Larger visual stimuli are perceived to last longer from time to time: The internal clock is not affected by nontemporal visual stimulus size

Performance on interval timing is often explained by the assumption of an internal clock based on neural counting. According to this account, a neural pacemaker generates pulses, and the number of pulses relating to a physical time interval is recorded by a counter. Thus, the number of accumulated pulses is the internal representation of this interval. Several studies demonstrated that large visual stimuli are perceived to last longer than smaller ones presented for the same duration. The present study was designed to investigate whether nontemporal visual stimulus size directly affects the internal clock. For this purpose, a temporal reproduction task was applied. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions with stimulus size being experimentally varied within either the target or the reproduction interval. A direct effect of nontemporal stimulus size on the pacemaker-counter system should become evident irrespective of whether stimulus size was experimentally varied within the target or the reproduction interval. An effect of nontemporal stimulus size on reproduced duration only occurred when stimulus size was varied during the target interval. This finding clearly argues against the notion that nontemporal visual stimulus size directly affects the internal clock. Furthermore, our findings ruled out a decisional bias as a possible cause of the observed differential effect of stimulus size on reproduced duration. Rather the effect of stimulus size appeared to originate from the memory stage of temporal information processing at which the timing signal from the pacemaker-counter component is encoded in reference memory.

Bilateral Accidents with Intrinsically Interdependent Costs of Precaution

The standard economic model of bilateral precaution postulates an interdependency between the care taken by injurers and victims that operates through the effects of each on the expected accident loss. This paper considers situations in which each party's precaution affects not only expected accident loss, but also directly affects the other party's cost of taking precaution. Generalizing the economic model of tort law in this way allows for a more complete analysis of when standard tort rules can and cannot induce optimal precaution. When this additional externality is introduced into a model of unilateral harm (where all accident losses are borne by the victim), none of the standard tort liability rules induces socially optimal behavior by both parties. Moreover, under a contributory negligence rule, the only equilibrium is in mixed strategies; this gives rise to the possibility of litigation in equilibrium. A 'tort-like' liability rule that induces socially optimal behavior by both parties is then characterized; this involves a payment by victims to non-negligent injurers whenever an accident occurs. The model is then extended to consider the case of bilateral harm (where both parties suffer accident losses). It is shown that, as long as both parties can sue to recover their accident losses, all negligence-based tort rules lead to socially optimal behavior by both parties.

Federal regulation of human embryonic stem cell research

President George W. Bush's 2001 statement, which laid out guidelines for research that uses human embryonic stem cells to qualify for federal funding, intends to prevent new embryonic stem cell lines from being developed, by prohibiting the federal funding of research that uses embryonic stem cell lines other than those that existed at the time of the policy's inception and were approved by the National Institutes of Health. This policy raises questions of medical and technological ethics and the governments' role in making decisions regarding the advancement of science based on moral and political opinions. Federal stem cell usage policy directly affects scientific research efforts that are currently on the path to understanding the mechanisms of cell differentiation and could potentially offer answers and therapies for disabilities and many chronic diseases. By reviewing the current literature on the background information on human embryonic stem cells, including what they are, where they come from, how they are used for research purposes, and the ethical controversy surrounding their use, I have researched and reported the impact of the 2001 policy on medical research. ^ Both those who support the current policy on human embryonic stem cell research and those who are advocates for policy change have relevant arguments and varying opinions on human embryonic stem cell usage itself. The ethical implication of how embryonic stem cells are obtained has led to fierce debate. This paper presents many arguments for and against hESC research in addition to the policy governing their use. This analysis concludes that the current policy on federal funding of human embryonic stem cell research should be revised to allow research using new stem lines to be eligible for federal funding under specific guidelines. Supporting evidence for this recommendation is provided.^

El autor ante sus lectores en el siglo XVII : El vértigo de la imprenta

La imprenta, como cualquier otra tecnología, responde a unas demandas y produce un impacto en la ideología y el sistema de valores. En este caso afecta directamente a la posición de los autores, en su propia concepción, pero también en la relación con el texto y sus lectores. Entre el rechazo y la atracción, el efecto de la imprenta se traduce en un vértigo con directas manifestaciones en los textos y, sobre todo, en las declaraciones paratextuales. Se propone un acercamiento centrado de manera particular en la narrativa del siglo XVII, por su particular vinculación con la imprenta, distinta de la que mantenían la lírica o el teatro, y por los procesos de profesionalización de los autores que se dan en su espacio.

