362 resultados para Dormancy


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玉蝉花(Iris ensata)、山鸢尾(Iris setosa)、金脉鸢尾(Iris chrysographes)和西南鸢尾(Iris bulleyana)这四种国产野生无髯鸢尾的种子均存在休眠现象,然而萌发情况各异。通过大田实验、层积处理、离体胚培养、切割胚乳、剥离种皮、切割胚乳不同部位、对种子的珠孔端胚乳进行扫描电子显微镜观察和用Instron 5848微力材料实验机测量刺穿珠孔端结构所需要力,以及把离体胚放在PEG-6000的渗透液中来测试四种鸢尾种子胚的生长势等实验,发现:玉蝉花、山鸢尾、金脉鸢尾和西南鸢尾这四种鸢尾种子存在不同程度的休眠;胚不含萌发抑制剂,已经完成了生理成熟,不是这几种鸢尾休眠的障碍;鸢尾的种皮透水性良好,虽然种皮对萌发有一定的机械抑制作用,然而相对于珠孔端胚乳而言,对胚根伸长的阻力不大,因此不是种子休眠的主要因素。根据实验结果推测,鸢尾种子的胚乳含有萌发抑制剂,然而,珠孔端胚乳的机械束缚可能是鸢尾种子萌发延迟的主要原因。通过进一步的实验发现,玉蝉花和山鸢尾这两种鸢尾胚的生长势高于后两种鸢尾种子,然而,它们的珠孔端结构(胚乳和种皮)对胚伸长的束缚还不及后两者的一半,也就是说,鸢尾种子萌发与否主要取决于珠孔端胚乳对胚根伸长的机械束缚与胚根的生长势的力量的对比,当前者大于后者时,种子不能萌发,当珠孔端胚乳细胞的细胞壁解体或者这一部分被切割之后,珠孔端机械束缚等于或者小于胚的生长势时,种子萌发。

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休眠是温带多年生植物的特性之一。为了适应温带地区寒冷的冬季,多年生植物的分生组织通常在秋末冬初进入休眠状态,这样有利于它们在低温下的存活。因此,温带多年生植物的生长和开花具有季节性。植物的生长发育需要与季节的交替变化同步,才能适应环境,保证繁殖成功。多年生植物通过“生长-休眠-生长”的循环过程适应温带地区寒冷的冬季。休眠既有利于植物存活又可调节开花时间。因此,探索温带多年生植物休眠过程的分子调控机理具有重要的应用价值。 太行花(Taihangia rupestris)是蔷薇科仙女木族的一种多年生草本。它生长在海拔1000到1200米的温带山区。太行花需要两个生长季节才能开花,这一点与模式植物拟南芥、水稻不同。在第一个生长季节花芽诱导,花序发育到秋末冬初时进入休眠状态;过冬花序包裹在叶柄基部,接近土壤表面;到了第二个生长季节,花进一步发育完全,开花结果。休眠过程对太行花花序的存活以及来年的开花时间控制非常关键,对这个过程的调控基因的研究不仅有助于理解太行花休眠的分子机制,还将为其它经济植物在这个方面的研究提供资料。 本研究以太行花为研究材料,从它的过冬花序中分离得到了一个MADS-box基因,分析了它的序列结构、系统发育关系、表达式样和功能,探讨了FLC亚家族基因在太行花这种多年生植物和一年生、两年生植物之间发生的表达功能分化。主要研究结果包括: 1. 从太行花的过冬花序中分离出了TrMADS3基因。氨基酸序列分析结果表明它是MIKCc型MADS-box基因,系统发育分析结果表明TrMADS3与FLC类基因聚在一起。 2. 实时定量PCR和RT-PCR实验显示TrMADS3在冬季休眠期太行花的花序、根、叶中广泛表达。从十月底到一月底的冬季低温期户外太行花植株中TrMADS3表达量比同期温室植株的表达量高,也比夏季户外植株的表达量高。对温室植株进行低温处理能明显上调TrMADS3的表达量,而短光照、干旱、高盐和脱落酸(ABA)处理对TrMADS3的表达影响不明显。 3. 用原位杂交的方法分析了TrMADS3的表达式样。营养器官中,TrMADS3在营养顶端分生组织、叶原基、幼叶边缘细胞中表达量高;生殖器官中,TrMADS3在侧生分生组织、花序原基、花原基、幼苞片、萼片原基、花瓣原基、雄蕊原基、心皮原基、发育中的雄蕊、心皮中表达量高。TrMADS3的表达模式反映了TrMADS3调控营养生长和不同阶段的花序、花发育过程。 4. TrMADS3在拟南芥中异位表达不影响拟南芥开花时间。在高盐和干旱胁迫条件下,TrMADS3异位表达能够明显提高转基因拟南芥后熟种子的萌发率。 5. 建立了太行花的组培体系。 综上所述,TrMADS3属于FLC进化支,这一亚家族基因还未在多年生植物中报道。TrMADS3在太行花休眠期表达量很高。在实验控制条件下,一至两周低温能够明显促进TrMADS3表达量的上调。低温处理后回到生长温度的太行花在一月内依然保持较高的TrMADS3的表达。原位杂交实验显示TrMADS3在营养和生殖分生组织中表达量高。TrMADS3在拟南芥中异位表达促进后熟种子在高盐和干旱胁迫下萌发。因此,我们推测TrMADS3具有响应低温调节太行花休眠期营养和生殖分生组织活性的功能。在一、二年生植物中分离的FLC-like基因响应春化作用,具有抑制花芽诱导的保守功能,这些基因在营养器官中表达,受春化作用调节,对应一、二年生植物的成花诱导受春化作用促进的过程,但TrMADS3在太行花营养和生殖器官中均表达,对应太行花花芽诱导后营养和生殖器官均进入休眠状态的生理特性,因此,我们推测FLC-like基因有可能在太行花这种温带多年生植物和一、二年生植物之间发生功能分化。

