What do prisoners eat? Nutrient intakes and food practices in a high secure prison

There are limited studies on the adequacy of prisoner diet and food practices, yet understanding these are important to inform food provision and assure duty of care for this group. The aim of this research was to assess the dietary intakes of prisoners to inform food and nutrition policy in this setting. This research used a cross-sectional design with convenience sampling in a 945 bed male high secure prison. Multiple methods were used to assess food available at the group level, including verification of food portion, quality, and practices. A pictorial tool supported the diet history method. Of 276 eligible prisoners, 120 dietary interviews were conducted and verified against prison records, with 106 deemed plausible. The results showed the planned food to be nutritionally adequate, with the exception of vitamin D for older males and long chain fatty acids, with sodium above Upper Limits. The Australian Dietary Targets for chronic disease risk were not achieved. High energy intakes were reported with median 13.8MJ (SE 0.3MJ). Probability estimates of inadequate intake varied with age groups: magnesium 8% (>30 years), 2.9% (<30 years); calcium 6.0% (>70 years), 1.5% (<70 years); folate 3.5%; zinc and iodine 2.7%; and vitamin A 2.3%. Nutrient intakes were greatly impacted by self-funded snacks. Results suggest nutrient intakes nutritionally favourable when compared to males in the community. This study highlights the complexity of food provision in the prison environment, and also poses questions for population level dietary guidance in delivering appropriate nutrients within energy limits.

The prevalence and correlates of childhood trauma in patients with early psychosis

Objective: To describe the prevalence and demographic, clinical and functional correlates of childhood trauma in patients attending early psychosis clinics. Method: Participants were recruited from outpatients attending four early psychosis services. Exposure to childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Psychopathology was measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Social and vocational functioning and substance use were also assessed. Results: Over three-quarters of the 100 patients reported exposure to any childhood trauma. Emotional, physical and sexual abuse were reported by 54%, 23% and 28% of patients, respectively, while 49% and 42% of patients reported emotional and physical neglect, respectively. Female participants were significantly more likely to be exposed to emotional and sexual abuse. Exposure to childhood trauma was correlated with positive psychotic symptoms and higher levels of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms; however, it had no impact on social or vocational functioning or recent substance use. Conclusion: Exposure to childhood trauma was common in patients with early psychosis, and associated with increased symptomatology. Existing recommendations that standard clinical assessment of patients with early psychosis should include inquiry into exposure to childhood trauma are supported.

Caprate: un sistema de interpretación de problemas en lenguaje natural

199 p.

The equivalent conductance of solutions of picric acid

Picric acid possesses the property, which is rare among strong electrolytes, of having a convenient distribution ratio between water and certain organic solvents such as benzene, chloroform, etc. Because of this property, picric acid offers peculiar advantages for studying the well known deviations of strong electrolytes from the law of mass action, for; by means of distribution experiments, the activities of picric acid in various aqueous solutions may be compared.

In order to interpret the results of such distribution experiments, it is necessary to know the degree of ionization of picric acid in aqueous solutions.

At least three series of determinations of the equivalent conductance of picric acid have been published, but the results are not concordant; and therefore, the degree of ionization cannot be calculated with any degree of certainty.

The object of the present investigation was to redetermine the conductance of picric acid solutions in order to obtain satisfactory data from which the degrees of ionization of its solutions might be calculated.

La historia a través del cine. Estados Unidos: una mirada a su imaginario colectivo

Índice: - Glory (1989): una visión dramatizada sobre el origen de los Buffalo Soldiers (Óscar Álvarez Gila). - Los violentos años veinte: gánsters, prohibición y cambios socio-políticos en el primer tercio del siglo xx en Estados Unidos (Aurora Bosch). - La crisis de la democracia en América: Caballero sin espada (Frank Capra, 1939) (José-Vidal Pelaz López). - El manantial, una apología del individualismo norteamericano (José Luis Sánchez Noriega). - Cine y elecciones: El candidato como paradigma del género (Carlos Flores Juberías). - La diplomacia atómica en la Guerra Fría y Estados Unidos: ¿Teléfono rojo? Volamos hacia Moscú (Coro Rubio Pobes). - My Family (Mi familia) (Mario P. Díaz Barrado). - Lars von Trier y Bailar en la oscuridad: ¿lo hemos visto todo ya en el cine? (Iratxe Fresneda). - Estados Unidos: un recorrido por su historia a través del cine de ficción (Coro Rubio Pobes).

