Controlled spillover in a single catalyst pellet: Rate modification, mechanism and relationship with electrochemical promotion

The effect of spillover processes on the activity of a catalyst system consisting of a mixed oxygen ion and electronic conducting support La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3d and a metal catalyst (Pt) were investigated. Two types of model single-pellet catalysts were used employing Pt deposited on both sides of a dense LSCF disc pellet. One of these single pellets employed highly disperse, physically non-continuous Pt, in contrast to studies on electrochemical promotion, while the other used a low dispersion continuous film. Driving forces for promoter migration were controlled through the manipulation of the oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane. Catalyst rate modification was observed in all cases. However, it was found that there is a complex relationship between the rate modification, the driving forces for spillover and the geometrical arrangement of the catalyst on the support (i.e. catalyst dispersion).

Chemical modification of multiwalled carbon nanotube with a bifunctional caged ligand for radioactive labelling

Carboxyl-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been successfully radiolabelled with cobalt-57 (57Co) (T1/2 = 270 days) via the attachment of the bifunctional caged ligand MeAMN3S3sar. In this study MeAMN3S3sar has been synthesized and coupled to MWCNTs to form the conjugate MWCNT–MeAMN3S3sar. Synthesis was confirmed with nuclear magnetic resonance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the conjugation. Non-radioactive labelling of this conjugate was completed with Cu(II) ions to confirm the stability of the MeAMN3S3sar after coupling with the MWCNTs. The complexation of the Cu(II) was also confirmed with XPS. Transmission electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that the coupling reaction had a negligible effect on the size and shape of the MWCNTs. Radiolabelling of the MWCNT–MeAMN3S3sar conjugate and pristine (untreated) MWCNTs (non-specific) with the gamma-emitting radioactive isotope 57Co were compared. The radiolabelling efficiency of the MWCNT–MeAMN3S3sar conjugate was significantly higher (95% vs. 0.1%) (P ⩽ 0.001) than for the unconjugated pristine MWCNTs. This will allow for the potential tracking of nanoparticle movement in vitro and in vivo.

Autonomic modification of intestinal smooth muscle contractility

Intestinal smooth muscle contracts rhythmically in the absence of nerve and hormonal stimulation because of the activity of pacemaker cells between and within the muscle layers. This means that the autonomic nervous system modifies rather than initiates intestinal contractions. The practical described here gives students an opportunity to observe this spontaneous activity and its modification by agents associated with parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activity. A section of the rabbit small intestine is suspended in an organ bath, and the use of a pressure transducer and data-acquisition software allows the measurement of tension generated by the smooth muscle of intestinal walls. The application of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter ACh at varying concentrations allows students to observe an increase in intestinal smooth muscle tone with increasing concentrations of this muscarinic receptor agonist. Construction of a concentration-effect curve allows students to calculate an EC50 value for ACh and consider some basic concepts surrounding receptor occupancy and activation. Application of the hormone epinephrine to the precontracted intestine allows students to observe the inhibitory effects associated with sympathetic nerve activation. Introduction of the drug atropine to the preparation before a maximal concentration of ACh is applied allows students to observe the inhibitory effect of a competitive antagonist on the physiological response to a receptor agonist. The final experiment involves the observation of the depolarizing effect of K+ on smooth muscle. Students are also invited to consider why the drugs atropine, codeine, loperamide, and botulinum toxin have medicinal uses in the management of gastrointestinal problems.

