Avaliação dos níveis de umidificação e aquecimento durante ventilação artificial com a estação de trabalho de anestesia Primus da Dräger com baixo fluxo de gases frescos e permutador de calor e umidade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aquecimento global e acidificação oceãnica: efeitos da temperatura, salinidade e dióxido de carbono no desenvolvimento larval do caranguejo intertidal Eriphia gonagra (Crustacea, Decapoda, Eriphiidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Filtros UV na água de abastecimento público na região da bacia hidrográfica tietê-jacaré: desenvolvimento de método, estudo de ocorrência e concentrações ambientais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Quantificação de CO2 e vapor de água nas interfaces bairro-cultura de eucalipto da reserva Floresta Estadual Navarro de Andrade no município de Rio Claro - SP

Environrnental issues are in focus lately, mainly due to climate change that have been registered in recent decades. Some of these changes are attributed to the increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases induce, main1y due to anthropogenic emissions. These gases act by absorbing heat in the form of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the planet, and after a time interval, reissuing such radiation in various directions, including back to the surface, causing overheating of the same. Projections indicate that climate change wiIl tend to increase even more. Because of this, in recent years a number of studies are being conducted on the dynamics of inducers of greenhouse gases, especially C02, because that is primarily responsible for the development of that phenomenon. To better understand the flow of C02 are studied specific areas, as regions bordering the forests, soils that are under preparation for agriculture, urban areas, among others. Forests are an important sink for C02, because during the process of photosynthesis, this molecule is captured and used to obtain glucose. Thus, studies of the regions bordering the forests contribute enough to the understanding of the dynamics of C02. Because it requires a large amount of factors, the concentration of CO2 in a given location is very variable and this makes it much more difficult to understand their dynamics and, consequently, the action of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Being a relatively new area of study, there are many controversies about the consequences of the greenhouse effect, so that the community does not believe that climate change resulting from human action. According to them, such changes are merely natural phenomena and periodicals

Análise dos parâmetros técnicos e econômicos do aquecedor solar a vácuo, visando economia de energia

This work is about a development of a vacuum solar water heater. To accomplish this, some measurements were made, such as flow, water temperature and room temperature, relative humidity, solar power density and wind speed. It first presents a brief explanation about the global situation in relation to the accelerated use of exhaustible energy sources which can result in a breakdown of these for future generations. From this, is proposed to analyze this solar water heater with vacuum tubes during the winter season in Brazil southeastern region, under different environmental conditions. From such ideas became possible to prove through the experimental part, calculations and graphical results that technology and the performance of this device are technical and economically viable, according to the life cycle of this. It was also found that the average monthly production in a maximum heat stroke situation was 193,33kWh and minimum isolation was 57,76kWh. This reveals that this instrument should start to be examined more closely by all, as a way to reduce the use of electricity, which will protect the environment without reducing the comfort of people

Desenvolvimento de estrutura para purificação de água potável, através da irradiação de UV com lâmpadas fluorescentes especiais

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Análise comparativa entre os aquecedores solares industrial e os construídos com garrafas pet e canos de pvc, cobre e alumínio

Este trabalho apresenta o uso de energia solar, para o aquecimento de água, através da análise de aquecedores solares industrial e os construídos com garrafas PET com canos condutores de água de cobre, alumínio e PVC, instalados no Centro de Energias Renováveis - CER, do Campus de Engenharia Guaratinguetá. A análise foi realizada com a ajuda de sensores Termopar, software - Contemp View Simple, para obtenção de dados, software Teamviewer para acesso remoto. Sendo feitas as medições concluiu-se qual é o aquecedor mais eficiente a ser utilizado, sempre tendo como objetivo o aproveitamento da energia renovável usando a radiação solar

