Climatic control of the biomass-burning decline in the Americas after AD 1500

The significance and cause of the decline in biomass burning across the Americas after AD 1500 is a topic of considerable debate. We synthesized charcoal records (a proxy for biomass burning) from the Americas and from the remainder of the globe over the past 2000 years, and compared these with paleoclimatic records and population reconstructions. A distinct post-AD 1500 decrease in biomass burning is evident, not only in the Americas, but also globally, and both are similar in duration and timing to ‘Little Ice Age’ climate change. There is temporal and spatial variability in the expression of the biomass-burning decline across the Americas but, at a regional–continental scale, ‘Little Ice Age’ climate change was likely more important than indigenous population collapse in driving this decline.

Utilizzo di cellule MCF-7 in coltura per valutare la presenza di xenoestrogeni e composti genotossici in acque ad uso potabile pre- e post- trattamento

Nelle matrici ambientali sono spesso presenti xenoestrogeni, molecole sintetiche o di origine naturale ad attività estrogenica in grado di alterare il normale equilibrio ormonale di organismi esposti, incidendo negativamente su alcune funzioni vitali come la riproduzione ed il metabolismo. Diverse sostanze chimiche presenti in ambiente, tra cui alcune molecole ad attività estrogenica, sono anche potenziali composti genotossici, in grado, cioè, di interagire con il DNA ed esercitare effetti anche a lungo termine come l’insorgenza di tumori nei vertebrati, uomo compreso. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di mettere a punto ed utilizzare due saggi biologici, il saggio E-screen ed il test dei micronuclei, per valutare la presenza di xenoestrogeni e composti genotossici in campioni di acque prelevate prima e dopo i trattamenti di potabilizzazione, utilizzando cellule MCF-7 di adenocarcinoma mammario come modello sperimentale in vitro. Le indagini biologiche sono state condotte sulla base di una convenzione di ricerca con la Società acquedottistica Romagna Acque- Società delle fonti e hanno previsto tre campagne di monitoraggio. I campioni di acqua sperimentale, raccolti prima e dopo i trattamenti presso diversi impianti di potabilizzazione, sono stati preventivamente filtrati, estratti in fase solida, fatti evaporare sotto leggero flusso di azoto, ed infine, saggiati sulle cellule. Il test E-screen, di cui abbiamo dimostrato un elevato livello di sensibilità, ha permesso di escludere la presenza di composti ad attività estrogenica nei campioni esaminati. Allo stesso modo, i risultati del test dei micronuclei hanno dimostrato l’assenza di effetti genotossici, confermando la buona qualità delle acque analizzate. Nell’ambito delle attività di monitoraggio, le indagini biologiche risultano essenziali per la valutazione di una potenziale contaminazione ambientale, in quanto forniscono informazioni anche quando non sono state condotte analisi chimiche. Inoltre, anche quando le analisi chimiche siano state condotte, i test biologici informano della potenzialità tossica di una matrice causata eventualmente da sostanze non oggetto del saggio chimico. Infine, i test biologici permettono di identificare eventuali sinergie tra più contaminanti presenti nelle acque, affermandosi come test da condurre in maniera complementare ai saggi chimici. I test biologici come quelli impiegati nel lavoro di tesi sono molto sensibili ed informativi, ma necessitano della definizione di protocolli standardizzati per garantirne un’uniforme applicazione alle acque ad uso potabile, almeno a livello nazionale.

Confronto tra le prestazioni energetiche in regime dinamico di un impianto di climatizzazione ad uso residenziale tradizionale e con pompa di calore geotermica

Questo scritto affronta il tema dello sfruttamento della fonte geotermica per la climatizzazione, sia invernale che estiva, di un edificio ad uso residenziale. In particolare, la situazione a cui faremo riferimento è quella di un condominio di media grandezza (18 appartamenti da circa 60 mq ciascuno) a cui verrà applicato un impianto di climatizzazione ad aria centralizzato, alimentato da una pompa di calore geotermica reversibile. Il fine ultimo di questo lavoro è analizzare, attraverso una simulazione in regime dinamico, le prestazioni energetiche del suddetto impianto e valutarne la convenienza rispetto ad un'istallazione tradizionale, che utilizza un boiler a gas per il riscaldamento e un chiller raffreddato ad aria per il raffrescamento. L'analisi economica svolta riguarderà solo i costi di esercizio delle due versioni di impianto.