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浑善达克沙地是我国北方干旱半干旱区的主要沙地和严重荒漠化地区之一。同时也是我国内陆沙尘的主要源区之一。研究当地植物对沙地环境的适应方式有助于当地的荒漠化治理,加快生态环境恢复。本文应用(温室和野外)实验生态学方法研究了沙地植物对水分、沙埋和养分异质性环境的生态适应对策。 浑善达克沙地属于半干旱区域。在一次降雨过后,适合植物生长的湿沙层逐渐下降,或者说不适合植物生长的干沙层逐渐加厚。为了能够有效地从沙层中获得水分,植物的根系的伸长的速度必须大于湿沙层下降的速度。因此,当地分布的植物的根系则应该具有相应的形态、生长和生物量投资方面的可塑性。羊柴(Hedysarum laeve Maxim. (Leguminosae) )是当地的主要半灌木和固沙植物。我们研究了羊柴幼苗对不同土壤含水量和不同模拟降雨量的反应格局,以及移动沙丘生长季节的土壤含水量变动规律。发现,大于3%土壤含水量适合羊柴幼苗生长。最适土壤含水量为12%-20% 。在生长季节早期,羊柴幼苗比较容易在沙丘上定居。如果没有充分的后续降雨的话,萌发后的幼苗在沙丘顶部、落沙坡中部和后部定居比较困难。降雨量越大,根系越深、总根长越大、根系直径越大、侧根越多、根冠比越低。 在干旱半干旱区域的沙地,种子萌发的时间和地点对于植物的定居和存活具有关键作用。通过温室实验,研究了小叶锦鸡儿和羊柴的种子萌发和出苗对不同深度的沙埋的反应,及其与种子大小的关联。结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿和羊柴的种子萌发和出苗对浑善达克沙地的自然生境表现出相似的生态适应。这两个种的种子萌发的适宜温度为10-15ºC, 这是当地春季的平均温度。由于这两个种的种子萌发是光敏感的,所以它们的种子萌发受土壤含水量和光照强度二者之间的平衡调节。2 cm 的较浅沙埋最有利于种子萌发和出苗。种子埋得越深,种子的萌发率和出苗率越低,更多的种子受胁迫休眠保存在土壤中作为种子库。不同大小的种子的不同萌发能力也是一种重要的生态适应,这可以调节种子在合适的时间和合适的沙埋深度萌发和出苗。 冰草(Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn)是浑善达克沙地植物群落中占优势的多年生根茎草本植物之一。种子在合适的地点和时间萌发以及幼苗在合适的地点和时间生长,对于冰草在沙地环境条件下生存和分布具有重要意义。本文研究了浑善达克沙地4-10月份土壤含水量变动情况和冰草种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的响应。结果表明,4月下旬至5月上中旬的土壤含水量对冰草种子萌发、出苗和定居极为关键。控制条件下,冰草种子萌发的最适土壤含水量是12%-20%,出苗以及幼苗生长的最适土壤含水量是12%-16%。当土壤含水量低于3%,冰草种子不能萌发,土壤含水量低于6%时,幼苗不能出土和定居。当土壤含水量达到16%时,冰草幼苗生物量有所下降。在6%-8%的土壤含水量条件下,植株将更多的生物量投资于根的生长。 本文对浑善达克沙地低湿滩地、滩地-风沙沉积过渡区到风沙沉积区的赖草(Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvel.)分株数、地上生物量、土壤水分和养分异质性进行了研究。结果表明,从低湿滩地、滩地-风沙沉积过渡区到风沙沉积区,随着土壤养分的降低,赖草分株数和地上生物量反而增加。赖草的分株数在三种生境中都存在空间自相关。并且,从低湿滩地、过渡区到风沙沉积区空间自相关的变程逐渐增加。地上生物量同样存在空间自相关,但变程以过渡区最大,风沙沉积区最低。土壤水分仅仅在风沙沉积区存在空间自相关。在三种生境条件下,土壤全氮和有机质的空间分布格局相似,都在低湿滩地和过渡区存在空间自相关且变程相似。在风沙沉积区不存在空间自相关。赖草的空间分布格局在低湿滩地为偏离随机适度聚集的分布格局,在过渡区近似于聚居分布,而在风沙沉积区为均匀分布格局。 豆科锦鸡儿属(Caragana )植物因其可以生物固氮而在草原生态系统当中具有特殊的地位。定量分析小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla )灌丛在浑善达克沙地不同生境条件下的分布格局,有助于理解植被与土壤养分循环之间的关系和合理制定退化沙地的恢复对策。本文采用地统计学中的半方差分析和分形分析两种方法研究了浑善达克沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的空间分布格局,分析了不同生境中小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的植被、土壤水分和养分间的相关性。结果表明(1)小叶锦鸡儿灌丛在三种生境条件下(滩地、固定沙丘和半固定沙丘)的盖度、土壤有机质和全氮的空间分布符合球状模型,空间自相关显著;(2)土壤pH值在滩地和固定沙丘的空间分布符合球状模型且空间自相关显著,但在半固定沙丘空间自相关不显著;(3)土壤水分在三种生境中的空间分布都符合线性模型,空间自相关显著。(4)植被的变异尺度(变程)小于各个土壤要素的变异尺度。植被(小叶锦鸡儿灌丛)的分布和形成过程决定了土壤养分的分布和形成过程。当地的豆科植物在养分“沃岛”现象的形成中起了重要作用,合理的利用和布局当地的豆科植物,可以更加有效地补充草地生态系统的养分,从而有利于加快当地生态系统的恢复进程。

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 本文对三峡库区濒危植物疏花水柏枝的种子形成与传播、种子萌发与幼苗定居、植株生长动态等种群生物学特性及其与环境的关系,特别是对水淹胁迫的生理学与生态学响应进行了研究,并以此为基础结合疏花水柏枝抢救工程的实施,对疏花水柏枝回归引种的相关生态学问题进行了探讨。   疏花水柏枝植株的生殖分配极高,每株所形成的花枝、花序和种子数量都比较多,其种子传播的方式有风传播和水传播,种子直接传播是疏花水柏枝种群进行扩增的主要途径,自然分布疏花水柏枝种群因此而常常成群分布。种子通过江水的二次传播是沿长江呈星状分布的疏花水柏枝各种群间进行基因交流的主要途径。限制疏花水柏枝种子萌发的环境因素主要是土壤含水量,这也是导致该物种在自然条件下仅分布于消落带的关键因素。疏花水柏枝一年生幼苗的成活率以及衡量植株生长状况的生物量、枝条数和根系长度都随着密度的增加而显著下降,表明密度对疏花水柏枝一年生幼苗的定居与生长有明显的制约作用。疏花水柏枝每年夏天都要经历长时间的水淹,在该时期无论是否被水淹,其幼苗地上部的生长都处于停滞(休眠),水淹后植株生物量都有一定程度的减少,但在各种水淹程度处理与对照之间除根深有显著差异外,幼苗的存活率、生物量、一级枝数、一级枝长度、根冠比的差异都不显著,表明水淹对幼苗的定居和生长没有显著影响,疏花水柏枝是通过快速的生物量丧失和快速恢复来适应水淹阶段的环境胁迫的。夏季适当的水淹不仅不会影响植株的生长,反而有利于该物种躲避这个阶段河滩上的高温天气,提高幼苗的成活率。   疏花水柏枝对水淹的生理生态适应机制较复杂。夏季水淹过后,植株进入生长恢复阶段,恢复初期植株的日均蒸腾强度与日均光合速率随着其在夏季被淹没时间的增加而增加,说明夏季水淹有利于植株尽快恢复生长。生长季节的水淹胁迫会使疏花水柏枝植株最初的光合作用和蒸腾作用的能力有所下降,但是长期水淹后,植株会形成适应,其光合与水分生理又会恢复到正常状态。疏花水柏枝植株也会在生理生化上对水淹胁迫作出响应。在夏天洪水季节无论是否被水淹,植株的可溶性糖总糖与蔗糖的都含量上升,根系活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在各种水淹处理与对照之间以及淹水后与淹水前之间没有显著差异,从生理上表明疏花水柏枝的生长在夏季处于生长停滞(休眠)状态,其生理生化变化是植株对休眠的响应。夏天洪水季节结束后,各处理植株的多酚氧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、蔗糖与总糖含量在生长恢复阶段显著下降,丙二醛含量、根系活力则分别有所增加,表明植株在生理生化上也得到恢复,且植株在夏季是否受水淹胁迫对生长恢复阶段植株的生理生化变化没有显著影响。生长阶段的水淹胁迫会导致丙二醛含量、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性上升,其中前两者的变化显著,而根系活力、可溶性总糖含量则在水淹后表现为下降。但是经长期水淹后,各种生理生化指标会逐渐恢复到正常水平,表明该物种对水淹的适应能力较强,水淹并不会对植株形成长期的生理压力。   疏花水柏枝被回归引种于长江三峡的几个主要支流上,形成几个相对隔离的重建种群。种群遗传多样性、年龄结构、分布格局、繁殖与扩展等生物学特性是种群持续发展的基础,疏花水柏枝种群的重建中必须予以考虑。各移栽点应分别从不同的地点采集移栽材料,且以生长旺盛、繁殖力强、遗传性状稳定的3-10年植株为主。在疏花水柏枝种群恢复与重建中目前所面临的主要问题是如何增强被隔离的种群间的基因交流、促进种群的种子扩散与萌发、协调新建种群与当地物种的关系、营造有利于新建种群定居与生长的生态环境。