Sistema fotovoltaico monocristalino para bombeamento de água

Since ancient times, it has been a huge challenge to all people around the world to manage to get their fresh water, keeping it clean and providing it to every human being, so that it can be used for their daily needs. This is especially true for small properties in the countryside and in isolated areas with low demographic density. Pumping the water in those regions is a solution that rationalizes its use in domestic chores, in animal rearing and in the irrigation systems of cultivated areas. Making feasible local, renewable and non-polluted energetic alternatives is the aim for those areas that are usually far away from the public electric network. Using photovoltaic solar energy is the alternative now proposed. For this objective was built a system with two monocrystalline panels, one pump, two water tanks, two level sensors and a solenoid valve to pump water, using a pump powered an array of monocrystalline solar panels. The main goal was to compare their rate of water flow and their energy consumption. The use of one data acquisition equipment allowed collecting meteorological, electrical and hydraulic values, and also serving for the control and activation of the pumping system. During four months in a row as from April 2009, arrangements with one or two panels were tested. Mathematics correlations and adjustment lines were used to interpret the behavior of obtained dataset. During the analyzed period the system followed the linear equations with great accuracy. The daily average amount of water pumped by the several tested arrays stayed between 1,100 and 2,500 liters, and that is enough to supply a small rural property. The pumping system with two panels effectively showed the major amount of water, but a system with one panel can be an economical solution until 1,500 liters on day. It did not characterize a direct relationship between power or quantity of photovoltaic panels and daily outflow of water pumping.

Criterios técnicos del proyecto con módulos tridimensionales ligeros: las casas del Solar Decathlon 2005 y 2007