Preparation of new materials by heterogeneous modification of cellulose

O presente trabalho teve como principal objectivo estudar a modificação química heterogénea controlada de fibras de celulose com diferentes reagentes de modo a alterar as suas propriedades de superfície, em especial em termos da criação de um carácter hidrofóbico e lipofóbico, preservando, sempre que possível, as suas propriedades mecânicas e, consequentemente, abrindo novas perspectivas de aplicação. O desenvolvimento do trabalho envolveu três abordagens principais, envolvendo, em cada caso, o estudo de diferentes condições reaccionais. Na primeira abordagem foram utilizados como reagentes de modificação compostos perfluorados, nomeadamente o anidrido trifluoroacético (TFAA), o cloreto de 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoílo (PFBz) e o cloreto de 3,3,3- trifluoropropanoílo (TFP), para promover a acilação heterogénea da superfície das fibras. A segunda estratégia usada consistiu na preparação de híbridos de celulose do tipo orgânico-inorgânico classe-II, através da modificação das fibras de celulose com o (3-isocianatopropil)trietoxissilano (ICPTEOS), um reagente organossilano bifuncional. A ligação às fibras de celulose foi efectuada através das funções isocianato e, posteriormente, os grupos etoxissilano foram sujeitos a tratamentos de hidrólise ácida, como tal ou na presença de outros siloxanos, nomeadamente o tetraetoxissilano (TEOS) e o 1H,1H,2H,2Hperfluorodeciltrietoxissilano (PFDTEOS). Finalmente, a última abordagem foi baseada na modificação das fibras com triclorometilssilano (TCMS), através de uma reacção gás-sólido, que dispensou assim o uso de solventes orgânicos. A ocorrência de modificação química foi em cada caso confirmada por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier e Reflectância Total Atenuada (FTIR-ATR), Análise Elementar (EA) e determinação de ângulos de contacto. Adicionalmente, e dependendo de cada caso específico, diversas outras técnicas foram empregues na caracterização aprofundada dos materiais preparados, nomeadamente Ressonância Magnética Nuclear CPMAS no Estado Sólido (RMN), Espectroscopia de Difracção de Raios-X (XRD), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Espectrometria de Massa de Iões Secundários com Análise de Tempo de Vôo (ToF-SIMS), Espectroscopia Fotoelectrónica de Raios-X (XPS) e Microscopia Electrónica de Varrimento (SEM). Relativamente à acilação das fibras de celulose com reagentes perfluorados, o sucesso da reacção foi comprovado por FTIR-ATR, EA, XPS e ToF-SIMS. Neste contexto, obtiveram-se fibras modificadas possuindo graus de substituição (DS) compreendidos entre 0.006 e 0.39. Verificou-se por XRD que, em geral, mesmo para os valores de DS mais elevados, a cristalinidade das fibras não foi afectada, indicando que a modificação foi limitada às camadas mais superficiais das mesmas ou a regiões amorfas das suas camadas mais internas. Adicionalmente, observou-se por ToF-SIMS que a distribuição dos grupos perfluorados à superfície das fibras foi, de facto, bastante heterogénea. Todos os derivados de celulose perfluorados apresentaram elevada hidrofobicidade e lipofobicidade, tendo-se atingido ângulos de contacto com água e diiodometano de 126º e 104º, respectivamente. Um aspecto interessante relativo a estes materiais é que a elevada omnifobicidade foi observada mesmo para valores de DS muito reduzidos, não se mostrando significativamente afectada pelo aumento dos mesmos. Em consonância, verificou-se por XPS que a cobertura da superfície das fibras de celulose com grupos perfluorados aumentou apenas ligeiramente com o aumento do DS, apontando para a esterificação de camadas mais internas das fibras, associada, neste caso, predominantemente aos seus domínios amorfos. No que diz respeito à estabilidade hidrolítica destes derivados, obtiveram-se dois tipos distintos de comportamento. Por um lado, as fibras de celulose trifluoroacetiladas são facilmente hidrolisáveis em meio neutro, e, por outro, as fibras pentafluorobenzoiladas e trifluoropropanoiladas mostram-se bastante resistentes face a condições de hidrólise em meio neutro e ácido (pH 4), podendo, contudo, ser facilmente hidrolisadas em meio alcalino (pH 9 e 12, para derivados do PFBz e do TFP, respectivamente). Na segunda abordagem verificou-se a ocorrência de reacção por FTIR-ATR e EA. Em geral, a modificação química com ICPTEOS ocorre predominantemente nas zonas mais superficiais das fibras de celulose ou em regiões amorfas. Contudo, em condições reaccionais mais severas (maior quantidade de reagente e tempo de reacção), esta atingiu também regiões cristalinas, afectando, consequentemente, a estrutura cristalina das fibras, como verificado por XRD. Por RMN de 29Si observou-se que após reacção com o ICPTEOS já existiam indícios de alguma hidrólise dos grupos etoxissilano, e que a sua subsequente condensação parcial tinha levado à formação de uma película inorgânica em redor das fibras (verificado por SEM), constituída maioritariamente por estruturas lineares, com uma contribuição mais modesta de estruturas “diméricas” e outras mais ramificadas. Consequentemente, este revestimento inorgânico transformou as fibras de celulose em materiais híbridos com elevada hidrofobicidade (ângulos de contacto com água entre 103-129º). A hidrólise ácida dos restantes grupos etoxissilano, como tal ou na presença de TEOS, originou híbridos de celulose com elevada hidrofilicidade, sendo impossível medirem-se os ângulos de contacto com água dos produtos finais, devido à presença maioritária de grupos silanol (Si-OH) e ligações Si-O-Si à superfície, os quais contribuíram para o consequente aumento de energia de superfície. No entanto, quando a hidrólise foi realizada na presença de PFDTEOS, obtiveram-se materiais híbridos com elevada hidrofobicidade e lipofobicidade (ângulos de contacto com água e diiodometano de 140º e 134º, respectivamente), devido à combinação da presença de grupos perfluorados e micro- e nano-rugosidades na superfície das fibras de celulose, conforme confirmado por SEM. Finalmente, a última abordagem permitiu preparar materiais derivados de celulose altamente hidrofóbicos e lipofóbicos (ângulos de contacto com água e diiodometano de 136º e 109º, respectivamente) por um processo simples, envolvendo tempos de tratamento tão curtos como 0.5 min. Este comportamento omnifóbico foi gerado pelo efeito sinergético entre a diminuição de energia de superfície das fibras, devido à presença de grupos metilo dos resíduos de TCMS ligados a estas, e a condensação dos resíduos de TCMS na forma de micro- e nano-partículas inorgânicas, que levou à criação de um revestimento rugoso à superfície das fibras, conforme observado por RMN de 29Si e SEM, respectivamente. A pré-humidificação das fibras de celulose demonstrou desempenhar um importante papel de “acelerador” dos processos de hidrólise e condensação das moléculas de TCMS. Nestas condições, o tempo de tratamento foi um dos parâmetros mais relevantes, pois para tempos de tratamento muito curtos (0.5 min) os materiais resultantes não apresentaram quaisquer diferenças a nível de propriedades físico-químicas em relação ao substrato de partida (a humidade em excesso consumiu todo o TCMS antes que este conseguisse reagir com os grupos hidroxilo das fibras de celulose), possuindo, por exemplo, valores de ângulos de contacto com água idênticos. Para tempos de tratamento mais longos, como 30 min, os materiais finais apresentaram a maior quantidade de componentes inorgânicos, tal como verificado por EA e TGA. Assim, o controlo da humidade das fibras é imperativo para se poder moldar as propriedades finais dos produtos. Esta última abordagem é particularmente promissora uma vez que tem como base um sistema simples e “verde” que pode ser facilmente implementado. Em conclusão, este trabalho permitiu demonstrar que a modificação química heterogénea controlada das fibras de celulose representa uma iniciativa promissora para a preparação de novos materiais obtidos a partir de recursos renováveis, com propriedades interessantes e passíveis de ser potencialmente aplicados em diferentes áreas. Para além do mais, as estratégias de modificação estudadas podem também ser precursoras de novos estudos que possam vir a ser desenvolvidos dentro do mesmo âmbito.