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干旱区和半干旱区生长的植物具有复杂的生存机制,以确保其能够在特定的环境中生存和发展。植物在干旱的荒漠条件下的生存,与其特殊的种子萌发机制密切相关,这种机制能够确保植物在合适的时间与地点进行种子萌发与幼苗生长发育。在植物的生活史中,种子对极端环境具有最大的忍耐力,而萌发的幼苗对环境胁迫的忍耐程度最小。在干旱区生长的植物往往具有特殊的萌发机制使萌发出的幼苗能够度过对外界的敏感期,对于植物的生存具有重要意义。 毛乌素沙地是我国的四大沙地之一,该地区具有水分短缺,蒸发强烈,风沙剧烈和生境异质性高的特征。本文假设生长在这种极端环境中的植物也发展出了“适时适地”的种子萌发和幼苗生长的适应对策。为了验证以上的假设,本文选取毛乌素沙地不同生境中生长的两种优势固沙禾草——流动沙丘上生长的沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)和固定沙丘上生长的赖草(Leymus secalinus)为研究材料,通过野外调查、温室控制实验和实验室控制实验的方法,从生理生态学的角度探讨这两种植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长过程对沙丘环境的适应对策,主要对比它们在种子休眠、萌发和幼苗早期生长过程中对沙丘生境适应性的异同点。研究结果表明: (1)新成熟的沙鞭和赖草的种子为适应冬季低温而发展出生理性的内生休眠——非深度生理休眠。沙鞭和赖草的种子分别需要经过4周和8周的低温层积处理(3-5ºC)来完全打破休眠。另外,划破种皮或者部分切除胚乳也能够促进种子的萌发,这进一步证明两种植物的种子具有非深度生理休眠。然而,切除胚乳在不同程度上影响它们的幼苗生长。由非深度生理休眠、温度和损伤种皮/胚乳调节的部分萌发机制能够确保两种植物的种子即使在条件适宜的情况下只有部分种子萌发,从而分散植物生存的风险性。 (2)毛乌素沙地的小量降水(无法触发萌发)使种子经常遭受湿润-干燥的交替胁迫过程。种子先在湿润条件下吸涨1d或者2d,然后在室温下干燥0-8天。尽管在经历反复吸涨和自然干燥脱水后仍能够保持萌发能力,沙鞭和赖草种子的萌发特性却发生了不同的变化:和各自的对照相比,沙鞭种子萌发率相同而萌发速率降低;赖草种子的萌发率和萌发速率都降低,部分种子进入休眠状态。沙鞭和赖草萌发出的幼苗可能由于没有后续降雨或者因沙蚀而遭受干燥胁迫,但是其幼苗在生长早期能够忍耐一定程度的干燥,再次湿润后部分幼苗能够恢复生长。沙鞭和赖草幼苗的耐干燥的“极限点”不同:当幼根长度为1 mm时,它们的幼苗忍耐干燥的时间分别是60d和30d;当幼根长度为4 mm时,它们的幼苗忍耐干燥的时间分别是14d和7d。沙鞭和赖草的种子和生长早期的幼苗的耐干燥性特性可能是它们对降雨量和降雨时间都不可预测的沙地生境的生存策略之一。 (3)不同的沙埋深度影响沙鞭和赖草的种子萌发和出苗。这两种植物的种子萌发和出苗都需1-2 cm的浅层沙埋。随着沙埋深度的增加,两种植物的种子萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低,强迫休眠率逐渐升高;萌发率与出苗率和沙埋深度呈负相关关系而休眠率和沙埋深度呈正相关关系。但是,沙鞭种子出苗的最大沙埋深度是8 cm,而赖草的则为4 cm。因强迫休眠而没有萌发的种子对维持一个长期的土壤种子库来说具有生态学优势,这些种子暴露在合适的萌发土壤深度时具有生长出幼苗的潜能。 (4)沙鞭和赖草的种子都具有大小的差异性,种子大小对沙鞭和赖草的种子在不同沙埋深度的出苗具有不同的影响。沙鞭的三种不同大小种子的平均质量分别为小,4.489 ± 0.012 mg (4 – 4.9 mg);中,5.457 ± 0.012 mg (5 – 5.9 mg)和大,6.415 ± 0.011 mg (6 – 6.9 mg)。赖草的两种不同大小种子的平均质量分别为小,3.083 ± 0.026 mg (3 – 3.5 mg)和大3.955 ± 0.028 mg (3.6 – 4.0 mg)。在相同的沙埋深度下,两种植物的大种子的出苗率都显著高于小种子。和小种子相比,两种植物的大种子由于贮藏更多的能量,所以在相同深度的沙埋中具有出苗率更高的生态优势,而大量小种子在沙埋中不能萌发,可以作为种子库保存在沙层中,这样就分散了一次性大量萌发给植物带来的冒险性。 (5)沙鞭和赖草的幼苗在生长过程中会遭受沙埋,其幼苗忍耐沙埋的能力与沙埋的相对深度(沙埋比例)和幼苗年龄有关。沙鞭和赖草幼苗的耐沙埋能力不同:沙鞭的2周龄幼苗可以忍耐达到株高100%的沙埋,而其1周龄幼苗只能忍耐75%的沙埋。赖草的1周龄和2周龄幼苗都只能忍耐75%的沙埋。沙埋之后,沙鞭和赖草幼苗的生物量,根/茎比以及根和茎的长度都受到不同程度的影响。赖草幼苗不能忍耐完全沙埋可能是限制它在流动沙丘上分布的一个原因。 (6)降雨量和降雨频率能够不同程度地影响沙鞭和赖草在不同沙层的萌发和出苗。这两种植物的种子萌发和出苗需要的最小降雨量不同:在一次浇水相当于5 mm降雨量后,沙鞭和赖草种子的萌发率都超过50%;但是使沙鞭和赖草的出苗率能够达到50%的降雨量分别为10 mm和15 mm。沙埋中的沙鞭和赖草种子的出苗对降雨的响应具有以下特征:两种植物种子的出苗随降雨量或者降雨频率的增加而增加;沙鞭的出苗率受到降雨量和降雨频率的显著影响,但是二者交互作用的影响不显著;赖草的出苗率受到降雨量、降雨频率以及二者交互作用的显著影响。 由非深度生理休眠,种子大小,干燥-湿润循环,沙埋和降雨调节的种子萌发和出苗机制确保了自然条件下沙鞭和赖草每次只有少量种子萌发和出苗,从而分散了两种植物在沙丘上的生存风险。 根据沙鞭和赖草在沙丘上的种子萌发和幼苗生长特性,本文为毛乌素沙地通过植物固沙恢复受损的沙地生态系统的种子飞播实践提出了几点建议。

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对影响红松种子休眠的因素进行了系统和深入的研究,主要结果如下: 1:自然成熟的种子,蕴包在雌配子体中的胚胎在形态上已发育成熟,但未充分成长。胚体的后生长与贮藏条件有关,主要取决于胚体吸水的程度,与温度关系不大,而胚体颜色由乳白色转变为乳黄色与温度关系密切,可能是生理后熟的标志。 2:夹破中种皮后,种子萌发率很低,说明红松种子坚硬中种皮的机械阻力不是导致休眠的重要因素。 3:在离体胚培养中外加ABA及种子经ABA溶液浸泡后的发芽试验证明,红松种子所含的ABA对种子萌发没有明显的抑制作用。ABA不是导致休眠的主要因素。 4:用未经预先浸种吸胀的种子直接进行各种快速催芽效果不佳,凡种皮破烂者极易霉烂,发芽率很低。 5:冷、热砂藏和流水贮藏比较试验表明,红松种子至少需要3个月以上的低温层积处理以完成其生理后熟。 6:红松种子有透气性障碍,剥除种皮或低温砂藏后,种皮对氧气的阻碍作用明显减弱。 7:未经低温砂藏的种子几乎不含还原糖,仅有少量的低聚糖和淀粉,缺少直接作用为种子萌发初始的呼吸代谢原料,低温砂藏后,脂酶及异柠檬酸裂解酶的活性增强,脂肪水解后,经乙醛酸循环生成糖,低温砂藏30天后,胚的还原糖含量从0.05%增加到0.97%。因此脂肪的代谢直接或间接关系到种子生理后熟,还原糖含量的升高是生理后熟的重要生化标志。离体胚在无外源糖份补给的情况下不能生长及干种子必须预先浸泡3~4天才能萌发,都说明了红松种子的萌发与否关键在于能源“启动”。 8:H2O2处理能提高种子发芽率表明,红松种子的萌发初期可能与PP途径运转有关。 9:光照、黑暗及光、暗交替条件下发芽试验表明,红松种子萌发与光照无关。 本文还就种子脂肪酸的组成及生态环境因子等其它可能导致红松种子休眠的原因进行探讨。 根据系列实验研究结果确认,红松种子休眠的实质在于种子后熟及其生理,生化过程,尤其是种子贮藏物质的分解、转化和利用。