Este trabajo se ocupa de la construcción modular ligera de viviendas unifamiliares, más concretamente aborda el problema de la definición constructiva de las mismas, habida cuenta de lo poco conocido y publicado de este aspecto en particular. Dado que la construcción es fruto de la evolución, resulta de gran importancia el estudio de los antecedentes para comprender la situación actual, por ello para documentar como corresponde el estado de la técnica y de la investigación se estudiaron los antecedentes desde sus primeras manifestaciones a finales del siglo XIX hasta nuestros días. Contrariamente a las profecías de Le Corbusier y otros, la industrialización no ha llegado a la construcción ni en la forma ni en la medida que era de esperar a principios del siglo XX. Sin embargo y a pesar del relativo “fracaso” de la industrialización en convertirse en la forma mayoritaria de producir edificios, lo cierto es que algunos sistemas altamente industrializados, como lo es la construcción modular ligera, han logrado un lugar en el mercado, que en algunos países resulta cuanto menos significativo. Delimitar el estado de la técnica y la situación actual es crucial en este trabajo, toda vez que la construcción industrializada la realizan empresas, y situarse al margen de las mismas y de su producción, nos guste o no, resulta contrario al sentido común. De este modo se han identificado y documentado ejemplos como el de EE.UU. y Japón, entre otros, que resultan muy ilustrativos tanto desde la evolución como del estado actual. Del estado de la técnica y la investigación también resulta la escasez de publicación de detalles constructivos específicos de la construcción modular ligera. Es obvio que los fabricantes intentan blindarse mediante el secreto industrial, logrando que las soluciones constructivas más interesantes queden fuertemente protegidas dentro del conocimiento reservado de la empresa. De este modo un sistema que alcanza grados de prefabricación del 95%, tan atractivo e interesante para el arquitecto queda reservado al conocimiento de unos pocos dentro de las empresas. La búsqueda de mayor información sobre estos sistemas encuentra un filón indiscutible en los proyectos de las casas del concurso Solar Decathlon. En efecto, debido a las condiciones particulares de este concurso, las casas que compiten deben ser instaladas en un plazo corto, por lo que en su mayoría recurren al método de construcción modular ligera, para lograr correctamente este objetivo. Adicionalmente todos los planos de proyecto incluidos los de detalle, así como memorias de especificaciones técnicas, quedan colgadas en la Web, a libre disposición del público. De este modo se ha considerado interesante, conveniente y útil, aprovechar como fuente documental de este trabajo, aparte de lo obtenido en el estado de la técnica y la investigación, los proyectos de las casas de los concursos 2005 y 2007, que fueron las dos últimas ediciones celebradas cuando se inició esta tesis. De modo similar a esta carencia de detalles publicados se observa igualmente una falta de investigación y de metodologías adecuadas a la misma sobre soluciones y detalles constructivos propios de la construcción modular ligera. Por eso y ante la dificultad de manejar adecuadamente una información disponible pero farragosa, este trabajo ha dedicado una parte importante de su esfuerzo a la creación de una metodología adecuada a este tipo de situación. Hay que destacar que cada proyecto puede constar fácilmente de 60 a casi 200 planos, sin contar las memorias técnicas y otros documentos, tales como galerías de imágenes, etc. Por otra parte resulta útil establecer esta metodología, no solo para esta tesis, sino para futuros trabajos de investigación sobre el tema, toda vez que con posterioridad a 2007 se han celebrado nuevas ediciones del concurso con su correspondiente volumen de información disponible. La metodología del análisis de los proyectos se basa en el diseño y creación de siete fichas tipo que resumen los aspectos fundamentales del proyecto desde el punto de vista constructivo, permitiendo de este modo su rápida visualización y comprensión sin pretender exhaustividad, ya que en caso de querer profundizar en el detalle de la información siempre está el proyecto original para ello. Tras estudiar la información obtenida de los proyectos de las casas de concurso, se contrastan y discuten los resultados para obtener conocimientos de interés para el objetivo propuesto en la tesis. Se comparan los resultados procedentes del estado de la técnica y de la investigación y se obtienen las conclusiones correspondientes. De este modo ha sido posible identificar una serie de criterios técnicos de proyecto de viviendas unifamiliares realizadas mediante construcción modular ligera, que además se organizan en varios niveles, por lo que el resultado es un conjunto de criterios como germen de una futura guía o manual. Como conclusiones fundamentales de la tesis hay que destacar las metodológicas, que habilitan la extensión de este estudio a otros trabajos y la aportación original al conocimiento con la definición de una serie de criterios técnicos de proyecto de viviendas realizadas mediante construcción modular ligera, que además de mejorar esta parte del saber constructivo serán de gran ayuda a los arquitectos de cara a la reducción de errores, que a menudo derivan en mayores costes y plazos, cuando no directamente al abandono del sistema constructivo. El trabajo de la tesis se estructura en siete capítulos a saber: Capítulo 1: Introducción, donde se explica el tema de la tesis, el objetivo principal, las limitaciones y se aportan algunas definiciones. Capítulo 2: Estado de la técnica y la investigación, dentro del cual se presentan los antecedentes desde sus inicios pasando por la primera y segunda mitad del siglo XX y finalizando con el estado actual que recorre los sistemas de EE.UU, Japón, Europa, Escandinavia, centro Europa, Francia, España y algunos ejemplos de Latinoamérica. En el estado de la investigación se presentan las publicaciones tanto en revistas científicas indexadas en el JCR, como publicaciones no indexadas en las que se muestran artículos científicos, comunicaciones a congresos, documentación sobre el concurso Solar Decathlon, libros específicos y libros genéricos sobre construcción modular ligera, tesis doctorales tanto generales como específicas sobre el concurso Solar Decathlon, documentos de idoneidad técnica, páginas Web del concurso Solar Decathlon y finalmente páginas Web de empresas de construcción modular ligera y patentes. También se expresan las conclusiones parciales del capítulo así también como la justificación y los objetivos particulares. Capítulo 3: Metodología, se expone en primer lugar el planteamiento del problema, para luego desarrollar los métodos utilizados para el estudio y clasificación del transporte y de la organización modular, la relación entre la organización modular y distribución espacial, el diseño y contenido de las fichas resumen de los 38 proyectos presentados al SD2005 y SD2007, así también como la información consultada para su realización. Se explica asimismo como se realizaron las tablas comparativas partiendo de la información de las fichas. Finalmente se expresa la manera en que se trató el estudio particular de la junta entre módulos. Capítulo 4: Discusión de resultados, dónde en primer lugar se presenta la clasificación y las estrategias del transporte así también como una clasificación de la organización modular, en segundo lugar se estudian las relaciones que existen entre el sistema modular y la organización espacial. A partir de aquí se muestra el estudio de la estructura de todas las casas del SD2005 y SD2007, según el tipo y material de las zapatas, mostrando tanto tablas cuantitativas como tablas gráficas con fotos. De la misma manera se tratan los forjados, los pilares y las vigas y las cubiertas. Se estudia además el cerramiento opaco y acristalado, la cubierta y el forjado según las capas que lo componen. En el caso de las instalaciones se estudian las que son especiales, descartando las normales en este tipo de casas, como son los paneles fotovoltaicos, placas térmicas o tubos de vacío y los sistemas de almacenamiento de energía, como las baterías, presentando tablas numéricas y gráficas con fotos. El transporte se analiza según corresponda al traslado de la vivienda o al transporte de apoyo, según el tipo y la cantidad utilizado. Con respecto al montaje se diferencia en si se usó grúa o no, y en el caso de no utilizarse se muestran los métodos alternativos. Con respecto a la exploración de la organización modular se presentan la cantidad de módulos que utilizó cada casa, así como también la cuantificación de los sistemas híbridos como son elementos lineales 1D, paneles 2D. Por último se muestra el estudio detallado de la junta entre módulos 3D. Finalmente se realiza la propuesta de un conjunto de criterios técnicos de proyecto organizado en cuatro niveles: 1º nivel de criterios generales, 2º nivel sobre sistemas constructivos, 3º nivel de detalles constructivos y el 4º nivel llamado logística obras previas, transporte y montaje. Capítulo 5: Conclusiones y líneas futuras de investigación, se exponen las conclusiones generales, metodológicas, documentales y por último las de construcción modular. Finalmente se realiza una propuesta de líneas futuras de investigación. Capítulo 6: Bibliografía. Capítulo 7: Anexos, en el