News from Academy Bay

Ecología de los Chivos Ferales (Capra hircus) en el Volcán Alcedo. Ecology of Feral Goats (Capra hircus) on Alcedo Volcano. Pepino War, 1992.

Ídolos-espátulas del País Vasco: fabricación, cronología y paralelos

[ES] La industria ósea postpaleolítica, por lo general, pocas veces ha merecido la atención que se le ha concedido a la fabricada durante el Paleolítico Superior. No obstante una de dichas excepciones serán los denominados ídolos-espátulas con decoración acanalada en su mitad proximal, trabajados sobre tibias de "Capra/Ovis" y procedentes por lo que hasta ahora conocemos de contextos sepulcrales megalíticos. En su morfología deben de señalarse el extremo activo romo, al modo de otras espátulas tan comunes en contextos neolíticos, y el extremo proximal decorado con profundos acanalamientos que conforman motivos geométricos más o menos complejos (espiral, zig-zag, etc.) en unos casos y en menos alguna figura antropomorfa femenina. Los primeros hallazgos se realizaron en la provincia de Álava durante la década de los sesenta, destacando entre ellos los procedentes del sepulcro de corredor de San Martín (Laguardia), a los que se sucedieron otros como los de Kurtzebide, Los Llanos, etc. en el mismo territorio y los importantes conjuntos hallados en distintas provincias de la Meseta Norte y en La Rioja. Todos ellos debido al tipo de contexto del que proceden y las características de los ídolos-espátula ritual dan cierto grado de homogeneidad ideológico o religioso a todo el territorio. No obstante, fuera de este territorio y muy alejados desde el punto de vista geográfico existen otros ejemplares (Tell Halula -Siria-, Sesklo, Agios Petras -Grecia-) que muestran gran similitud tipológica aunque no un nexo de unión entre ambas zonas. Por otra parte, hay que subrayar la notable mayor antigüedad del foco oriental y que el contexto del que proceden no es funerario como en el caso de los ejemplares occidentales.

Phylogenomic study of the subfamily Caprinae by cross-species chromosome painting with Chinese muntjac paints

Chromosomal homologies have been established between the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, MRE, 2n = 46) and five ovine species: wild goat (Capra aegagrus, CAE, 2n = 60), argall (Ovis ammon, OAM, 2n = 56), snow sheep (Ovis nivicola, ONI, 2n = 52), red goral (Naemorhedus cranbrooki, NCR, 2n = 56) and Sumatra serow (Capricornis sumatraensis, CSU, 2n = 48) by chromosome painting with a set of chromosome-specific probes of the Chinese muntjac. In total, twenty-two Chinese muntjac autosomal painting probes detected thirty-five homologous segments in the genome of each species. The chromosome X probe hybridized to the whole X chromosomes of all ovine species while the chromosome Y probe gave no signal. Our results demonstrate that almost all homologous segments defined by comparative painting show a high degree of conservation in G-banding patterns and that each speciation event is accompanied by specific chromosomal rearrangements. The combined analysis of our results and previous cytogenetic and molecular systematic results enables us to map the chromosomal rearrangements onto a phylogenetic tree, thus providing new insights into the karyotypic evolution of these species.

贵州四个山羊品种mtDNA多态性及起源分化

采用15种限制性内切酶,研究贵州省4个山羊(capra sp.)品种共93只个体的线粒体DNA多态性。其中BamHI、HindIII和SalI3种酶的酶切类型存在多态。共检测到18种限制性态型,归结为3种mtDNA单倍型。单倍型I和II在贵州山羊4个品种中分布频率较高,分别为77.42%和21.50%,单倍型III分布频率较低(1.08%);品种间亲缘关系聚类分析表明白山羊和黑山羊亲缘关系最近,其次为黔北麻羊,而与小香羊的亲缘关系最远。

Does subjective rating reflect behavioural coding? Personality in 2 month-old dog puppies: An open-field test and adjective-based questionnaire