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百合是重要的球根花卉,是世界五大切花之一。我国的百合野生资源丰富,但百合鲜切花生产与世界花卉大国相比仍然存在差距,优质的商品种球大量依靠进口,实现商品种球国产化能够促进百合鲜切花生产和农业经济发展。温度是影响百合生长发育最重要的因子之一,影响百合鳞茎发育,限制百合的分布区域。 百合鳞茎具有自然休眠的特性,低温处理是目前打破百合鳞茎休眠的最常用的方法。低温处理期间,鳞茎内发生复杂的反应,淀粉水解,鳞茎内的淀粉酶(α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶)活性增加,可溶性糖主要是蔗糖积累;可溶性蛋白质含量增加,游离氨基酸在鳞茎相对幼嫩的器官中集中;休眠解除期间脱落酸和玉米素核苷含量呈下降趋势,赤霉素含量呈上升趋势且活性增高,鳞茎各部位生长素都有上升,一些其他生长调节剂如Me-JA和多胺对解除百合鳞茎也有作用。低温处理期间,鳞茎内各种激素相互作用,共同调控鳞茎的休眠状态。利用低温处理打破百合鳞茎休眠的过程中,温度要求控制在稳定的范围内。利用冰箱低温处理打破百合鳞茎休眠的实验中,放入样品前冰箱内的温度在所设定温度±1℃范围内波动,且不同部位温度均匀;但冰箱内放入样品后,其内部不同部位的温度相差较大,表现为上部温度高,下部温度低,冰箱内部不同部位温度差异很大。 从百合资源在中国的分布看,华北地区的百合资源相对稀缺,温度是限制其生长的重要环境因子。新铁炮百合能够在炎热的华南地区露地栽培,将其在华北地区进行区域化露地栽培实验,对百合栽培应用推广,扩大栽培面积,降低运输成本,以及保证鲜切花质量有重要意义。通过气体交换测定的光合作用是对高温最敏感和综合的生理指标,可以在植物生长和生物量积累未发生明显变化之前揭示高温的影响。本研究通过人工气候箱,设定四个温度梯度:25℃,32℃,38℃,44℃,处理2h,通过测定新铁炮百合幼苗的光合特性研究其耐热程度、探讨可能的耐热机制。结果表明:净光合作用速率(Pn)在小于38℃时下降幅度不大,大于38℃后显著下降,随着处理温度的提高,气孔导度(Gs)呈下降的趋势,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)则上升,而气孔限制值(Ls)下降。高温下,两品种叶片最小荧光(Fo)无明显变化,最大荧光(Fm)和光系统II(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降程度较小;光下,PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)呈下降趋势,44℃处理后显著下降;NPQ随处理温度的提高而上升;处理温度升高,SOD、APX、CAT、POD活力增强。研究表明新铁炮百合能够耐受32-38℃的高温;热胁迫下,叶片通过提高非光化猝灭和抗氧化酶活性两种机制来抵御高温胁迫。

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选取葡萄属不同类群及其杂交后代的21个品种,通过种子发育物候、种子形态、种皮透水性、种胚外围组织机械阻碍、离体胚萌发及外源激素的作用、种子萌发抑制物、层积解除休眠的温度效应、休眠解除过程中种胚的形态变化,以及模拟土壤种子库四季温度交替变化对种子休眠和萌发性状的影响等系列比较实验,发现葡萄属种子发育物候特征、成熟种子形态特征和休眠特性等具有类群特征,存在种类间多样性,并确定种子休眠类型均为生理性休眠,但休眠程度差异很大,由浅到深的顺序是:欧山杂种、蘡欧杂种、欧亚种、山葡萄、欧美杂种、美洲种,与美洲种亲缘关系越近,休眠越深,杂交种比亲本种类休眠程度低。种子休眠程度与果实和种子发育周期的长短、种子成熟时的环境温度、种子大小和千粒重等无关;与果实成熟期和种子成熟期之间的时间跨度有关,跨度越短,休眠越深。冷层积能够有效解除欧亚种、山葡萄以及欧山杂种的种子休眠,但对美洲种和欧美杂种效果较差;变温层积能部分解除欧亚种、山葡萄、欧山杂种、蘡欧杂种种子的休眠,但对其他种类无效;暖层积对所有种类无效。解除休眠的有效方式与遗传背景有一定的相关性。

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本文以中国极危种大花黄牡丹种子为研究材料,对其种子生物学、休眠与萌发特性进行研究,采用变温层积和激素处理解除种子休眠,并通过生物抑制物测试、胚培养、激素含量动态变化的测定,研究种子休眠的原因,从根本上解决了大花黄牡丹迁地保护过程中种子繁殖的技术难题,并初步探讨了大花黄牡丹致濒因素与种子休眠及萌发特性的关系,结果表明: 1.大花黄牡丹种子饱实度高,活力强,种皮较坚硬,但不存在吸水障碍,干燥条件下易因失水而丧失活力。迁地保护冷室中盆播18个月方可出苗,出苗率约4%;变温层积实验表明该种具有典型的下胚轴休眠和上胚轴生长抑制。 2.胚组织培养表明:带胚乳和种皮的胚不能萌发,剥除种皮和胚乳后,胚根可萌发,胚芽不生长,GA3处理上胚轴可促进生长,说明种皮和胚乳是导致大花黄牡丹种子下胚轴休眠的关键因素,而上胚轴生长抑制与胚本身关系更密切。 3.抑制物质提取实验表明:大花黄牡丹种子胚乳、种皮、胚等各部位的浸提液均存在抑制小白菜种子萌发的物质,且抑制作用依次增强,说明胚乳和胚是其下胚轴休眠的主要原因。经过暖层积(15 ℃/90 d)种子(未解除上胚轴生长抑制)的胚根、子叶、胚轴浸提液对小白菜和已解除休眠的大花黄牡丹种子的萌发均有不同程度的抑制作用,并依次减弱,说明种胚本身的抑制物质是导致生理休眠的主要原因。 4.变温层积处理和外源激素实验表明:新鲜种子采收后15 ℃暖层积3个月生根率可达85%,下胚轴休眠解除对温度要求严格,高于或低于15 ℃及变温条件均不利于下胚轴萌发;暖层积90d、根长大于6 cm种子再经过60~80 d/ 5 ℃冷层积,即可有效解除大花黄牡丹种子上胚轴的生长抑制,出芽率达80%,最终出苗率68%。不同浓度GA3及不同处理时间促进上胚轴伸长实验结果显示,GA3 400 mg/L浸种根长大于1.5 cm的种子2 h,出芽率可达100%,可以完全解除上胚轴的生长抑制作用。 5.休眠萌发过程中种子各部位内源激素含量动态变化分析结果说明,初始状态脱落酸含量高是导致大花黄牡丹种子下胚轴休眠、上胚轴生长抑制的主要原因之一,且上胚轴抑制与子叶、下胚轴和根的脱落酸含量密切相关;同时认为种子各部位初始生长素含量水平低是导致其休眠的另一个主要原因;变温层积过程中胚各部位脱落酸含量的急剧下降和生长素的迅速升高是解除休眠的关键;同时发现赤霉素在解除休眠和促进萌发过程中起着重要的促进作用,外源GA3能够有效地打破上胚轴的深度休眠。玉米素核苷在休眠与萌发进程中变化趋势与生长素和赤霉素相似,说明其对种子胚根和上胚轴的萌发和生长具有一定的促进作用。

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Antibodies are known to be essential in controlling Salmonella infection, but their exact role remains elusive. We recently developed an in vitro model to investigate the relative efficiency of four different human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses in modulating the interaction of the bacteria with human phagocytes. Our results indicated that different IgG subclasses affect the efficacy of Salmonella uptake by human phagocytes. In this study, we aim to quantify the effects of IgG on intracellular dynamics of infection by combining distributions of bacterial numbers per phagocyte observed by fluorescence microscopy with a mathematical model that simulates the in vitro dynamics. We then use maximum likelihood to estimate the model parameters and compare them across IgG subclasses. The analysis reveals heterogeneity in the division rates of the bacteria, strongly suggesting that a subpopulation of intracellular Salmonella, while visible under the microscope, is not dividing. Clear differences in the observed distributions among the four IgG subclasses are best explained by variations in phagocytosis and intracellular dynamics. We propose and compare potential factors affecting the replication and death of bacteria within phagocytes, and we discuss these results in the light of recent findings on dormancy of Salmonella.