El autor ante sus lectores en el siglo XVII : El vértigo de la imprenta

La imprenta, como cualquier otra tecnología, responde a unas demandas y produce un impacto en la ideología y el sistema de valores. En este caso afecta directamente a la posición de los autores, en su propia concepción, pero también en la relación con el texto y sus lectores. Entre el rechazo y la atracción, el efecto de la imprenta se traduce en un vértigo con directas manifestaciones en los textos y, sobre todo, en las declaraciones paratextuales. Se propone un acercamiento centrado de manera particular en la narrativa del siglo XVII, por su particular vinculación con la imprenta, distinta de la que mantenían la lírica o el teatro, y por los procesos de profesionalización de los autores que se dan en su espacio.

El autor ante sus lectores en el siglo XVII : El vértigo de la imprenta

La imprenta, como cualquier otra tecnología, responde a unas demandas y produce un impacto en la ideología y el sistema de valores. En este caso afecta directamente a la posición de los autores, en su propia concepción, pero también en la relación con el texto y sus lectores. Entre el rechazo y la atracción, el efecto de la imprenta se traduce en un vértigo con directas manifestaciones en los textos y, sobre todo, en las declaraciones paratextuales. Se propone un acercamiento centrado de manera particular en la narrativa del siglo XVII, por su particular vinculación con la imprenta, distinta de la que mantenían la lírica o el teatro, y por los procesos de profesionalización de los autores que se dan en su espacio.

