Absorção e mobilidade do boro em plantas de repolho e de couve-flor

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Phosphorus fertilization of 'Fuyutoyo' cabbages in phosphorus-rich Eutrustox soil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Interactions of Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticides and the predatory stink bug Podisus nigrispinus to control Plutella xylostella

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Viabilidade agroeconômica do consórcio de couve com espinafre 'Nova Zelândia'

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Produção e qualidade de inflorescências de couve-flor em função da densidade de plantio

Cauliflower is one of the most planted vegetable throughout Brazil, being a very profitable crop. The use of denser plantings can increase crop yield and improve financial returns to producers. This study aimed to verify the combination effect of different spacing between plants in row and between rows on the cauliflower 'Piracicaba Precoce’ inflorescences productivity and quality. In the experiment, a randomized block design was used and treatments consisted in three distances between rows (70, 80 and 90 cm) with three distances between plants in row (50, 60 and 70 cm) and four replications. Total productivity and productivity by inflorescences size classes were assessed as well as the quality by checking the inflorescences’ mass. The row density did not change the produced heads quality, although the density between plants reduced the inflorescences size. The spacing 70 x 50 cm, totalizing 28,571 plants per ha, due the higher productivity, greater than 14.0 t ha-1 , and still not compromise the inflorescence size can be recommended to the cauliflower "Piracicaba Precoce” production in the region.

Produção de repolho em função da idade das mudas

The seedling transplanting ages is a factor of great importance because it can affect the quality and yield of plants if the volume of the cell is not compatible with the phenology of seedlings at time of transplantation. The experiment was conducted at São Manuel Experimental farm, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, from March to August, 2009. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seedling age on cabbage production, hybrid Kenzan. The seedlings were grown in polystyrene trays containing 128 cells. Seedings were done every four days and contained the following treatments: 37, 41, 45, 49 and 53 days after sowing (DAS). The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five replications. On transplantation’s day (11/05/2009), the number of leaves, fresh and dry weight and height, were evaluated to the characterization of seedlings. It was observed that the seedling age had no influence on traits at harvest: number of leaves inside and outside of “head”, fresh weight of shoot and “head”, dry mass of shoot and “head” and length of “heart”.

Actividad tóxica del aceite esencial de laurel y del cineol sobre Brevicoryne brassicae L. en repollo

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la actividad tóxica del aceite esencial de laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) y del cineol, monoterpeno cíclico considerado un aleloquímico puro, sobre Brevicoryne brassicae L. en repollo (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Las concentraciones de aceite esencial utilizadas fueron: 1; 1,5; 2 y 3%, y para cineol: 0,5; 1,5 y 2,5%, ambas formuladas en solución acuosa con 2% de oleato de polietilenglicol como emulsionante. Se utilizaron dos técnicas de aplicación: papeles impregnados y pulverización directa. A las 24 horas del tratamiento se evaluó el porcentaje de mortalidad. Los resultados se analizaron por ANOVA de dos vías y Test de Tukey. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para los productos evaluados en todas las concentraciones ensayadas. Las técnicas de aplicación no dieron diferencias significativas. La mayor mortalidad correspondió a 52% para el aceite esencial de laurel y 27,5% para cineol a las mayores concentraciones en ambos casos. Se concluye que los productos ensayados podrían ser una herramienta para el Manejo Integrado de Plagas para control de áfidos en cultivos hortícolas.

Genetic variation of temperature-regulated curd induction in cauliflower: elucidation of floral transition by genome-wide association mapping and gene expression analysis

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is a vernalization-responsive crop. High ambient temperatures delay harvest time. The elucidation of the genetic regulation of floral transition is highly interesting for a precise harvest scheduling and to ensure stable market supply. This study aims at genetic dissection of temperature-dependent curd induction in cauliflower by genome-wide association studies and gene expression analysis. To assess temperature dependent curd induction, two greenhouse trials under distinct temperature regimes were conducted on a diversity panel consisting of 111 cauliflower commercial parent lines, genotyped with 14,385 SNPs. Broad phenotypic variation and high heritability (0.93) were observed for temperature-related curd induction within the cauliflower population. GWA mapping identified a total of 18 QTL localized on chromosomes O1, O2, O3, O4, O6, O8, and O9 for curding time under two distinct temperature regimes. Among those, several QTL are localized within regions of promising candidate flowering genes. Inferring population structure and genetic relatedness among the diversity set assigned three main genetic clusters. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns estimated global LD extent of r(2) = 0.06 and a maximum physical distance of 400 kb for genetic linkage. Transcriptional profiling of flowering genes FLOWERING LOCUS C (BoFLC) and VERNALIZATION 2 (BoVRN2) was performed, showing increased expression levels of BoVRN2 in genotypes with faster curding. However, functional relevance of BoVRN2 and BoFLC2 could not consistently be supported, which probably suggests to act facultative and/or might evidence for BoVRN2/BoFLC-independent mechanisms in temperature regulated floral transition in cauliflower. Genetic insights in temperature-regulated curd induction can underpin genetically informed phenology models and benefit molecular breeding strategies toward the development of thermo-tolerant cultivars.