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在浏览国内外大量文献的基础上,从土壤种子库研究意义、国内外研究现状和目前研究的热点问题等方面论述土壤种子库的研究进展。针对目前土壤种子库研究的热点问题,主要从土壤种子库的分类、种子质量和种子休眠之间的关系、种子库的水平分布及种子库与地上植被的关系等方面进行讨论,指出其在遗传结构和扩散等研究内容及方法方面所存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议。

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繁殖更新是植物生活史的重要阶段,在退化生态系统中,植物繁殖更新能力往往较差,是植被恢复的限制环节,因而也成为恢复研究重点和核心。本研究选择岷江干旱河谷广泛分布的三种蔷薇:多苞蔷薇(R. multibracteata)、黄蔷薇(R. hugonis)和川滇蔷薇(R. soulieana)为研究对象,通过野外调查,在查明其生长、繁殖更新状况的基础上,采用控制和模拟实验,对种子和幼苗阶段进行了深入研究,综合分析更新潜力,并提出相对应的促进更新和植被恢复措施。主要结论如下: 1)三种蔷薇在岷江干旱河谷广泛分布,生长和繁殖状况良好,结实量大。各生长指标:株高、基径和冠幅,繁殖指标:结实数量、重量和单果重量都具有显著的空间差异性。基径对多苞蔷薇结实量影响最大;而冠幅对黄蔷薇结实量影响最大。海拔和纬度是对蔷薇生长和繁殖影响最大的环境因素,随着海拔和纬度的升高,植株生长更高大,结实量增加;坡度和坡向对其生长和繁殖也有一定影响,随着坡度 和坡向增加,蔷薇生长和结实受到抑制。 2)三种蔷薇在岷江干旱河谷更新现状不佳, 但更新潜力大。活力种子比率低,动物取食以及两年生幼苗的大量死亡是蔷薇更新的主要限制因素。多苞蔷薇和黄蔷薇的结实率低,川滇蔷薇较高。三种蔷薇种子产量大,但种子质量较差,更新具有充足的种源。三种蔷薇都能形成持久种子库,种子库中种子总量大,但有效种子少,黄蔷薇被动物啃食的比例很高,多苞蔷薇和川滇蔷薇也有一部分种子受到动物破坏。三种蔷薇幼苗库组成特征表现为,当年生幼苗所占比例很高,年龄较大幼苗所占比例小。 3)三种蔷薇都具有不同程度休眠,未经处理种子的发芽率极低。黄蔷薇休眠程度最深,为深度生理休眠;多苞蔷薇为中度生理休眠;川滇蔷薇为非深度生理休眠。三种蔷薇种子在形态上发育成熟,种皮具有透水性。蔷薇果果肉和瘦果中含有抑制物质,其浸泡液抑制了油菜种子萌发,果肉抑制作用更强,果肉和瘦果浸泡液的抑制程度分别为:川滇蔷薇>黄蔷薇>多苞蔷薇。切割和硫酸腐蚀提高了川滇蔷薇种子的发芽能力,而对多苞蔷薇和黄蔷薇没有影响。完全去除瘦果果皮和种皮提高了多苞蔷薇种子发芽率,但对黄蔷薇没有影响。赤霉素和烟水对蔷薇种子萌发没有促进作用。三种蔷薇打破休眠所需低温层积时间分别为:黄蔷薇>多苞蔷薇>川滇蔷薇。对于多苞蔷薇和川滇蔷薇,层积前对种子进行硫酸腐蚀或暖温层积能缩短低温层积时间,提高发芽率。对于多苞蔷薇,变温层积中暖温层积和低温层积具有一定的负补性,即延长暖温层积可以缩短种子萌发对低温层积的需要。 4)多苞蔷薇种子形态特征和种子休眠与萌发在不同海拔梯度间存在较大差异。种子采集时间、采集季节和干藏影响多苞蔷薇和川滇蔷薇的种子休眠。多苞蔷薇果实大小、种子大小和千粒重、种皮厚度随海拔升高而增加,而种子饱满率和活力随海拔升高而降低,种子休眠程度也随海拔升高而增加。种皮厚度与种子大小、千粒重成正相关关系,硫酸腐蚀后的种子经过不同时间的低温层积后,种子发芽率与种皮厚度、种子大小、千粒重、海拔成正相关关系。2006 年采集川滇蔷薇和多苞蔷薇种子休眠程度较2005 年低。种子休眠随种子年龄增加而减弱。高温和干旱能减轻多苞蔷薇和川滇蔷薇种子休眠。 5)三种蔷薇的生长和生物量积累在干旱胁迫条件下受到抑制,而生物量分配、叶片形态特征和水分利用特征等都发生了变化。三种蔷薇的根、茎、叶各器官生物量以及总生物量等在干旱胁迫下明显减小,叶片脱落数量增加。在干旱胁迫条件下,较多的生物量分配到地下部分,从而这使R/S 明显增加。比叶面积(SLA)和冠层面积比(LAR)对干旱胁迫的反应不敏感,仅有部分物种在干旱胁迫条件下发生了变化,并且其变化特点在不同年龄幼苗之间有一定差异。干旱胁迫对WUE 的影响在不同物种间存在差异。多苞蔷薇和黄蔷薇的WUE 随着干旱胁迫的增加而增大, 而川滇蔷薇的WUE 则随干旱胁迫增加而减小。在干旱胁迫条件下,多苞蔷薇和黄蔷薇叶片脱落量和生物量减小幅度较川滇蔷薇大,表明其抗旱能力较强。在干旱胁迫条件,三种蔷薇两年生幼苗的生物量减小幅度较当年生幼苗小,表明两年生幼苗的抗旱能力更强。 6)两种植被恢复措施中,幼苗移栽比播种具有更好的植被恢复效果。播种后,蔷薇种子的发芽率较高,但出苗率都很低,即使出苗,幼苗也几乎在一月内全部死亡。 三种微生境条件下(灌木、半灌木和裸地),种子出苗和幼苗成活没有差异。移栽幼苗总体死亡率都比较低,小于20%。特别是两年生幼苗死亡率更低,小于2%。移栽后的幼苗生长状况良好,在整个生长季中,各生长指标不断增加。生境对幼苗的存活率没有显著影响,但对于幼苗的生长和生物量积累有一定影响,裸地更有利于幼苗生长和生物量积累。与当年生幼苗相比,两年生幼苗具有更高的成活率。总之,三种蔷薇在干旱河谷分布广泛、生长繁殖状况良好,结实量大,具有丰富种源,繁殖更新潜力大,但繁殖更新状况不佳;种子散布后动物对种子的取食、种子的深度休眠过程、种子出苗以及当年生幼苗的存活和定居是更新的主要限制环节。水分是影响结实、种子休眠解除和萌发,幼苗存活和定居的最主要的限制因素。在植被恢复中,应在种子成熟季节大量采集种子,在室内打破休眠后进行人工播种,培育两年生幼苗,通过幼苗移栽方式进行植被恢复。川滇蔷薇应栽种在相对湿润的过渡区,而多苞蔷薇和黄蔷薇可以应用于核心区植被恢复。 Regeneration is an important phase in plant life cycle. It has been a key component of ecological restoration in degradation ecosystem in which plants commonly has poor regeneration. In this paper, we investigated the natural growth, propagation and regeneration status of native three rose species, Rosa multibracteata, R. hugonis and R. soulieana, and analysis the limitation in seed germination and seedling establishment stages. Advice on facilitating the use of these plants in restoration based on the results has been proposed. The results were as follows: 1) Three rose plants widely distributed in the dry valley of the Minjiang River, and made a good performance in growth and propagation. There were significant spatial differences in each growth parameter, such as ramet height, basal diameter, crown diameter and propagation parameters including hip number of a clump, hip mass of a clump and a hip mass. Basa diameter was the most important growth parameter influencing fruit number for R. multibracteata and crown diameter was for R. hugoni. Altitude and latitude had the greatest effect on the growth and propagation of rose plants among environmental conditions. Each parameter of growth and propagation increased with the increase of altitude and latitude. In addition, the increase of slope and aspect limited the growth and propagation. 2) Three rose plants had poor natural regeneration, but great regeneration potential. Low seed viability, predation and higher mortality of current year old seedlings were the limitation in regeneration. R. multibracteata and R. hugonis had higher fruiting rates than R. souliean. All three plants produced a great number of seeds, while their viability was poor. Three rose plants had persistent seed banks, with high total seed number but very low viable seed density. Predation was most severe in R. hugonis, and it also existed to some degree in R. multibracteata and R. soulieana. The seedling age-structure was characteristic of current-year seedlings predominating and few older seedlings were observed. 3) Three rose seeds were dormant and untreated seeds germinated with very low germination percentages. The rose seeds had morphological mature embryos, and achenes were permeable. Some inhabit substances existed in hips and achenes for the extracts of hips and achenes inhibited germination of Brassica campestris. The inhibition effect of the extracts of three rose hip and achenes was R. soulieana>R. hugonis>R. multibracteata. Mechanical and H2SO4 scarification increased R. soulieana germination but had no effect on germination of R. hugonis and R. multibracteata seeds. Full removal of pericarp and testa improved the germination of R. multibracteata but did not affect R. hugonis germination. GA3 and smoke water had no positive effect on rose seed germination. The periods of cold stratification required to released seed dormancy was R. hugonis > R. soulieana >R. multibracteata. H2SO4 scarification and warm stratification shortened cold stratification to release dormancy for R. soulieana and R. multibracteata. Warm stratification had complementary effect for cold stratification, i.e. the longer warm stratification seeds received, the shorter cold stratification were required to obtain the same germination percentage. Three rose seeds had different kinds of dormancy; R. hugonis has deep physiological dormancy, R. multibracteata with intermediate physiological dormancy and R. souliean non-deep physiological dormancy. 4)The seeds traits and dormancy of R. multibracteata showed significant difference across altitudes. Year and season of seed collection had significant effect on seed dormancy for both R. souliean and R. multibracteata. Hip size, seed size, seed weight, seed coat thickness and seed dormancy level increased with the increase of the altitude. There were positive relations between seed coat thickness with seed size and seed weight. Germination percentage of seeds treated with H2SO4 scarification following different periods of cold stratification showed positive relation with seed coat thickness, seed size, seed weight and altitude. Seeds of R. souliean and R. multibracteata collected in 2006 had low dormancy level than those collected in 2005. Seed dormancy decreased with increasing seeds age. High temperature and drought were associated with low dormancy level. 5) Seedling growth, the total dry mass and their components of seedlings were reduced, while leaf senescence accelerated under drought stress. More biomass allocation to root system resulted in higher R/S ratio under drought. Water-use efficiency (WUE) of R. multibracteata and R. hugonis increased, while it declined for R. soulieana under drought stress. R. soulieana seedlings had poor drought-resistance capacity it had more senescent leaves, and its reduction of biomass was stronger than two other rose plants under drought. The reduction degree of one year old seedlings under drought stress was slighter than that of current year seedlings. Therefore, one year old seedling was more drought-resistent compared to current year seedlings. 6)Planting seedlings may have better effect in comparison with direct seeding. Most seeds germinated after seeding, but seedling emergence was very low. More than 80 % seedlings from direct seeding died within a months after emergence. Seedling emergence and survival rate did not show difference among microhabitats. Mortality rates of seedlings artificially planted in microhabitats were general lower than 20 %, and the mortality rate of one year old seedlings was lower than 2 %. Each grow parameter including plant height, leaf number and branch number continually increased after planting. Microhabitat type had effect on the growth parameter and biomass production, but it did not influence the seedling survival. Bare land tended to facilitate seedling growth. One year old seedlings had higher survival rate than current year seedlings. In conculsion, the three rose had wide distribution in the dry valley of the Minjiang River. They produced many seeds and had tolerance to drought stress to some degree. But they had poor regeneration in habitats may be caused by predation, seed dormancy,and high mortality in current year seedlings. We recommend that rose plants should be utilized in restoration by planting two-year old seedlings in spring. A large quantity of seeds should be collected artificially in autumn, release seed dormancy in room, and then cultivate two-year old seedlings by seeding in particular container. R. soulieana seedling probably be planted in transition area, and R. multibracteata and R. hugonis can be used in core area of the dry valley of the Minjiang River.