que se presentan todas las fichas resumen de las casas realizadas por el autor de esta tesis. Además se incluyen los casos concretos de Voisin en Francia y la TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) en EE.UU., así como referencias de manuales genéricos de construcción ligera, medidas de transporte en España e información sobre estadísticas de viviendas en la Unión Europea. ABSTRACT This paper deals with Light Modular Construction of houses, and specifically addresses the problem of the constructive definition of the same, given how little known and published this subject has been. Since building construction is the result of evolution, it is of great importance to study its background for understanding the current situation, therefore to document the state of the art and research, its history was studied from its origins dating to the end nineteenth century to our days. Contrary to the prophecies of Le Corbusier and others, industrialization has not reached the construction neither in the form nor to the extent that it was expected in the early twentieth century. However, despite the relative "failure" of industrialization to become the major form of production for buildings, the fact is that some highly industrialized systems, such as the so called Lightweight Modular Construction, have achieved a place in the market, which in some countries is at least significant. To outline the state of the art and the current situation is crucial in this work, since industrialized construction is carried out by companies, and to step away from them and their production, whether we like it or not, it is contrary to common sense. So that, several cases have been identified and documented, such as the US and Japan examples, among others, which are very illustrative both from evolution and the current status. The state of the art and research shows also a shortage of publication of specific construction details of light modular construction. Obviously, manufacturers try to shield themselves by trade secret, making the most interesting constructive solutions remain heavily protected within the reserved knowledge of the company, so a system that reaches levels of 95% prefabrication, so attractive and interesting for the architect It is reserved to the knowledge of a few people inside the companies. The search for more information on these systems finds an invaluable reef in the projects of the Solar Decathlon houses. Indeed, due to the particular conditions of this contest, houses competing must be installed in a short time, so mostly turn to modular construction methods for this purpose to achieve properly this goal. Additionally all levels of project, including detailed and technical specifications reports are published on the Web, freely available to the general public. Thus it was considered interesting, convenient and useful to take advantage as a documentary source of this work, apart from what it were obtained in the state of the art and research, the projects of the houses of the 2005 and 2007 contests, which were the last two editions already held before this thesis was started. Similar to this lack of published details it is also observed a lack of research and methodologies adapted to the solutions and construction details of lightweight modular construction. So that, and facing the difficulty of adequately manage the available but bulky information, this work has devoted a significant part of its effort to create an appropriate methodology for this type of situation. It is noteworthy that each project can easily consist of 60 to almost 200 blueprints, not including technical reports and other documents, such as photo galleries, etc. The methodology of the analysis of the projects is based on the design and creation of seven record sheets that summarize key aspects of the project from a construction point of view, thus allowing quick watching and understanding of the project, without claiming completeness, always keeping for further information the blueprints themselves. After studying the information obtained from the projects of the competition houses, the results are compared and discussed to obtain relevant knowledge according to the objective proposed in the thesis. The results from the state of the art and research are also compared and the conclusions so obtained make possible to identify a number of technical design criteria for single family homes made using lightweight modular construction, which also have been organized at various levels, so the result is a set of criteria as a seed for a future guide or manual. Among the main conclusions of the thesis must be noted the methodological ones, that enable the extension of this study to other works and are an original contribution to knowledge with the definition of a number of technical criteria for housing projects made by light modular construction, what in addition to improving this part of the constructive knowledge will be of great help for the architects to reduce errors that often result in higher costs and delays, if not in abandonment of the construction system itself. The work of the thesis is divided into seven chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction, where the topic of the thesis, the main objective, limitations and the provided definitions is explained. Chapter 2: State of the art and research, within which history is presented from the beginning through the first and second half of the twentieth century and ending with the current systems, that spans from the USA to Japan, Europe, Scandinavia, Central Europe, France, Spain and some Latin American examples. In the state of research publications are presented both on scientific journals indexed in the JCR, and non-indexed publications in which scientific articles, conference papers, information about the Solar Decathlon competition, generic and specific books on light modular construction, articles both general and specific on the Solar Decathlon competition, technical approval documents, dissertations, the Solar Decathlon Web pages and finally lightweight modular construction companies Web pages and patents. The partial conclusions of the chapter as well as the rationale and specific objectives are also expressed. Chapter 3: Methodology first of all exposes the problem statement and then develops the methods used for the study and classification of transportation and modular organization, the relationship between the modular organization and spatial distribution, design and content summary records of the 38 projects submitted to the SD2005 and SD2007, as well as information consulted for its realization. It explains equally how the comparative tables based on information from the chips were made. Finally, the way the particular study of the joint between modules is carried out is also treated. Chapter 4: Discussion, first sorting a classification of transport strategies as well as of modular organization, secondly the relationship between the modular system and the spatial organization studied is presented. From then on, the study of the structure of every house Moreover, to establish this methodology is useful not only for this thesis, but for future research on the subject, since after 2007 there have been held new editions of the contest with a corresponding volume of information available. shown in the SD2005 and SD2007 contests, depending on the type and material of the shoe, showing both quantitative tables as graphic boards with pictures is carried out. Similarly slabs, columns and beams and roofs are treated. Furthermore, the opaque and transparent façades, as well as roof and floor enclosure, according to the layers that compose them are studied. In the case of facilities there have been only addressed that which are of a special type, discarding that considered usual in this type of houses such as photovoltaic panels, thermal panels or vacuum tubes and energy storage systems such as batteries, presenting numerical and graphical tables with photos .The transportation is analyzed depending on it is used to move the house or for additional support, depending on the type and quantity of items used. Regarding assembly it has been made a difference if crane is or not used and if not, what the alternative methods are. With respect to the exploration of the modular organization, the amount of modules used in each house is presented, as well as the quantification of hybrid systems such as linear members as well as 1D, 2D panels. Finally, it has been carried out the detailed study of the joint between 3D modules. Finally it is proposed a set of technical criteria organized into four levels, 1st level of general criteria, 2nd level on building systems, 3rd level construction details and 4th level called previous works and logistics, transportation and assembly. Chapter 5: Conclusions and future research, where general, methodological, documentary and finally modular construction findings are presented. A proposal for further research is done. Chapter 6: Bibliography. Chapter 7: Annexes, in which all the record sheets of houses made by the author of this thesis are presented. Besides the specific cases of Voisin in France and TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) in the USA, as well as general reference manuals on lightweight construction, transportation dimensions in Spain, and information on housing statistics in the European Union are included.