Formulaciones de Beauveria bassiana (Bals y vuils) para el manejo de plagas en el cultivo del repollo (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata) en el Tisey, Estelí

Con el objetivo de evaluar formulaciones de hongos entomopatógenos para el manejo de plagas en el cultivo del repollo ( Brassica ole r ácea L ) , se realizó el estudio en la fin ca El Tisey, Estelí. El estudi o se estableció en la época de postrera de octubre 2009 a enero 2010 . Se evaluaron seis tratamientos con tres repeticio nes y fueron: Beauveria bassiana + arcilla blanca, B. bassiana +arcilla verde , B. bassiana +talco, B. bassiana +leche en polvo, B. bassiana +aceite sunspray 6E, B. bassiana en sustrato. Las aplicaciones se realizaron 20 días después del trasplante y la dosis de Beauveria bassiana fue de 1 .7 x10 12 conidias / ha. Los muestreos fueron cada 8 días después del trasplante. Las variables evaluadas en laboratorio fueron : Viabilidad y concent ración de conidias y en campo fue población de Plutella xylostella, Leptophobia sp y Diabrotica sp. La viabilidad y concentración de conidias de B. bassiana de los formulados fueron adecuados durante seis meses en almacenamiento . La formulación B. bassiana +aceite sunspray 6E presentó los mejores resultados manteniendo los niveles más bajos de incidencia de P. xylostella, Leptophobia sp y áfidos , pero menos e fectiva para Diabrotica sp . La menor incidencia de Diabrotica sp se observó en los tratamientos B. bassiana +arcilla blanca, pero registró mayor incidencia d e P. xylostella y Leptophobia sp . La menor incidencia de P. xylostella se observó en octubre y la ma yor incidencia en noviembre. En cambio Leptophobia sp presentó niveles bajos en octubre y en noviembre la incidencia más alta. Para Diabrotica sp los niveles más bajos se observaron a inicios de octubre y los más altos a finales del mismo mes. La mejor fo rmulación fue B. bassiana +aceite sunspray 6E para el manejo de P. xylostella, Leptophobia sp y áfidos . El produc to sin formular , registró el mayor número de cabezas por ha y e l producto formulado B. bassiana más Arcilla B lanca presentó el mayor peso por cabeza

甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.)富集铊的环境地球化学研究

通过对甘蓝进行品种差异、亚细胞分析、根际分泌物提取污染土壤中的铊、营养元素添加以及野外甘蓝样品采集分析，结合地球化学理论。分析了甘蓝对铊吸收富集的机理，并得出以下几点结论： (1) 甘蓝叶、根及茎对铊的吸收存在着明显差异，表明在面临土壤铊胁迫时，叶是铊的主要储存部位，而根和茎主要起到了转运作用。甘蓝中铊含量的升高导致了对钙和镁吸收能力的提高。不同品种甘蓝之间的吸收能力差别不大，通过选择种植对铊吸收能力小的甘蓝来控制铊的食物链危害是不可行的。此外，还应该避免在高铊土壤地区种植甘蓝。 (2) 高达92%的铊存在于甘蓝叶细胞液组分中，表明细胞液组分是铊在甘蓝叶细胞中的一个重要储存部位。但是在不同品种甘蓝叶中，铊的亚细胞分布形态没有显著差异，在甘蓝面对铊胁迫时，其叶细胞器组分中铊含量始终维持很低的含量。甘蓝对铊的解毒机制很可能就是通过在细胞内的区隔化作用(compartmentalization)，把进入体内的铊结合到细胞液组分以及细胞壁上，从而减少了铊对重要细胞器官的损伤。铊在甘蓝叶各亚细胞组分中的分配与常量元素存在一定的关系。在甘蓝叶细胞内，Tl+往细胞液组分中的传输很有可能是通过Na+/K+/2Cl–联合传输机制、Ca2+活化的钾离子通道以及一些需Mg2+或Mn2+的K+活化酶完成的。需要Mn2+参与的K+活化酶可能对于铊往细胞器中的转移起到了主导作用。在细胞壁中，很可能Ca2+活化的K+通道或者是某些特定的需要Mn2+的K+活化酶对铊的迁移或固定起了影响作用。 (3) 随着氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入，甘蓝地上部的生物量有一定程度的上升。影响主次因素依次均为氮>磷>钾。随着氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入，甘蓝地上部和地下部的铊含量并没有上升，而是有一定程度的下降。甘蓝地上部中铊含量的影响主次因素依次为磷>氮>钾，甘蓝地下部中铊含量的影响主次因素依次为氮>磷>钾。氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入都提高了甘蓝对铊的吸收量。甘蓝对铊吸收量的影响主次因素依次均为氮>磷>钾。因此我们认为，氮，磷，钾的加入显著提高了甘蓝生物量和铊的吸收量，但是随之而来的生物稀释效应，导致了甘蓝地上部和地下部含量的降低。运用铊累积量来判断营养元素对甘蓝吸收铊的影响更为客观和可靠。 (4) 通过对比蒸馏水和根际分泌物提取液对污染土壤中铊的提取能力，发现甘蓝根际分泌物提取液(root exudates)对污染土壤中的铊具有明显的活化作用。提取液的pH和土壤铊的提取率存在一定的正相关(R2=0.1659)，也就是说提取液的pH与其对污染土壤中铊的提取能力成正比。但是甘蓝体内各部分铊含量与其根际分泌物提取液对土壤铊的提取率没有任何关系，表明大量的植物非必需元素铊进入甘蓝后，并没有对其根际分泌物的产生任何影响。土壤pH越高，生长的甘蓝的根际分泌物提取液对土壤提取率就越高，甘蓝分泌物提取液对铊的提取率升高可以补偿由于土壤pH升高而造成的水溶态存在的铊减少。 (5) 铊在甘蓝叶片和叶柄中的分布状况为老叶叶片>新叶叶片>老叶叶柄>新叶叶柄，表明叶柄也是运输铊的一个重要器官。但是叶柄对铊的转运能力并没有茎那么强烈，而叶片才是甘蓝中最主要的铊储存部位。铊在根、茎、老叶和新叶中亚细胞的分布均为细胞液>>细胞壁>细胞器，这和前期室内温室培养甘蓝叶片中的分布结果是一致的。根据植物采矿经济理论的计算结果，很显然甘蓝可以成为土壤铊污染的植物修复和采矿的备选对象。

The influence of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp oleifera var. biennis) canopy size on grass weed growth and grass weed seed return

Four experiments conducted over three seasons (2002-05) at the Crops Research Unit, University of Reading, investigated effects of canopy management of autumn sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera var. biennis (DC.) Metzg.) on competition with grass weeds. Emphasis was placed on the effect of the crop on the weeds. Rape canopy size was manipulated using sowing date, seed rate and the application of autumn fertilizer. Lolium multiflorum Lam., L. x boucheanum Kunth and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. were sown as indicative grass weeds. The effects of sowing date, seed rate and autumn nitrogen on crop competitive ability were correlated with rape biomass and fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by the rape floral layer, to the extent that by spring there was good evidence of crop: weed replacement. An increase in seed rate up to the highest plant densities tested increased both rape biomass and competitiveness, e.g. in 2002/3, L. multiflorum head density was reduced from 539 to 245 heads/m(2) and spikelet density from 13 170 to 5960 spikelets/m(2) when rape plant density was increased from 16 to 81 plants/m(2). Spikelets/head of Lolium spp. was little affected by rape seed rate, but the length of heads of A. myosuroides was reduced by 9 % when plant density was increased from 29-51 plants/m(2). Autumn nitrogen increased rape biomass and reduced L. multiflorum head density (415 and 336 heads/m(2) without and with autumn nitrogen, respectively) and spikelet density (9990 and 8220 spikelets/m(2) without and with autumn nitrogen, respectively). The number of spikelets/head was not significantly affected by autumn nitrogen. Early sowing could increase biomass and competitiveness, but poor crop establishment sometimes overrode the effect. Where crop and weed establishment was similar for both sowing dates, a 2-week delay (i.e. early September to mid-September) increased L. multiflorum head density from 226 to 633 heads/m(2) and spikelet density from 5780 to 15 060 spikelets/m(2).