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日益增强的旅游活动干扰已成为九寨沟世界自然遗产的有效保护与持续管理不可回避的问题,也已成为当前区域生态保护与经济发展的焦点问题之一。评估乡土植物种的基本特征、质量、种子休眠程度以及萌发能力;筛选适宜的植被恢复乡土物种并选择有效植被恢复技术措施是开展植被恢复试验的重要前提和保障。本文以九寨沟世界自然遗产为例,通过对景区乡土植物种子基本特征的测定以及采用乡土物种作为植被恢复技术试验与恢复技术筛选的试验物种,在景区旅游干扰区的三种生境类型:原始针叶林、混交林和边坡,根据不同的影响因素设计试验,从而探索适宜的恢复措施和植被恢复物种。初步结论如下: 1. 本文研究的28种乡土植物中,17种测定的物种活力较高(>72%),均具有作为恢复物种的潜力。但28种种子中75%的发芽率为0%。大部分种子存在一定程度的休眠,包括甘肃山楂、称花藤、疏花槭、陇东海棠、球花荚迷、巴东小檗、蔷薇、宝兴栒子、光泽栒子、光枝柳叶忍冬、甘青铁线莲、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、糙叶五加和独活。因而种子存在深度休眠是乡土物种自然更新和植被恢复的主要障碍,需要根据种子的形态生理特征,寻求打破乡土植物种子休眠的有效方法,提高种子发芽率。 2.低温层积只显著提高了蔷薇、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花和假升麻3种种子的发芽率,也相对较早地提高了陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗和独活的萌发。对于其它物种的种子,低温层积没能有效打破休眠提高发芽率。综合分析结果表明九寨沟28种林下或林缘乡土植物中窄叶鲜卑花、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、假升麻、陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗和独活等12种可直播或通过低温层积处理后直播用于旅游干扰退化地段的植被恢复中,而其它的种类尚需进一步寻求打破休眠的措施以提高种子发芽能力。 3.在原始林生境下,七筋菇、巴东小檗、耳叶风毛菊、长叶毛花忍冬及独活5种乡土植物种子的出苗能力不高,因此目前急需提出有关提高种子出苗的方法措施。在相同的处理条件下,不同物种出苗数存在着较大的差异,相比而言,巴东小檗、耳叶风毛菊和长叶毛花忍冬种子出苗与幼苗存活较高,对于其环境适应能力较强,因此它们更适宜采用播种的方式应用于九寨沟原始林践踏地段地表的植被恢复实践;而七筋菇和独活在室内和自然气候条件下萌发都很困难,在植被恢复过程中,可考虑采用其它播种方式。而在边坡和混交林生境试验结果表明,供试物种无萌发和出苗现象,这可能跟外界环境条件、干扰和种子命运有关。 4. 本研究中腐殖质、松土和苔藓覆盖处理措施均未能提高物种出苗,且对样方内植被结构以及物种丰富度也无显著影响,其中的影响因素也是多方面的,因此还需进一步研究探索。但腐殖质对幼苗存活能力方面有一定的积极作用。 The increasing tourism disturbance is an unavoidable issue to effective conservation and sustaind tourist management of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. It has become one of the focal problems of regional ecological protect and economic development. Assessing the traits, quality, seed dormancy and germination of native seed and choosing the suitable species and ways for vegetation restoration were the important precondition and guarantee before vegetation restoration. In this paper, as an example to Jiuzhaigou world nature heritage, through the estimation to the basic characteristics of native seeds and the use of native species for the test of vegetation restoration and the choosing of vegetation restoration techniques, in three different habitats being disturbed, including the primitive forest, mixed forest and side slope. According to different factors, designing experiments in order to explore the appropriate measures and species of vegetation restoration . Our results are as follows: 1. There are 77% seeds of the 28 species with high viability(>72%), which had the potential possibility of being restoration species. The germination of 75% of the seed was 0%.Most of the seed was dormant, So dormancy of seed was the barrier for natural regeneration and vegetation restoration, Further research is needed on investigating the other more effective methods to release seed dormancy of these native species in the future. 2. Cold stratification did not release seed dormancy of most species. In our study, there are only 3 species including Clematis peterae var. trichocarpa, Stachyurus chinensis and Aruncus sylvester (P<0.05) with germination percentage increased by cold stratification. By comprehensive analysis, the result shows: In 28 undergrowth native seeds, Sibiraea angustata, Clematis peterae var. trichocarpa, Stachyurus chinensis, Aruncus Sylvester, Malus kansuensis, Berberis diaphana,and Heracleum hemsleyanum could be used to vegetation restoration by sowing directly or sowing after cold stratification in degenerate gland being disturbed by turism, and othes seed of 28 were needed to search other methods to release seed dormancy for advancing the ability of germination. 3.In the habitat of primitive forest, the ability of emergence of the native species Clintonia udensis, Berberis henryana, Saussurea neofranchetii, Lonicera trichosantha var.xerocalyx and Heracleum hemsleyanum was low, so it is urgently needed to search about the methods of advancing emergence. In the sametreatment, the number of emergence of different species was very different. Relatively speaking, the emergence and seedling survival of the species Berberis henryana, Saussurea neofranchetii and Lonicera trichosantha var.xerocalyx was higher, and the adaptability of the species was better, so they were more suitable for vegetation restoration on trampling-induced degraded patches of primitive forest in Jiuzhaigou; But the germination of Clintonia udensis and Heracleum hemsleyanum was both difficult in laboratory and natural conditions, so it could be considered to apply other sowing methods. However, the result showed that: applied species didn’t germinate or emergent in the habitat of side slope and mixed forest, which could be related to external environment conditions, interference and the fate of the seed. 4.In this study, humus, scatification and bryophyte cover measures didn’t advance the emergence of the species or the structure of vegetation and richness in plot significantly, the impact factors of which were many, therefore further research is needed . However, humus had a certain positive effect on the ability of seedling survival.