Geologic-hydrologic setting and surface sedimentology in the Persian Gulf

1. Morphology and sedimentation The deepest parts of the Persian Gulf lie off the Iranian coast. Several swells separate the Persian Gulf into the Western Basin, the Central Basin and the Strait of Hormuz, which leads without noticeable morphological interruption onto the Biaban Shelf; the latter gradually drops off towards the continental slope, which itself has a strongly subdivided morphology. The sediment distribution in the Western Basin runs parallel to the basin's axis to a depth of 50 -60 m. This is caused by the shallow and uniform slope of the Iranian coast into the Western Basin, by clear exposure of the area to the Shamal-Winds and by tidal currents parallel to the basin's axis. Most other parameters also show isolines parallel to the coast line. Data from the sediment analyses show a net transport which extends out along the Central Swell: coarse fraction > 63 µ, total carbonate content, carbonate in fine fractions < 2 µ, 2-6 µ and 20-63 µ, calcite-aragonite ratios in the fine fractions 2-6 µ and 20-63 µ and quartz-dolomite ratios in fine fraction 2-6 µ. At least the uppermost 10-40 m of this sediment is late Holocene. This implies sedimentation rates of several meters per 1000 years. The slope from the Iranian coast into the Central Basin (max. depth 100 m) is generally steeper, with interspersed islands and flats. Both facts tend to disturb a sediment dustribition parallel to the basin's axis over extensive areas and may preclude any such trend from being detected by the methods and sample net used. The spatial distribution of the coarse fraction, however, seems to indicate sediment transport at greater water depths perpendicular to the basin's long axis and along the steepest gradients well into the Central Basin. The flats of the Central Basin have a sediment cover distinctly different from those of the deeper basin areas. Characteristic parameters are the extremely high percentages of coarse grained sediments, total content of carbonate CO2 over 40, low total organic carbon content, (however values are high if calculated on the basis of the < 63 µ fraction), low total N-content, and low C/N ratios. These characteristics probably result from the absence of any terrigenous material being brought in as well as from exposure to wave action. Finest terrigenous material is deposited in the innermost protected part of the Hormuz Bay. In the deep channel cut into the Biaban Shelf which carries the Persian Gulf out-flow water to the Indian Ocean, no fine grained sediment is deposited as shown by grain size data. 2. Geographic settings and sedimentation Flat lands border the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf except for the Oman region. The high and steep Zagros Mountains form the Iranian coastline. Flat topography in combination with generally low precipitation precludes fluviatile sediment being added from the South. Inorganic and biogenic carbonates accumulating under low sedimentation rates are dominant on the shallow Arabic Shelf and the slopes into the Western and Central Basins. The fluviatile sediment brought in from the Iranian side, however decisively determine the composition of the Holocene sediment cover in the Persian Gulf and on the Biaban Shelf. Holocene sediments extend 20-30 km seaward into the Western Basin and about 25 km on to the Biaban Shelf. As mentioned before, sedimentation rates are of several meters/1000 years. The rocks exposed in the hinterland influence the sediments. According to our data the Redbeds of the Zagros Mountains determine the colour of the very fine grained sediments near the Iranian Coast of the Persian Gulf. To the West of Hormuz, addition of carbonate minerals is particularly high. Dolomite and protodolomite, deposited only in this area, as well as palygorskite, have proven to be excellent trace minerals. To the East of Hormuz, the supply of terrigenous carbonates is considerably lower. Clay minerals appear to bring in inorganically bound nitrogen thus lowering the C/N ratio in these sediments especially off river mouths. 3. Climate and sedimentation The Persian Gulf is located in a climatically arid region. This directly affects sedimentation through increased wind action and the infrequent but heavy rainfalls which cause flash floods. Such flash floods could be responsible for transporting sedheats into the Central Basin in a direction perpendicular to the Gulf's axis. Eolian influx is difficult to asses from our data; however, it probably is of minor importance from the Iranian side and may add, at the most, a few centimeters of fine sediment per 1000 years. 4. Hydrology and sedimentation High water temperatures favor inorganic carbonate precipitation in southern margin of the Gulf, and probably on the flats, as well as biogenic carbonate production in general. High evaporation plus low water inflow through rivers and precipitation cause a circulation pattern that is typical for epicontinental seas within the arid climate region. Surface water flows in from the adjoining ocean, in this case the Indian Ocean and sinks to the bottom of the Persian Gulf mainly in the northern part of the Western Basin, on the "Mesopotamischer Flachschelf" ard probably in the area of the "Arabischer Flachschelf". This sinking water continually rejuvenates the bottom out-flow water. The inflowing surface water from the Indian Ocean brings organic matter into the Persian Gulf, additional nutrients are added by the "fresh" upwelling waters of the Gulf of Oman. Both nutrients and organic matter diminish very rapidly as the water moves into the Persian Gulf. This depletion of nutrients and organic matter is the reasonfor generally low organic carbon contents of the Persian Gulf sediments. The Central Swell represents a distinct boundary, to the west of which the organic carbon content are lower than to the east when sediment samples of similar grain size distribution are compared. The outflow carries well oxygenated water over the bottom of the Persian Gulf and the resulting oxidation further decreases the content of organic matter. In the Masandam-Channel and in the Biaban-Shelf channel, the outflowing water prevents deposition of fine material and transports sediment particles well beyond the shelf margin. The outflowing water remains at a depth of 200-300 m depending on its density and releases ist suspending sediment load to the ocean floor, irrespectative of the bottom morphology. This is reflected in several parameters in which the sediments from beneath the outflow differ from nearby sediments not affected by the outflowing water. High carbonate content of total samples and of the individual size fraction as well as high aragonite and dolomite contents of individual size fractions characterize the sediment beneath the outflowing water. The tidal currents, which avt more or less parallel to the Gulf's axis, favor mixing of the water masses, they rework sediments at velocities reported here. This fact enlarges to a certain degree the extent of our interfaces which are based on only a few sample points (Persian Gulf and Biaban Shelf one sample per 620 km**2, continental slope one sample per 1000 km**2). The water on the continental slope shows and oxygen minimum at 200-1200 m which favors preservation of organically-bound carbon in the sediment. The low pH-values may even permit dissolution of carbonate minerals.

ERP Software Selection Processes: A Case Study in the Metal Transformation Sector

When a firm decides to implement ERP softwares, the resulting consequences can pervade all levels, includ- ing organization, process, control and available information. Therefore, the first decision to be made is which ERP solution must be adopted from a wide range of offers and vendors. To this end, this paper describes a methodology based on multi-criteria factors that directly affects the process to help managers make this de- cision. This methodology has been applied to a medium-size company in the Spanish metal transformation sector which is interested in updating its IT capabilities in order to obtain greater control of and better infor- mation about business, thus achieving a competitive advantage. The paper proposes a decision matrix which takes into account all critical factors in ERP selection.

