oversized, energy consumption is higher and there is an unnecessary cost. To prevent these failures is necessary to make a calculation of the thermal load on the environment and choose the equipment that has a higher cooling capacity than the calculated heat load and closer to the calculated heat load. In this graduate work will be chosen an air-conditioned equipment for bus, showing the calculations made for the thermal load for various types of heat gain in this type of vehicle. The thermal load on vehicles is more complicated to calculate than in areas because there are several factors that vary with the movement of the vehicle. It will also explain the compression refrigeration cycle, which is the cooling system used in vehicles because it is weightless, compact and lower cost. From the calculated heat load, it will be chosen an air conditioner that best suits the project and, finally, a brief presentation of the selected equipment will be made

ClimApp: A Novel Approach of an Intelligent HVAC Control System

This paper describes a novel deployment of an intelligent user-centered HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioner) control system. The main objective of this system is to optimize user comfort and to reduce energy consumption in office buildings. Existing commercial HVAC control systems work in a fixed and predetermined way. The novelty of the proposed system is that it adapts dynamically to the user and to the building environment. For this purpose the system architecture has been designed under the paradigm of Ambient Intelligence. A prototype of the system proposed has been tested in a real-world environment.

Performance comparativa entre R437A e R134A paradrop-in em um condicionador de ar automotivo

The reduction in energy consumption is the main requirement to be satisfied in refrigeration and air conditioning by mechanical vapor compression system. In automotive system isn´t different. Thermal analyses in these systems are crucial for a better performance in automotive air conditioner. This work aims to evaluate the conditions of use of R134A refrigerant (used in vehicles) and compare with R437A (alternative refrigerant), varying the speed of the electric fan in the evaporator. All tests were performed in automotive air conditioning unit ATR600, simulating the thermal conditions of the system. The equipment is instrumented for data acquisition temperature, condensation and evaporation pressures and electrical power consumed to determine the coefficient of performance of the cycle. The system was tested under rotations of 800, 1600 and 2400 rpm with constant load of R- 134a. It occurred with the same conditions with R437A. Both recommended by the manufacturer. The results show that the best system performance occurs in the rotation of 800 RPM for both refrigerants.

Effects of a non-rinse conditioner on the enamel of primary teeth

O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi de avaliar ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura os aspectos morfológicos do esmalte de dentes decíduos após condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 36% ou com um agente condicionador não lavável. Foram selecionados 10 dentes decíduos anteriores esfoliados naturalmente. As amostras sofreram limpeza coronária com pasta de pedra-pomes e água, em baixa-velocidade. O condicionamento foi realizado no esmalte da face vestibular. Os espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos: G1 (n=10): condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 36% na forma de gel - Conditioner 36 (Dentsply) durante 20 segundos, seguidos de lavagem com água durante 15 segundos; G2 (n=10): condicionamento com NRC - Non Rinse Conditioner (Dentsply) durante 20 segundos, seguidos de secagem com ar durante 15 segundos. As amostras foram desidratadas, montadas em bases metálicas e cobertas com ouro para análise ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (Jeol JSM 6.100). A análise da eletromicrografias revelou que ambos os agentes condicionadores foram efetivos para condicionar o esmalte de dentes decíduos, causando microporosidades mas com melhor resultado quando utilizou-se o ácido fosfórico a 36% na forma de gel.