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穗发芽(PHS,preharvest sprouting)是影响禾本科作物生产的重要的灾害之一。收获时期如遇潮湿天气容易导致穗发芽发生。发生穗发芽的种子内部水解酶(主要是α-淀粉酶)活性急剧升高,胚乳贮藏物质开始降解,造成作物产量和品质严重降低。因此,选育低穗发芽风险的品种是当前作物育种工作中面临的重要任务。 青稞(Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare)主要分布于青藏高原,自古以来就是青藏高原人民的主要粮食。近年来,由于青稞丰富的营养成分和特有的保健品质、在燃料工业中的潜力以及在啤酒酿造工业中的利用前景,在发达国家日趋受到重视,掀起综合研究利用的热潮。我国拥有占全世界2/3 以上的青稞资源,具有发展青稞产业的得天独厚的条件。然而,由于青稞收获期间恰逢青藏高原雨季来临,常有穗发芽灾害发生,使青稞生产损失巨大。目前对青稞穗发芽研究很少,适用于育种的穗发芽抗性材料相对缺乏,不能很好的满足青稞穗发芽抗性育种的需要。本研究以青藏高原青稞为材料,对其穗发芽抗性的评价指标和体系进行构建,同时筛选青稞抗穗发芽品种并对其抗性进行评价,还利用分子生物学手段对青稞穗发芽抗性的分子机理进行了初步探讨。主要研究结果如下: 1. 本试验以来自于我国青藏高原地区的青稞为材料,对休眠性测定的温度范围进行探讨,并对各种穗发芽抗性测定方法的对青稞的适用性进行评测。通过探讨温度对13 个不同基因型的青稞籽粒发芽和休眠性表达的影响,对筛选青稞抗穗发芽资源的温度条件进行探索,并初步分析了其休眠性表达的机理。在10,15,20,25,30℃的黑暗条件下,选用新收获的13 个青稞品种为材料进行籽粒发芽实验,以发芽指数(GI)评价其休眠性。结果发现,不同品种对温度敏感性不同,其中温度不敏感品种,在各温度条件下均表现很低的休眠性;而温度敏感品种,其休眠性表达受低温抑制,受高温诱导。15℃至25℃是进行青稞休眠性鉴定的较适宜的温度范围。通过对供试材料发芽后的α-淀粉酶活性,发现温度对青稞种子的休眠性表达的影响至少在一定程度上表现在对α-淀粉酶活性的调控上。随后,对分别在马尔康和成都进行种植的34 份青稞穗发芽指数(SI),穗发芽率(SR),籽粒发芽指数(GI)和α-淀粉酶活性(AA)进行了测定和分析,发现它们均受基因型×栽培地点的极显著影响,且四个参数之间具有一定相关性。GI 参数由于其变异系数较低,在不同栽培地点稳定性好,且操作简便,是较可靠和理想的穗发芽评价参数。SI 参数可作为辅助,区别籽粒休眠性相似的材料(基因型)或全面评价材料(基因型)的穗发芽抗性特征。AA 参数稳定性较差,并且检测方法复杂,因此不建议在育种及大量材料筛选和评价时使用。此外,青稞穗发芽抗性受环境影响较大,评价时应考虑到尽可能多的抗性影响因素及其在不同栽培条件下的变异。 2. 对来自青藏高原的青稞穗发芽抗性特征及其与其它农艺性状间的关系进行研究。通过测定穗发芽指数(SI)、籽粒发芽指数(GI)和α-淀粉酶活性(AA),表明113 份青稞材料的穗发芽抗性具有显著差异。SI、GI 和AA 参数的变幅分别为1.00~8.86、0.01~0.97 和0.00~2.76,其均值分别为4.72、0.63 和1.22。根据SI 参数,六个基因型,包括‘XQ9-5’,‘XQ33-9’,‘XQ37-5’,‘XQ42-9’,‘XQ45-7’和‘JCL’被鉴定为抗性品种。综合SI、GI 和AA 参数,可以发现青稞的穗发芽抗性机制包含颖壳等穗部结构的抗性和种子自身的抗性(即种子休眠性),且供试材料中未发现较强的胚休眠品种,除‘XQ45-7’外,所有品种在发芽第四天均能检测出α-淀粉酶活性。穗部结构和种子休眠的抗性机制因基因型不同而不同,在穗发芽抗性中可单独作用或共同作用。农家品种和西藏群体分别比栽培品种和四川群体的穗发芽抗性强,而在不同籽粒颜色的青稞中未发现明显差异。相关性检验发现,青稞的穗发芽抗性,主要是种子休眠性,与百粒重、开花期、成熟期、穗长、芒长和剑叶长呈显著负相关关系,与株高相关性不显著。农艺性状可以作为穗发芽抗性材料选育中的辅助指标。本试验为青稞穗发芽抗性育种研究提供了必要的理论基础和可供使用的亲本材料。 3. α-淀粉酶是由多基因家族编码的蛋白质,在植物种子萌发时高度表达,与植物种子的萌发能力密切相关。在大麦种子发芽时,高等电点α-淀粉酶的活性远大于低等电点的α-淀粉酶。为了研究不同穗发芽抗性青稞品种中编码高等电点α-淀粉酶Amy1 基因结构与抗性间的关系,我们以筛选得到的抗性品种‘XQ32-5’(TR1)、‘XQ37-5’(TR2)、‘XQ45-7’(TR3),易感品种‘97-15’(TS1)、‘9657’(TS2)以及强休眠大麦品种‘SAMSON’(SAM)为材料,对其Amy1 基因的编码区序列进行克隆和结构分析,并对它们推导的氨基酸序列进行比较。结果显示,青稞Amy1 基因具有三个外显子、两个内含子,编码区中有13 个核苷酸变异位点,均位于2、3 号外显子,2 个变异位点位于2 号外显子。SAM 和TS1 分别在2 号外显子相应位置有5 个相同的碱基(GAACT)的插入片段。相应α-淀粉酶氨基酸序列推导发现,所有核苷酸变异中有8 个导致相应氨基酸残基的改变,其余位点为同义突变。青稞Amy1 基因编码区序列品种间相似度高达99%以上,部分序列变异可能与其穗发芽抗性有关。随后,我们又通过SYBR Green 荧光定量技术对该基因在不同发芽时间(1d~7d)的相对表达水平进行了差异性检测。结果发现,7 天内不能检测到SAM 的Amy1 基因表达,5 个青稞品种间的Amy1 基因的相对表达量均随着发芽时间延长而上升,但上升方式有所不同。弱抗品种该基因表达更早,转录本增加速率更大,且在4~5 天可达到平台期。发芽7 天中,抗性品种总转录水平明显低于易感品种。本研究结果表明,青稞Amy1 基因的转录水平是与其穗发芽抗性高度相关。 我国青藏高原青稞,尤其是农家品种的穗发芽抗性具有丰富的变异,蕴藏着穗发芽抗性育种的宝贵资源。本研究为青稞穗发芽抗性育种建立了合理抗性评价体系,筛选出可供育种使用的特殊材料,阐明了农艺性状可辅助穗发芽抗性育种,同时还对穗发芽抗性与α-淀粉酶基因的结构和表达关系进行分析,为青稞穗发芽抗性资源筛选奠定了基础。 Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is a serious problem in crop production. It often takes place when encountering damp, cold conditions at harvest time and results in the decrease of grain quality and great loss of yield by triggering the synthesis of endosperm degrading enzymes (mostly the α-amylase). Therefore, PHS is regarded as an important criterion for crop breeding. In order to minimize the risk of PHS, resistant genotypes are highly required. Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is the staple food crop in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from of old, where is one of the origin and genetic diversity centers of hulless barley. Recently, interest in hulless barley has been sparked throughout the world due to the demonstrations of its great potential in health food industry and fuel alcohol production. Indeed, hulless barley can also be utilized to produce good quality malt if the appropriate malting conditions are used. In China, overcast and rainy conditions often occur at maturity of hulless barley and cause an adverse on its production and application. PHS resistant genotypes, therefore, are highly required for the hulless barley breeding programs. However, few investigations have been made so far on this issue. The objectives of this study were: 1) to assessment of methods used in testing preharvest sprouting resistance in hulless barley; 2) to evaluate the variability and characteristics of PHS resistance of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China; 3) to select potential parents for PHS resistance breeding; 4) to primarily study on the molecular mechanism of PHS resistance of hulless barley. Our results are as followed: 1. We investigated the temperature effects on seed germination and seed dormancy expression of hulless barley, discussed appropriate temperature range for screening of PHS resistant varieties, and analyzed the mechanism of seed dormancy expression of hulless barley. The dormancy level of 13 hulless barley were evaluated by GI (germination index) values calculating by seed germination tests at temperature of 10,15,20,25,30℃ in darkness. There were great differences in temperature sensitivity among these accessions. The insensitive accessions showed low dormancy at any temperature while the dormancy expression of sensitive accessions could be restrained by low temperature and induced by high temperature. The temperature range of 15℃ to 25℃ was workable for estimating of dormancy level of hulless barley according to our data. Analysis of α-amylase activity showed that the temperature effects on seed germination and the expression of seed dormancy be achieved probable via regulating of α-amylase activity. Furthermore, we evaluated the differences in sprouting index (SI), sprouting rate (SR), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) between Maerkang and Chengdu among 34 accessions of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. These PHS sprouting parameters were significantly affected by accession×location, and they had correlation between each other. GI was the most reliable parameter because of its low CV value, good repeatability and simple operation. SI could assist in differentiating between accessions of similar dormancy or overall evaluation of the resistance. AA was bad in repeatability and had relatively complex testing method, therefore, not appropriate for breeding and evaluation and screening of PHS resistant materials. Besides, since PHS resistance of hulless barley was greatly influenced by its growth environment, possibly much influencing factors and variations between cultivated conditions should be considered. 