Topology and Link quality-aware Geographical opportunistic routing in wireless ad-hoc networks

Opportunistic routing (OR) takes advantage of the broadcast nature and spatial diversity of wireless transmission to improve the performance of wireless ad-hoc networks. Instead of using a predetermined path to send packets, OR postpones the choice of the next-hop to the receiver side, and lets the multiple receivers of a packet to coordinate and decide which one will be the forwarder. Existing OR protocols choose the next-hop forwarder based on a predefined candidate list, which is calculated using single network metrics. In this paper, we propose TLG - Topology and Link quality-aware Geographical opportunistic routing protocol. TLG uses multiple network metrics such as network topology, link quality, and geographic location to implement the coordination mechanism of OR. We compare TLG with well-known existing solutions and simulation results show that TLG outperforms others in terms of both QoS and QoE metrics.

CAOR: Context-aware Adaptive Opportunistic Routing in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Opportunistic routing (OR) employs a list of candidates to improve wireless transmission reliability. However, conventional list-based OR restricts the freedom of opportunism, since only the listed nodes are allowed to compete for packet forwarding. Additionally, the list is generated statically based on a single network metric prior to data transmission, which is not appropriate for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, we propose a novel OR protocol - Context-aware Adaptive Opportunistic Routing (CAOR) for MANETs. CAOR abandons the idea of candidate list and it allows all qualified nodes to participate in packet transmission. CAOR forwards packets by simultaneously exploiting multiple cross-layer context information, such as link quality, geographic progress, energy, and mobility.With the help of the Analytic Hierarchy Process theory, CAOR adjusts the weights of context information based on their instantaneous values to adapt the protocol behavior at run-time. Moreover, CAOR uses an active suppression mechanism to reduce packet duplication. Simulation results show that CAOR can provide efficient routing in highly mobile environments. The adaptivity feature of CAOR is also validated.

Reduction in Northward Incursions of the South Asian Monsoon Since ~1400 AD Inferred from a Mt. Everest Ice Core

A highly resolved Mt. Everest ice core reveals a decrease in marine and increase in continental air masses related to relatively high summer surface pressure over Mongolia, and reduction in northward incursions of the summer South Asian monsoon since similar to 1400 AD. Previously published proxy records from lower sites south of the Himalayas indicate strengthening of the monsoon since this time. These regional differences are consistent with a south north seesaw in convective activity in the Asian monsoon region, and reflect a southward shift in the mean summer position of the monsoon trough since similar to 1400 AD. The change in monsoonal circulation at 1400 AD is synchronous with a reduction in solar irradiance and the onset of the LIA. This demonstrates a hemispheric scale circulation reorganization at this time, and the potential for future large shifts in monsoonal circulation.

Methodicus ad positiuam theologiam apparatus : in quo in gratiam candidatorum positivae & scholasticae theologiae ... brevis & expedita delineatur idea /

Mode of access: Internet.

Michaelis Bernhardi Valentini ... Polychresta exotica in curandis affectibus contumacissimis probatissima, scil. fabae S. Ignatii china chinae, ipecacuanha clyster tabacinus, pedra del porco panacea gallorum, ut et nova herniarum cura : accedunt seorsim olim editae, nunc autem, ad desiderium plurimorum, conjunctim denuò prodeuntes dissertationes epistolicae varii argumenti cum fig. aeneis.

Mode of access: Internet.