Health and safety in the construction : subject pending to be included in the curriculum of architecture in Spain

The art of construction is a risky activity that directly affects the life and physical integrity of persons. Since the approval of Law 31/1995, of November 8, Prevention of Occupational Risks was the first legislation that established the current basis in all sectors and then transposed into Spanish law Directive 92/57/CEE called Royal Decree 1627/1997 of October 24, on minimum safety and health dispositions in construction works, measures have been proposed to develop a mixed body of scientific literature composed of researchers and professionals in the field of occupational safety and health, but even today there is still no clear and firm proposal, showing a lack of awareness in the occupational risk prevention and, therefore, a consolidation of the culture of prevention in society. Therefore, the technicians, who make up the building process, can incur in very high responsibilities, such as: Author of the project, Coordinator of Safety and Health during the preparation of the project and during the execution of works, Site Management: Site Manager. This involves the immediate creation of a general training in prevention for all architects starting when still studying, as well as specific training, appropriate and complementary to all the architects that will be devoted to the specialty of occupational safety and health in construction works. That is, first, we must make the responsible bodies aware of the urgent need to integrate risk prevention in the curricula of architecture and later in the continuing education of the profession. It is necessary that our teaching must conform to the laws on safety and health, due to the fact that the law recognizes our academic degrees and professional qualifications to perform functions in that area

Impact of N2 plasma power discharge on AlGaN/GaN HEMT performance

The effects of power and time conditions of in situ N2 plasma treatment, prior to silicon nitride (SiN) passivation, were investigated on an AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT). These studies reveal that N2 plasma power is a critical parameter to control the SiN/AlGaN interface quality, which directly affects the 2-D electron gas density. Significant enhancement in the HEMT characteristics was observed by using a low power N2 plasma pretreatment. In contrast, a marked gradual reduction in the maximum drain-source current density (IDS max) and maximum transconductance (gm max), as well as in fT and fmax, was observed as the N2 plasma power increases (up to 40% decrease for 210 W). Different mechanisms were proposed to be dominant as a function of the discharge power range. A good correlation was observed between the device electrical characteristics and the surface assessment by atomic force microscopy and Kelvin force microscopy techniques.

Optimización de parámetros fermentativos de calidad en vinos tintos de zonas cálidas

El aumento progresivo de la temperatura media anual y el déficit hídrico están provocando importantes cambios en la composición y la maduración de la uva, que repercuten directamente sobre el proceso fermentativo y, por ende, sobre la calidad del vino elaborado. En este trabajo se evalúan diferentes estrategias para la reducción del grado alcohólico, la mejora del color del vino y su estabilidad, y el incremento y la persistencia aromática. Mediante el empleo de levaduras con ineficiencia glicolítica se lograron reducciones medias en el grado alcohólico de entre 0.3 y 1.7 % v/v, mientras que con las fermentaciones secuenciales la máxima reducción lograda fue de 3.3 y 3.4 % v/v al combinar las cepas 938 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) y 7013 (Torulaspora delbrueckii) con la 7VA (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Al aplicar un tratamiento térmico sobre el inóculo, la TP2A(16) mostró una reducción media significativa en el grado alcohólico de 1 % v/v. El principal inconveniente en todas las técnicas empleadas para reducir el grado alcohólico fue la falta de repetibilidad en los resultados obtenidos. Por otra parte, la aplicación de altas presiones sobre uva despalillada resultó efectiva como tratamiento de pasteurización y como potenciador de la extracción de polifenoles, logrando un incremento en el contenido medio de antocianos totales del 12.4-18.5 %. La adición de flavonoides al mosto estimuló la formación de pigmentos estables como resultado de su condensación con antocianos mediada por acetaldehído. Con el empleo de Torulaspora delbrueckii en fermentación secuencial fue posible incrementar la producción de diacetilo y acetato de 2-feniletilo, además de la síntesis de un nuevo compuesto, el 3-etoxi-1-propanol. Sin embargo, su aportación sobre el color fue nula, así que debería combinarse con una cepa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae con buena formación de pigmentos piranoantociánicos. El empleo de Schizosaccharomyces pombe (938, V1) y Torulaspora delbrueckii (1880) en fermentaciones secuenciales y mixtas con Saccharomyces cerevisiae permitió mejorar el perfil sensorial del vino tinto mediante la mayor síntesis de polioles y la potenciación de aromas frutales, florales y herbáceos, e incrementar la estabilidad de la materia colorante al favorecer la formación de vitisinas y piranoantocianos vinilfenólicos. La crianza sobre lías en barrica a partir de levaduras seleccionadas, puede mejorar la complejidad y persistencia aromática del vino tinto, aunque sin grandes cambios en el color. ABSTRACT The progressive increase in annual average temperature, along with water deficit, is causing significant changes in grape composition and in its maturation, which directly affects the fermentative process and hence alters wine quality. In this work, different strategies for reducing the alcoholic strength, improve wine color and its stability, and increase aromatic complexity and its persistence, are evaluated. By using yeasts with glycolytic inefficiency, it was possible to achieve mean reductions between 0.3 and 1.7 % v/v in the alcoholic strength, while sequential fermentations allowed a maximum reduction of 3.3 and 3.4 % v/v by combining strains 938 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and 7013 (Torulaspora delbrueckii) with 7VA (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). When applying a heat shock treatment on the inoculum, only TP2A(16) strain showed a significant mean reduction of 1 % v/v in the alcohol content, compared with the control. The main drawback in all the techniques used to reduce the alcohol content was the lack of repeatability in the results. Moreover, the application of high pressures on destemmed grapes was effective as pasteurization treatment and also as enhancer of polyphenol extraction, achieving an increase of 12.4-18.5% in the average content of total anthocyanins. As expected, addition of flavonoids to the must, stimulated the formation of stable pigments, mainly as a result of condensation reactions between anthocyanins and flavanols mediated by acetaldehyde. With the use of Torulaspora delbrueckii strains in sequential fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was possible to increase the production of diacetyl and 2-phenylethyl acetate, besides the synthesis of a new compound: 3-ethoxy-1-propanol. The use of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (938, V1) and Torulaspora delbrueckii (1880) strains in sequential and mixed fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae improved the sensory profile of red wine by increasing polyols synthesis and enhancing fruity, floral and herbaceous aromas, and it also increased the stability of the coloring matter by favouring vitisins and vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins formation. Ageing on lees in barrels from selected yeasts can improve the complexity and aromatic persistence of red wine, without major changes in the color.