2. In this study, large variation was found among 113 genotypes of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, based on the sprouting index (SI), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) which derived from sprouting test of intact spikes, germination test of threshed seeds and determination of α-amylase activity, respectively. The range of SI, GI and AA was 1.00~8.86, 0.01~0.97 and 0.00~2.76,the mean was 4.72, 0.63 and 1.22 espectively. Six resistant genotypes, including ‘XQ9-5’, ‘XQ33-9’, ‘XQ37-5’, ‘XQ42-9’, ‘XQ45-7’ and ‘JCL’, were identified based on SI. Integrating the three parameters, it was clear that both hulls and seeds involved in PHS resistance in intact spikes of hulless barley and there was no long-existent embryo dormancy found among the test genotypes. All the genotypes, except ‘XQ45-7’, had detectable α-amylase activity on the 4th day after germination. There was PHS resistance imposed by the hull and seed per se and the two factors can act together or independent of each other. Besides, landraces or Tibet hulless barley had a wider variation and relatively more PHS resistance when compared with cultivars or Sichuan hulless barley. No significant difference was found among hulless barley of different seed colors. The correlation analysis showed PHS resistance was negatively related to hundred grain weight, days to flowering, days to maturity, spike length, awn length and flag length but not related to plant height. This study provides essential information and several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. 3. Alpha-amylase isozymes are encoded by a family of multigenes. They highly express in germinating seeds and is closely related to seed germination ability. In barley germinating seeds, the activity of high pI α-amylase is much higher than low pI α-amylase. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between preharvest sprouting resistance of hulless barley and the gene structure of Amy1 gene which encodes high pI α-amylase. The coding region and cDNA of Amy1 gene of three resistant accessions, including ‘XQ32-5’ (TR1), ‘XQ37-5’ (TR2), ‘XQ45-7’ (TR3), two susceptible accessions ‘97-15’ (TS1), ‘9657’ (TS2) and one highly dormant barley accession ‘SAMSON’ (SAM) was cloned. Analysis of their DNA sequences revealed there were three exons and two introns in Amy1 gene. Thirteen variable sites were in exon2 and exon3, 2 variable sites were in intron2. SAM and TS1 had a GAACT insert segment in the same site in intron2. Only 8 variable sites caused the change of amino acid residues. There were 99% of similarity between the tested hulless barley and some of the variable sites might be related with preharvest sprouting resistance. Then, we investigated the expression level of Amy1 gene in the 7-day germination test. Results of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the relative expression trends of Amy1 gene were the same but had significant differences in the increase fashion between hulless barleys and no detectable expression was found in SAM. Susceptible accessions had earlier expression and faster increase and reached the maximum on day 4 ~ day 5. Besides, total transcripts level was found lower in resistant accessions than susceptible accessions. This study indicated that α-amylase activity was highly related to the transcription level of Amy1 gene which not correlated to missense mutation sites. In conclusion, hulless barley, especially the landraces from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China possesses high degree of variation in PHS performance, which indicates the potential of Tibetan hulless barley as a good source for breeding of resistance to PHS. This study provides several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. Our results also demonstrate that agronomic traits may be used as assistants for PHS resistance selection in hulless barley. Besides, analysis of high pI α-amylase coding gene Amy1 revealed the relative high expression of was Amy1 one of the mainly reason of different PHS resistance level in hulless barley.

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Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino and phyllospadix japonicus Makino have similar frunt morphology and anatomy.The rhomboid fruit of Japanese phyllospadix is dark brown in colour and is characterized by two arms bearing stiff inflected bristles which can act as an anchoring system. The fruit covering consists of a thin cuticular seed coat and pericarp remains mainly fibrous endocarp. In the groove region of the fruit.the cuticular seed coat and endocarp are replaced by nucellus cells with wall in growths and crushed pigment strands with lignified walls.these tissues appera to control the transfer of nutrients to developing seed.the seed is oval with a small embryo and a large hypocotyl. the embryo is straight and simple,with the plumule containing three leaf primordia and a pair of root primordia surrounded by a cotyledon.the hypocotyl has large vontral lobe containing central provascular tissue and two small dorsal lobes.the hypocotyl contains starch.lipid and protein.and acts as a nutrient store.the seed of P.iwatensis has a dormancy period of 2-6 weeks and germination eventually reaches-65%.but is not synchronized.during germination the leaves emerge first.and then after at least three young leaves have formed and abseised.the roots emerge,usually?6 months after the commencement of germination.Utilizaton of the nutrient reserves is initially from the perihpery of the hypocotyl and then progressively towards its centre.