Modelagem de um secador solar de produtos agrícolas com sistema de armazenagem de energia térmica

Nos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, a secagem de produtos agrícolas com uso de secador solar representa uma alternativa promissora de baixo custo, reduzindo perdas e agregando valor aos produtos. Porém, devido à natureza periódica da radiação solar e das condições do tempo, nem sempre é viável sua utilização. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi a modelagem de um sistema auxiliar de armazenagem de energia térmica (SAET) em um secador solar, cuja finalidade é armazenar energia durante o dia para ser utilizada conforme necessário. Com base em registros de temperatura e umidade relativa, ambas do ar, de um secador solar, foi feito um estudo da termodinâmica dos processos envolvidos, a fim de propor meios para o dimensionamento do SAET. Foram explorados a estimativa do fluxo de massa de ar no secador, a modelagem da temperatura em função da radiação, e o dimensionamento para diferentes modos de operação do SAET, considerando o sistema ideal. Este dimensionamento tratou tanto do caso de fornecimento contínuo de fluxo de água preaquecida, como de uso de automação para controlar o fluxo. A estimativa de fluxo de ar no secador se aproximou de valores típicos encontrados na literatura. O dimensionamento do sistema, embora considerado ideal, mostra que a utilização do SAET melhora o desempenho do secador, servindo como parâmetro para melhor compreender o comportamento das variáveis durante seu funcionamento.

