Seeding a Profession: The Intersection of the State, International Interests, and the Early Development of Brazilian Nursing

State and international entities can have profound effects on the development of a country’s nursing profession. Through a global health governance lens, this paper explores the development of nursing in Brazil during the early twentieth century, and its intersections with national and international interests. Accordingly, we will show how state policies established an environment that fostered the institutionalization of nursing as a profession in Brazil and supported it as a means to increase the presence of females in nation building processes. The State focused on recruiting elite women for nursing, in part due to the Rockefeller Foundation’s involvement in the country. Nurses who worked for Rockefeller came from well-educated classes within US society with specific ideas about who should be a nurse and the roles of nurses in a healthcare system. These women served as the primary vehicles for interacting with Brazilian health authorities responsible for health system development. Their early efforts did not, however, ensure a system capable of producing nursing human resources at a rate that, in present day Brazil, could meet the health needs of the country. Findings from this paper offer new avenues for historians to explore the early roots of professional nursing through a global health governance lens, improve the understanding of the intersection between international politics and professionalization, and highlight how these factors may impact nursing human resources production in the long term.

Zalpha-domains: At the intersection between RNA editing and innate immunity

The involvement of A to I RNA editing in antiviral responses was first indicated by the observation of genomic hyper-mutation for several RNA viruses in the course of persistent infections. However, in only a few cases an antiviral role was ever demonstrated and surprisingly, it turns out that ADARs - the RNA editing enzymes - may have a prominent pro-viral role through the modulation/down-regulation of the interferon response. A key role in this regulatory function of RNA editing is played by ADAR1, an interferon inducible RNA editing enzyme. A distinguishing feature of ADAR1, when compared with other ADARs, is the presence of a Z-DNA binding domain, Zalpha. Since the initial discovery of the specific and high affinity binding of Zalpha to CpG repeats in a left-handed helical conformation, other proteins, all related to the interferon response pathway, were shown to have similar domains throughout the vertebrate lineage. What is the biological function of this domain family remains unclear but a significant body of work provides pieces of a puzzle that points to an important role of Zalpha domains in the recognition of foreign nucleic acids in the cytoplasm by the innate immune system. Here we will provide an overview of our knowledge on ADAR1 function in interferon response with emphasis on Zalpha domains.

An investigation of the exact solutions of the linearized equations for the flow past conical bodies,

Reproduced from type-written copy.

Urban intersection improvements for pedestrian safety. Volume II. Identification of safety and operational problems at intersections. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Texas highway-rail intersection field reference guide. Final report.

Texas Department of Transportation, Austin

Examination of intersection, left turn across path crashes and potential IVHS countermeasures. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Older driver perception-reaction time for intersection sight distance and object detection. Final report. Volume II: appendixes.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research and Development, McLean, Va.

Older driver perception-reaction time for intersection sight distance and object detection.

"January 1995."

Demand-responsive decentralized urban traffic control : part 1, single-intersection policies /

"February 1982."

Examination of unsignalized intersection, straight crossing path crashes and potential IVHS countermeasures. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.