Post-synthetic modification of metal–organic frameworks

Post-synthetic modification (PSM) of metal-organic frameworks encompassing the chemical transformation of the linker present is a promising new route for engineering optical centres and tuning the light emission properties of materials, both in the visible and in the near infrared (NIR) spectral regions. Here, PSM of isoreticular metal-organic framework-3 (IRMOF-3) with ethyl oxalyl monochloride, ethyl acetoacetate, pentane-2,4-dione, 3-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropanal, 2-chloroacetic acid, glyoxylic acid, methyl vinyl ketone and diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate followed by chelation of trivalent lanthanide ions afforded intriguing near infrared (Nd3+) and visible (Eu3+, Tb3+) light emitters. IRMOF-3 was used as a case in point due to both its highly porous crystalline structure and the presence of non-coordinating amino groups on the benzenedicarboxylate (bdc) linker amenable to modification. The materials were characterised by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and liquid and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The solid-state luminescence properties of Ln-modified-IRMOF-3 were investigated at room temperature. The presence of the bdc aromatic ring, β– diketonate and oxalate enhanced the Ln3+ sensitization via ligand-to-metal energy transfer (anthena effect). As far as photocalysis is concerned, we have synthesized metal−organic frameworks (Cr-MIL-125-AC, Ag-MIL-125-AC) by a green method (solid–vapors reactions). The resulting functionalized materials show a photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation up to 6.52 times larger than that of the commercial photocatalyst hombikat UV-100. These findings open the door for further research for improving the photocatalytic performance of metal-organic frameworks.

Effect of hole drilling at the overlap on the strength of single-lap joints

Bonded unions are gaining importance in many fields of manufacturing owing to a significant number of advantages to the traditional fastening, riveting, bolting and welding techniques. Between the available bonding configurations, the single-lap joint is the most commonly used and studied by the scientific community due to its simplicity, although it endures significant bending due to the non-collinear load path, which negatively affects its load bearing capabilities. The use of material or geometric changes in single-lap joints is widely documented in the literature to reduce this handicap, acting by reduction of peel and shear peak stresses at the damage initiation sites in structures or alterations of the failure mechanism emerging from local modifications. In this work, the effect of hole drilling at the overlap on the strength of single-lap joints was analyzed experimentally with two main purposes: (1) to check whether or not the anchorage effect of the adhesive within the holes is more preponderant than the stress concentrations near the holes, arising from the sharp edges, and modification of the joints straining behaviour (strength improvement or reduction, respectively) and (2) picturing a real scenario on which the components to be bonded are modified by some external factor (e.g. retrofitting of decaying/old-fashioned fastened unions). Tests were made with two adhesives (a brittle and a ductile one) varying the adherend thickness and the number, layout and diameter of the holes. Experimental testing showed that the joints strength never increases from the un-modified condition, showing a varying degree of weakening, depending on the selected adhesive and hole drilling configuration.

Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation and Its Effect on the Contractile Economy of Mouse Fast Muscle

Activated by elevations in myoplasmic calcium concentration, myosin light chain kinase (skMLCK) phosphorylates the regulatory light chains (RLCs) of fast muscle myosin. This covalent modification potentiates force production, but requires an investment of ATP. Our objective was to investigate the effect of RLC phosphorylation on the contractile economy (mechanical output:metabolic input) of fast twitch skeletal muscle. Extensor digitorum longus muscles isolated from Wildtype and skMLCK-/- mice mounted in vitro (25°C) were subjected to repetitive low-frequency stimulation (10Hz,15s) known to cause activation of skMLCK, and staircase potentiation of force. With a 3-fold increase in RLC phosphate content, Wildtype generated 44% more force than skMLCK-/- muscles over the stimulation period (P = .002), without an accompanied increase in energy cost (P = .449). Overall, the contractile economy of Wildtype muscles, with an intact RLC phosphorylation mechanism, was 73% greater than skMLCK /- muscles (P = .043), demonstrating an important physiological function of skMLCK during repetitive contractile activity.

The effects of additives and chemical modification on the solution properties of thermo-sensitive polymers