Análise comparativa dos métodos da ISO 13790 e sua adequabilidade na estimativa das necessidades de energia para aquecimento e arrefecimento e da temperatura do ar interior

Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016

Física do meio ambiente como disciplina nas licenciaturas em física: proposta de uma unidade didática para ensinar efeito estufa e aquecimento global

In this dissertation we propose a Teaching Unit of Physics to teach content through environmental discussions of the greenhouse effect and global warming. This teaching unit is based on a problem-methodological intervention from the application of the method of the Arch of Charles Maguerez. The methodological foundations of the thesis are embedded in action research and this is structured in five chapters: the first chapter deals with the Physical Environment (FMA) as a subject in Degree Courses in Physics in Brazil, bringing the concern of how this discipline has been taught. We started the first chapter explaining the reasons behind the inclusion of the discipline of Physical Environment in a Physics Degree Courses. Then we did a search on the websites of Institutions of Higher Education, to know of the existence or not of this discipline on curricular. We then analyzed the menus to see what bibliographies are being adopted and what content of Physics are being worked, and how it has been done. The courses surveyed were those of Federal and Federal Institutes Universities. Thus ended the first chapter. Given the inseparability between studies in Physics Teaching and studies on competencies, skills and significant learning, wrote the second chapter. In this chapter we discuss the challenge of converting information into knowledge. Initially on initial teacher training, because even if this is not our focus, the study is a discipline on the upper reaches, therefore, offered to future teachers. Then we talked about the culture of knowledge, where we emphasize the use of a teaching approach that promotes meanings taught by content and make sense to the student. We finished the third chapter, making some considerations on skills and abilities, in order to identify what skills and competencies were developed and worked during and after the implementation of Curriculum Unit. The third chapter is the result of a literature review and study of the radioactive EarthSun interaction. The subjects researched approach from the generation of energy in the sun to topics stain solar coronal mass ejections, solar wind, black body radiation, Wien displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, greenhouse effect and global warming. This chapter deals with material support for the teacher of the aforementioned discipline. The fourth chapter talks about the arc method of Charles Maguerez; Here we explain the structure of each of the five steps of the Arc and how to use them in teaching. We also show another version of this method adapted by Bordenave. In the fifth and final chapter brought a description of how the method of Arc was used in physics classes of Environment, with students majoring in Physics IFRN Campus Santa Cruz. Here, in this chapter, a transcript of classes to show how was the application of a problem-based methodology in the teaching of content proposed for Physics Teaching Unit from the environmental discussion about the greenhouse effect and global warming phenomena