Caracterización y optimización de estructuras biofotónicas y técnicas avanzadas de interrogación para desarrollo de biosensores ópticos

El núcleo fundamental de esta tesis doctoral es un modelo teórico de la interacción de la luz con un tipo particular de biosensor óptico. Este biosensor se compone de dos regiones: en la región inferior puede haber capas de materiales con diferentes espesores y propiedades ópticas, apiladas horizontalmente; en la zona superior, sobre la que incide directamente el haz de luz, puede haber estructuras que hacen que las propiedades ópticas cambien tanto en el plano horizontal como en la dirección vertical. Estos biosensores responden ópticamente de forma diferente al ser iluminados dependiendo de que su superficie externa esté, en mayor o menor medida, recubierta con diferentes tipos de material biológico. En esta tesis se define un modelo analítico aproximado que permite simular la respuesta óptica de biosensores con estructuras en su región más externa. Una vez comprobada la validez práctica del modelo mediante comparación con medidas experimentales, éste se utiliza en el diseño de biosensores de rendimiento óptimo y en la definición de nuevas técnicas de interrogación óptica. En particular, el sistema de transducción IROP (Increased Relative Optical Power), basado en el efecto que produce la presencia de material biológico, en la potencia total reflejada por la celda biosensora en determinados intervalos espectrales, es uno de los sistemas que ha sido patentado y es objeto de desarrollo por la empresa de base tecnológica BIOD [www.biod.es/], estando ya disponibles en este momento varios dispositivos de diagnóstico basados en esta idea. Los dispositivos basados en este sistema de transducción han demostrado su eficiencia en la detección de proteínas y agentes infecciosos como los rotavirus y el virus del dengue. Finalmente, el modelo teórico desarrollado se utiliza para caracterizar las propiedades ópticas de algunos de los materiales de los que se fabrican los biosensores, así como las de las capas de material biológico formadas en las diferentes fases de un inmunoensayo. Los parámetros ópticos de las capas mencionadas se obtienen mediante el método general de ajuste por mínimos cuadrados a las curvas experimentales obtenidas en los inmunoensayos. ABSTRACT The core of this thesis is the theoretical modeling of the interaction of light with a particular type of optical biosensor. This biosensor consists of two parts: in the lower region may have layers of materials with different thicknesses and optical properties, stacked horizontally; at the top, on which directly affects the light beam, there may be structures that make optical properties change in both, the horizontal and in the vertical direction. These biosensors optically respond differently when illuminated depending on its external surface is greater or lesser extent, coated with different types of biological material. In this thesis an approximate analytical model to simulate the optical response of biosensors with structures in its outer region is defined. After verifying the practical validity of the model by comparison with experimental measurements, it is used in the design of biosensors with optimal performance and the definition of new optical interrogation techniques. In particular, the transduction system IROP (Increased Relative Optical Power) based on the effect of the presence of biological material in the total power reflected from the biosensor cell in certain spectral ranges, has been patented and is under development by the startup company BIOD [www.biod.es/], being already available at this time, several diagnostic devices based on this idea. Devices based on this transduction system have proven their efficiency in detecting proteins and infectious agents such as rotavirus and virus of dengue. Finally, the developed theoretical model is used to characterize the optical properties of some of the materials from which biosensors are fabricated, as well as the optical properties of the biological material layers formed at different stages of an immunoassay. The optical parameters of the layers above are obtained by the general method of least squares fit to the experimental curves obtained in immunoassays.