Cette thèse concerne l’étude de phase de séparation de deux polymères thermosensibles connus-poly(N-isopropylacylamide) (PNIPAM) et poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOZ). Parmi des études variées sur ces deux polymères, il y a encore deux parties de leurs propriétés thermiques inexplicites à être étudiées. Une partie concerne l’effet de consolvant de PNIPAM dans l’eau et un autre solvant hydromiscible. L’autre est l’effet de propriétés de groupes terminaux de chaînes sur la séparation de phase de PIPOZ. Pour ce faire, nous avons d’abord étudié l’effet de l’architecture de chaînes sur l’effet de cosolvant de PNIPAMs dans le mélange de méthanol/eau en utilisant un PNIPAM en étoile avec 4 branches et un PNIPAM cyclique comme modèles. Avec PNIPAM en étoile, l’adhérence de branches PNIPAM de à un cœur hydrophobique provoque une réduction de Tc (la température du point de turbidité) et une enthalpie plus faible de la transition de phase. En revanche, la Tc de PNIPAM en étoile dépend de la masse molaire de polymère. La coopérativité de déhydratation diminue pour PNIPAM en étoile et PNIPAM cyclique à cause de la limite topologique. Une étude sur l’influence de concentration en polymère sur l’effet de cosolvant de PNIPAM dans le mélange méthanol/eau a montré qu’une séparation de phase liquide-liquide macroscopique (MLLPS) a lieu pour une solution de PNIPAM dans le mélange méthanol/eau avec la fraction molaire de méthanol entre 0.127 et 0.421 et la concentration en PNIPAM est constante à 10 g.L-1. Après deux jours d’équilibration à température ambiante, la suspension turbide de PNIPAM dans le mélange méthanol/eau se sépare en deux phases dont une phase possède beaucoup plus de PNIPAM que l’autre. Un diagramme de phase qui montre la MLLPS pour le mélange PNIPAM/eau/méthanol a été établi à base de données expérimentales. La taille et la morphologie de gouttelettes dans la phase riche en polymère condensée dépendent de la fraction molaire de méthanol. Parce que la présence de méthanol influence la tension de surface des gouttelettes liquides, un équilibre lent de la séparation de phase pour PNIPAM/eau/méthanol système a été accéléré et une séparation de phase liquide-liquide macroscopique apparait. Afin d’étudier l’effet de groupes terminaux sur les propriétés de solution de PIPOZ, deux PIPOZs téléchéliques avec groupe perfluorodécanyle (FPIPOZ) ou groupe octadécyle (C18PIPOZ) comme extrémités de chaîne ont été synthétisés. Les valeurs de Tc des polymères téléchéliques ont beaucoup diminué par rapport à celle de PIPOZ. Des micelles stables se forment dans des solutions aqueuses de polymères téléchéliques. La micellization et la séparation de phase de ces polymères dans l’eau ont été étudiées. La séparation de phase de PIPOZs téléchéliques suit le mécanisme de MLLPS. Des différences en tailles de gouttelettes formées à l’intérieur de solutions de deux polymères ont été observées. Pour étudier profondément les différences dans le comportement d’association entre deux polymères téléchéliques, les intensités des signaux de polymères correspondants et les temps de relaxation T1, T2 ont été mesurés. Des valeurs de T2 de protons correspondants aux IPOZs sont plus hautes.

Modification of Natural Rubber using Thermoset Resins

This thesis presents the findings of a study on incorporating vanous thermoset resins into natural rubber for property improvement. Natural rubber is an important elastomer with the unique attribute of being a renewable agricultural product. The study was undertaken to investigate the extent to which the drawbacks of natural rubber, especially its poor thermal and oil resistance propel1ies could be nullified by blending with common thermoset resins. A thorough and comparative understanding of the perfonnance of different resins from this viewpoint will be beneficial for both natural IUbber processors and consumers. In this study the thennoset resins used were epoxy resin, phenolics, epoxidised phenolics and unsaturated polyester resin.The resins were incorporated into NR during compounding and their effects on the properties of NR were studied after vulcanization. Properties were studied for both gum and filled N R compounds. The important properties studied are cure characteristics, mechanical properties, ageing propel1ies, thermal propel1ies, crosslink density and extractability. Characterization studies were also conducted using FTIR, TGA and DSC.Improvement in mechanical properties was noticed in many cases. The results show that most resins lead to a reduction in the cure time of NR. The perfonnance of epoxy resin is most noticeable in this respect. Mechanical properties of the modified IUbber show maximum improvement in the case of epoxidised novolacs. Most resins are seen to improve the thermal and oil resistance propel1ies of NR. Epoxy novolacs show maximum effect in this respect also. However the presence of tillers is found to moderate the positive effects of the thermoset resins considerably.