The influence of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp oleifera var. biennis) cultivar and grass genotype on the competitive balance between crop and grass weeds

Three experiments conducted over two years (2002-04) at the Crops Research Unit, University of Reading, investigated competition between autumn sown oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera var. biennis (DC.) Metzg.) and Lolium multiflorum Lam., L. x boucheanum Kunth and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., sown as indicative grass weeds. Rape cultivar (cv.) had a substantial effect on grass weed seed return. Over the six cultivars tested, L. multiflorum spikelet production ranged from just under 400 spikelets/m(2) in the presence of cv. Winner to nearly 5800 in competition with cv. Lutin. Cultivar competitiveness was associated with high biomass, large dense floral layers and early stem extension. There was some evidence of differential competitive tolerance between rape cultivars. The results suggested that rape cultivars could be screened for competitiveness by measuring floral layer interception of photosynthetic active radiation. L. x boucheanum cultivars varied in ability to compete with rape. In the absence of inter-specific competition, spikelet density was similar for Aberecho and Polly (circa 31000 spikelets/m(2)) but when grown with rape Polly outyielded Aberecho (i.e. 12 090 and 7990 spikelets/m(2) respectively).

The influence of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera var. biennis) cultivar and grass genotype on the competitive balance between crop and grass weeds

Four experiments conducted over three seasons (2002–05) at the Crops Research Unit, University of Reading, investigated effects of canopy management of autumn sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera var. biennis (DC.) Metzg.) on competition with grass weeds. Emphasis was placed on the effect of the crop on the weeds. Rape canopy size was manipulated using sowing date, seed rate and the application of autumn fertilizer. Lolium multiflorum Lam., L.rboucheanum Kunth and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. were sown as indicative grass weeds. The effects of sowing date, seed rate and autumn nitrogen on crop competitive ability were correlated with rape biomass and fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by the rape floral layer, to the extent that by spring there was good evidence of crop: weed replacement. An increase in seed rate up to the highest plant densities tested increased both rape biomass and competitiveness, e.g. in 2002/3, L. multiflorum head density was reduced from 539 to 245 heads/m2 and spikelet density from 13 170 to 5960 spikelets/m2 when rape plant density was increased from 16 to 81 plants/m2. Spikelets/head of Lolium spp. was little affected by rape seed rate, but the length of heads of A. myosuroides was reduced by 9%when plant density was increased from 29–51 plants/m2. Autumn nitrogen increased rape biomass and reduced L. multiflorum head density (415 and 336 heads/m2 without and with autumn nitrogen, respectively) and spikelet density (9990 and 8220 spikelets/m2 without and with autumn nitrogen, respectively). The number of spikelets/head was not significantly affected by autumn nitrogen. Early sowing could increase biomass and competitiveness, but poor crop establishment sometimes overrode the effect. Where crop and weed establishment was similar for both sowing dates, a 2-week delay (i.e. early September to mid-September) increased L. multiflorum head density from 226 to 633 heads/m2 and spikelet density from 5780 to 15 060 spikelets/m2.

The influence of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp oleifera var. biennis) canopy size on grass weed growth and grass weed seed return

Four experiments conducted over three seasons (2002-05) at the Crops Research Unit, University of Reading, investigated effects of canopy management of autumn sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera var. biennis (DC.) Metzg.) on competition with grass weeds. Emphasis was placed on the effect of the crop on the weeds. Rape canopy size was manipulated using sowing date, seed rate and the application of autumn fertilizer. Lolium multiflorum Lam., L. x boucheanum Kunth and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. were sown as indicative grass weeds. The effects of sowing date, seed rate and autumn nitrogen on crop competitive ability were correlated with rape biomass and fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by the rape floral layer, to the extent that by spring there was good evidence of crop: weed replacement. An increase in seed rate up to the highest plant densities tested increased both rape biomass and competitiveness, e.g. in 2002/3, L. multiflorum head density was reduced from 539 to 245 heads/m(2) and spikelet density from 13 170 to 5960 spikelets/m(2) when rape plant density was increased from 16 to 81 plants/m(2). Spikelets/head of Lolium spp. was little affected by rape seed rate, but the length of heads of A. myosuroides was reduced by 9 % when plant density was increased from 29-51 plants/m(2). Autumn nitrogen increased rape biomass and reduced L. multiflorum head density (415 and 336 heads/m(2) without and with autumn nitrogen, respectively) and spikelet density (9990 and 8220 spikelets/m(2) without and with autumn nitrogen, respectively). The number of spikelets/head was not significantly affected by autumn nitrogen. Early sowing could increase biomass and competitiveness, but poor crop establishment sometimes overrode the effect. Where crop and weed establishment was similar for both sowing dates, a 2-week delay (i.e. early September to mid-September) increased L. multiflorum head density from 226 to 633 heads/m(2) and spikelet density from 5780 to 15 060 spikelets/m(2).