A number of studies have recently investigated personality traits in non-human species, with the dog gaining popularity as a subject species for research in this area. Recent research has shown the consistency of personality traits across both context and time for adult dogs, both when using questionnaire based methods of investigation and behavioural analyses of the dogs' behaviour. However, only a few studies have assessed the correspondence between these two methods, with results varying considerably across studies. Furthermore, most studies have focused on adult dogs, despite the fact that an understanding of personality traits in young puppies may be important for research focusing on the genetic basis of personality traits. In the current study, we sought to evaluate the correspondence between a questionnaire based method and the in depth analyses of the behaviour of 2-month old puppies in an open-field test in which a number of both social and non-social stimuli were presented to the subjects. We further evaluated consistency of traits over time by re-testing a subset of puppies. The correspondence between methods was high and test-retest consistency (for the main trait) was also good using both evaluation methods. Results showed clear factors referring to the two main personality traits 'extroversion,' (i.e. the enthusiastic, exuberant approach to the stimuli) and 'neuroticism,' (i.e. the more cautious and fearful approach to the stimuli), potentially similar to the shyness-boldness dimension found in previous studies. Furthermore, both methods identified an 'amicability' dimension, expressing the positive interactions the pups directed at the humans stranger, and a 'reservedness' dimension which identified pups who largely chose not to interact with the stimuli, and were defined as quiet and not nosey in the questionnaire.

Poetizando a história nacional : ficcionalização da história e método historiográfico em José de Alencar

Tese de doutoramento, História (História e Cultura do Brasil), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014

Variation in novel exons (RACEfrags) of the MECP2 gene in Rett syndrome patients and controls.

The study of transcription using genomic tiling arrays has lead to the identification of numerous additional exons. One example is the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome; using 5'RACE and RT-PCR in human tissues and cell lines, we have found more than 70 novel exons (RACEfrags) connecting to at least one annotated exon.. We sequenced all MECP2-connected exons and flanking sequences in 3 groups: 46 patients with the Rett syndrome and without mutations in the currently annotated exons of the MECP2 and CDKL5 genes; 32 patients with the Rett syndrome and identified mutations in the MECP2 gene; 100 control individuals from the same geoethnic group. Approximately 13 kb were sequenced per sample, (2.4 Mb of DNA resequencing). A total of 75 individuals had novel rare variants (mostly private variants) but no statistically significant difference was found among the 3 groups. These results suggest that variants in the newly discovered exons may not contribute to Rett syndrome. Interestingly however, there are about twice more variants in the novel exons than in the flanking sequences (44 vs. 21 for approximately 1.3 Mb sequenced for each class of sequences, p=0.0025). Thus the evolutionary forces that shape these novel exons may be different than those of neighboring sequences.

Educational Leadership: Exploring the Influence of Managed and Living Systems in Educational Leadership Discourse

A conceptual analysis of educational leadership explored the influence of managed and living systems on 21st century leadership discourse. Drawing on a detailed understanding of managed and living systems theory compiled from the work of Capra (2002), Morgan (1997), Mitchell and Sackney (2009), and Wheatley (2007), this study draws attention to the managed systems systemic concepts of efficiency, control, and standardization, and the living systems concepts of collaboration, shared meaning, change, and interconnection as markers of systems theory that find resonance within leadership literature. Using these systemic concepts as a framework, this study provides important insights into the espousal of managed and living systems concepts within the leadership discourse.

Imaginarios sociales de las organizaciones sobre el desarrollo humano desde la perspectiva de la complejidad

Este trabajo investigativo surge a partir de la indagación que primero se realizó con los coordinadores, gerentes y directores de 16 organizaciones empresariales de Bogotá, para determinar los imaginarios que se tienen en torno a las organizaciones y su desarrollo humano y social desde el punto de vista de la teoría de la complejidad. A partir de esta indagación en los grupos focales se plantean unos conceptos propuestos desde la experiencia y la construcción cultural que posee cada uno de los integrantes. El trabajo tiene los siguientes apartes: en la primera parte en el marco teórico se profundiza en torno a la organización desde las representaciones sociales, el papel de los imaginarios, el proceso del desarrollo humano y social, desde el marco de la complejidad y concluye con la ilustración de los resultados matriciales, que nos permiten observar cómo son percibidas las diferentes dimensiones del ser humano y su desarrollo social en las organizaciones con elementos constitutivos de la teoría de la complejidad