F. Angeli Rocca Camertis ... Opera omnia tempore ejusdem auctoris, scilicet, impressa, necnon autographa, & Romae in Angelica bibliotheca originaliter asservata. Cum additamentis in cronhistoria praefectorum sacrarii apostolici, bibliothecariorum, custodum, atque novarum inscriptionum usque ad praeseus Bibliothecae Vaticanae. Accedit ... index tractatumn. Et demum cum duobus indicibus generalibus rerum notabilium ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Antimicrobial drug administration errors identified in Brazilian multicentric study

Medication administration errors (MAE) are the most frequent kind of medication errors. Errors with antimicrobial drugs (AD) are relevant because they may interfere inpatient safety and in the development of microbial resistance. The aim of this study is to analyze the AD errors detected in a Brazilian multicentric study of MAE. It was a devcriptive and explorotory study carried out in clinical units in five Brazilian teaching hospitals. The hospitals were investigated during 30 days. MAE were detected by observation technique. MAE were classified in categories: wrong route(WR), wrong patient(WP), wrong dose(WD) wrong time (WT) and unordered drug (UD). AD with MA E were classified by Anatomical-Therapeutical-Chemical Classification System. AD with narrow therapeutic index (NTI) wet-e identified A descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 software. A total of 1500 errors were observed, 277 (18.5%) of them were error with AD. The hopes of AD error were: WT87.7%, QD 6.9%, WR 1.5%, UD 3.2% and WP 0.7%. The number of AD found was 36. The mostly ATC class were fluoroquinolones 13.9%, combinations of penicillin 13.9%, macrolides 8.3% and third-generation cephalosporines 5.6%. The parenteral drug dosage form was associated with 55.6% of AD. 16.7% of AD were NTI. 47.4% of WD and 21.8% WT were with NTI drugs. This study shows that these errors should be considered potential areas for improvement in the medication process and patient safety plus there is requirement to develop rational drug use of AD.

Polymorphisms of APOE and LRP genes in Brazilian individuals with Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia in Western countries. Putative genetic risk factors for AD are polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) gene. Our objective was to investigate the role of the APOE coding region polymorphisms epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4 and APOE promoter variants A/T at position -491 and G/T at -219, as well as LRP polymorphism C/T, as risk factors for AD in Brazilian individuals. One hundred and twenty patients with probable AD, along with 120 controls were analyzed. A significant difference between patients and controls for 64 alleles was observed: frequency of this allele in AD was 0.31, and 0.10 in controls. Individuals with 2 FA alleles had a higher risk for AD than subjects with only 1 such allele; presence of 1 epsilon 2 allele proved protective. The presence of the T allele of the -219 polymorphism was also associated with an increased risk of AD, but this polymorphism is in linkage disequilibrium with APOE F polymorphisms. No significant differences between patients and controls were observed for -491 APOE or LRP polymorphisms. In this Brazilian population, both the epsilon 4 allele and T -219 polymorphism were associated with an increased risk for AD.

Comparison of language impairment in late-onset depression and Alzheimer`s disease

Objectives: Depression and dementia are highly prevalent in the elderly. Language impairment is an inherent component of Alzheimer`s disease (AD), which can also be encountered in depressed patients. The aim of this study wasto compare the profiles of language abilities in late-onset depression and mild AD groups. Methods: We studied 25 patients with late-onset depression (mean age 73.6 +/- 6.6 years; schooling 9.1 +/- 5.7 years) and 30 patients with mild AD (77.6 +/- 5.4 years; 7.5 +/- 7.1 years) using the Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Dementia (ABCD), compared to a group of 30 controls (73.8 +/- 5.8 years; 9.1 +/- 5.4 years). Cut-off scores to discriminate between Controls x Depression and Depression x AD were determined. Results: Depressed patients` scores were similar to AD in confrontation naming, concept definition, following commands, repetition and reading comprehension (sentence). Episodic memory and mental status subtests were useful in differentiating depressed patients from AD, a result that was reproduced when using analysis of covariance to control for the effect of age in the same subtests (p = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: Language impairment resembling AD was found in the aforementioned language subtests of the ABCD in elderly depressed patients; the mental status and episodic memory subtests were useful to discriminate between AD and depression. The ABCD has proven to be a suitable tool for language evaluation in this population and should aid in the differentiation of AD and pseudodementia (as that of depression).