Mapping leaf surface landscapes.

Leaf surfaces provide the ecologically relevant landscapes to those organisms that encounter or colonize the leaf surface. Leaf surface topography directly affects microhabitat availability for colonizing microbes, microhabitat quality and acceptability for insects, and the efficacy of agricultural spray applications. Prior detailed mechanistic studies that examined particular fungi-plant and pollinator-plant interactions have demonstrated the importance of plant surface topography or roughness in determining the outcome of the interactions. Until now, however, it has not been possible to measure accurately the topography--i.e., the three-dimensional structure--of such leaf surfaces or to record precise changes in patterns of leaf surface elevation over time. Using contact mode atomic force microscopy, we measured three-dimensional coordinates of upper leaf surfaces of Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), a perennial plant, on leaves of two age classes. We then produced topographic maps of these leaf surfaces, which revealed striking differences between age classes of leaves: old leaves have much rougher surfaces than those of young leaves. Atomic force microscope measurements were analyzed by lag (1) autocorrelation estimates of leaf surfaces by age class. We suggest that the changes in topography result from removal of epicuticular lipids and that the changes in leaf surface topography influence phylloplane ecology. Visualizing and mapping leaf surfaces permit detailed investigations into leaf surface-mediated phenomena, improving our understanding of phylloplane interactions.

Regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by tau protein kinase I/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in brain.

According to the amyloid hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, beta-amyloid peptide (betaA) directly affects neurons, leading to neurodegeneration and tau phosphorylation. In rat hippocampal culture, betaA exposure activates tau protein kinase I/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (TPKI/GSK-3beta), which phosphorylates tau protein into Alzheimer disease-like forms, resulting in neuronal death. To elucidate the mechanism of betaA-induced neuronal death, we searched for substrates of TPKI/GSK-3beta in a two-hybrid system and identified pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria. PDH was phosphorylated and inactivated by TPKI/GSK-3beta in vitro and also in betaA-treated hippocampal cultures, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, which would contribute to neuronal death. In cholinergic neurons, betaA impaired acetylcholine synthesis without affecting choline acetyltransferase activity, which suggests that PDH is inactivated by betaA-induced TPKI/GSK-3beta. Thus, TPKI/GSK-3beta regulates PDH and participates in energy metabolism and acetylcholine synthesis. These results suggest that TPKI/GSK-3beta plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

La futura vida cotidiana en España: la sociedad de consumo

Las dinámicas que durante décadas han dado forma a la sociedad de consumo en España han entrado en crisis. Las consecuencias sociales e ideológicas van mucho más allá de lo económico. El consumo como fuente de identidad social y de legitimación política de las desigualdades inicia una nueva etapa matizada por la irrupción de las nuevas tecnologías. El futuro muestra una clara discontinuidad respecto al pasado. Las clases medias deberán reinventarse mediante formas alternativas de consumo, empleando estrategias que protejan su imagen de “status”. Este cambio afecta directamente a la legitimación del sistema y anticipa un periodo de tensión social, ya plasmado en la Spanish Revolution.