Modification of spectral characteristics and optogalvanic response in neon hollow cathode under laser excitation

The changes in emission characteristics of a neon hollow cathode discharge by resonant laser excitation of 1s 5→2p 2 and 1s 5→2p 4 transition have been studied by simultaneously monitoring the optogalvanic effect and the laser induced fluorescence. It has been observed that resonant excitation causes substantial variation in the relative intensities of lines in the emission spectrum of neon discharge.

Effect of Improving Energy Efficiency on System Reliability

In the present scenario of energy demand overtaking energy supply top priority is given for energy conservation programs and policies. Most of the process plants are operated on continuous basis and consumes large quantities of energy. Efficient management of process system can lead to energy savings, improved process efficiency, lesser operating and maintenance cost, and greater environmental safety. Reliability and maintainability of the system are usually considered at the design stage and is dependent on the system configuration. However, with the growing need for energy conservation, most of the existing process systems are either modified or are in a state of modification with a view for improving energy efficiency. Often these modifications result in a change in system configuration there by affecting the system reliability. It is important that system modifications for improving energy efficiency should not be at the cost of reliability. Any new proposal for improving the energy efficiency of the process or equipments should prove itself to be economically feasible for gaining acceptance for implementation. In order to arrive at the economic feasibility of the new proposal, the general trend is to compare the benefits that can be derived over the lifetime as well as the operating and maintenance costs with the investment to be made. Quite often it happens that the reliability aspects (or loss due to unavailability) are not taken into consideration. Plant availability is a critical factor for the economic performance evaluation of any process plant.The focus of the present work is to study the effect of system modification for improving energy efficiency on system reliability. A generalized model for the valuation of process system incorporating reliability is developed, which is used as a tool for the analysis. It can provide an awareness of the potential performance improvements of the process system and can be used to arrive at the change in process system value resulting from system modification. The model also arrives at the pay back of the modified system by taking reliability aspects also into consideration. It is also used to study the effect of various operating parameters on system value. The concept of breakeven availability is introduced and an algorithm for allocation of component reliabilities of the modified process system based on the breakeven system availability is also developed. The model was applied to various industrial situations.

Modification of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for Improved Mechanical Properties

Phenolic resins suffer from the presence of microvoids on curing. This often leads to less than satisfactory properties in the cured resin. This disadvantage has limited the use of phenolic resins to some extent. This study is an attempt to improve the mechanical properties of the phenolic resol resins by chemical modification aimed at reducing the microvoid population. With this end in view various themoset resins synthesised under predetennined conditions have been employed for modifying phenolic resols. Such resins include unsaturated polyester, epoxy and epoxy novolac prepolymers. The results establish the effectiveness of these resins for improving the mechanical properties of phenolics. Experimental and analytical techniques used include FTIR, DMA, TGA, SEM and mechanical property evaluation. While most of the modifier resins employed give positive results the effect of adding UP is found to be surprising as well as impressive.

Modification of Polypropylene/High Density Polyethylene Blend Using Nanokaolinite Clay and E-Glass Fibre: Preparation, Characterization and Micromechanical Modelling

Upgrading two widely used standard plastics, polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), and generating a variety of useful engineering materials based on these blends have been the main objective of this study. Upgradation was effected by using nanomodifiers and/or fibrous modifiers. PP and HDPE were selected for modification due to their attractive inherent properties and wide spectrum of use. Blending is the engineered method of producing new materials with tailor made properties. It has the advantages of both the materials. PP has high tensile and flexural strength and the HDPE acts as an impact modifier in the resultant blend. Hence an optimized blend of PP and HDPE was selected as the matrix material for upgradation. Nanokaolinite clay and E-glass fibre were chosen for modifying PP/HDPE blend. As the first stage of the work, the mechanical, thermal, morphological, rheological, dynamic mechanical and crystallization characteristics of the polymer nanocomposites prepared with PP/HDPE blend and different surface modified nanokaolinite clay were analyzed. As the second stage of the work, the effect of simultaneous inclusion of nanokaolinite clay (both N100A and N100) and short glass fibres are investigated. The presence of nanofiller has increased the properties of hybrid composites to a greater extent than micro composites. As the last stage, micromechanical modeling of both nano and hybrid A composite is carried out to analyze the behavior of the composite under load bearing conditions. These theoretical analyses indicate that the polymer-nanoclay interfacial characteristics partially converge to a state of perfect interfacial bonding (Takayanagi model) with an iso-stress (Reuss IROM) response. In the case of hybrid composites the experimental data follows the trend of Halpin-Tsai model. This implies that matrix and filler experience varying amount of strain and interfacial adhesion between filler and matrix and also between the two fillers which play a vital role in determining the modulus of the hybrid composites.A significant observation from this study is that the requirement of higher fibre loading for efficient reinforcement of polymers can be substantially reduced by the presence of nanofiller together with much lower fibre content in the composite. Hybrid composites with both nanokaolinite clay and micron sized E-glass fibre as reinforcements in PP/HDPE matrix will generate a novel class of high performance, cost effective engineering material.

Loss of wobble uridine modification in tRNA anticodons interferes with TOR pathway signaling

Previous work in yeast has suggested that modification of tRNAs, in particular uridine bases in the anticodon wobble position (U34), is linked to TOR (target of rapamycin) signaling. Hence, U34 modification mutants were found to be hypersensitive to TOR inhibition by rapamycin. To study whether this involves inappropriate TOR signaling, we examined interaction between mutations in TOR pathway genes (tip41Δ, sap190Δ, ppm1Δ, rrd1Δ) and U34 modification defects (elp3Δ, kti12Δ, urm1Δ, ncs2Δ) and found the rapamycin hypersensitivity in the latter is epistatic to drug resistance of the former. Epistasis, however, is abolished in tandem with a gln3Δ deletion, which inactivates transcription factor Gln3 required for TOR-sensitive activation of NCR (nitrogen catabolite repression) genes. In line with nuclear import of Gln3 being under control of TOR and dephosphorylation by the Sit4 phosphatase, we identify novel TOR-sensitive sit4 mutations that confer rapamycin resistance and importantly, mislocalise Gln3 when TOR is inhibited. This is similar to gln3Δ cells, which abolish the rapamycin hypersensitivity of U34 modification mutants, and suggests TOR deregulation due to tRNA undermodification operates through Gln3. In line with this, loss of U34 modifications (elp3Δ, urm1Δ) enhances nuclear import of and NCR gene activation (MEP2, GAP1) by Gln3 when TOR activity is low. Strikingly, this stimulatory effect onto Gln3 is suppressed by overexpression of tRNAs that usually carry the U34 modifications. Collectively, our data suggest that proper TOR signaling requires intact tRNA modifications and that loss of U34 modifications impinges on the TORsensitive NCR branch via Gln3 misregulation.

The effect of environment on endosperm cell-wall development in Triticum aestivum during grain filling: an infrared spectroscopic imaging study

One of the major factors contributing to the failure of new wheat varieties is seasonal variability in end-use quality. Consequently, it is important to produce varieties which are robust and stable over a range of environmental conditions. Recently developed sample preparation methods have allowed the application of FT-IR spectroscopic imaging methods to the analysis of wheat endosperm cell wall composition, allowing the spatial distribution of structural components to be determined without the limitations of conventional chemical analysis. The advantages of the methods, described in this paper, are that they determine the composition of endosperm cell walls in situ and with minimal modification during preparation. Two bread-making wheat cultivars, Spark and Rialto, were selected to determine the impact of environmental conditions on the cell-wall composition of the starchy endosperm of the developing and mature grain, focusing on the period of grain filling (starting at about 14 days after anthesis). Studies carried out over two successive seasons show that the structure of the arabinoxylans in the endosperm cell walls changes from a highly branched form to a less branched form. Furthermore, during development the rate of restructuring was faster when the plants were grown at higher temperature with restricted water availability from 14 days after anthesis with differences in the rate of restructuring occurring between the two cultivars.