Recuperação avançada de óleos pesados em poços fraturados utilizando aquecimento eletromagnético indutivo

The success achieved by thermal methods of recovery, in heavy oils, prompted the emergence of studies on the use of electromagnetic waves as heat generating sources in oil reservoirs. Thus, this generation is achieved by three types of different processes according to the frequency range used. They are: the electromagnetic induction heating, the resistive and the dielectric, also known as radiation. This study was based on computer simulations in oil reservoirs with characteristics similar to those found in the sedimentary basins of the Brazilian Northeast. All cases studied were simulated using the software STARS, CMG (Computer Group, version 2012.10 Modeling). Some simulations took into account the inclusion of electrically sensitive particles in certain sectors of the reservoir model studied by fracturing. The purpose of this work is the use of the electromagnetic induction heating as a recovery method of heavy oil, to check the influence of these aforementioned particles on the reservoir model used. Comparative analyses were made involving electromagnetic induction heating, the operation of hydraulic fracturing and the injection of water to the different situations of the reservoir model studied. It was found that fracturing the injection well in order that the electromagnetic heating occurs in the same well where there is water injection, there was a considerable increase in the recovery factor and in the cumulative oil production in relation to the models in which hydraulic fracturing occurred in the production well and water injection in the injection well. This is due to the generation of steam in situ in the reservoir.

Estimativas, variabilidade e análise de tendência da evapotranspiração de referência em perímetros irrigados, no semiárido do nordeste brasileiro

The variability / climate change has generated great concern worldwide, is one of the major issues as global warming, which can is affecting the availability of water resources in irrigated perimeters. In the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil it is known that there is a predominance of drought, but it is not enough known about trends in climate series of joint water loss by evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze whether there is increase and / or decrease evidence in the regime of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), for the monthly, annual and interdecadal scales in irrigated polo towns of Juazeiro, BA (9 ° 24'S, 40 ° 26'W and 375,5m) and Petrolina, PE (09 ° 09'S, 40 ° 22'W and 376m), which is the main analysis objective. The daily meteorological data were provided by EMBRAPA Semiárido for the period from 01.01.1976 to 31.12.2014, estimated the daily ETo using the standard method of Penman-Monteith (EToPM) parameterized by Smith (1991). Other methods of more simplified estimatives were calculated and compared to EToPM, as the ones following: Solar Radiation (EToRS), Linacre (EToL), Hargreaves and Samani (EToHS) and the method of Class A pan (EToTCA). The main statistical analysis were non-parametric tests of homogeneity (Run), trend (Mann-kendall), magnitude of the trend (Sen) and early trend detection (Mann-Whitney). The statistical significance adopted was 5 and / or 1%. The Analysis of Variance - ANOVA was used to detect if there is a significant difference in mean interdecadal mean. For comparison between the methods of ETo, it were used the correlation test (r), the Student t test and Tukey levels of 5% significance. Finally, statistics Willmott et al. (1985) statistics was used to evaluate the concordance index and performance of simplified methods compared to the standard method. It obtained as main results that there was a decrease in the time series of EToPM in irrigated areas of Juazeiro, BA and Petrolina, PE, significant respectively at 1 and 5%, with an annual magnitude of -14.5 mm (Juazeiro) and -7.7 mm (Petrolina) and early trend in 1996. The methods which had better for better agreement with EToPM were EToRS with very good performance, in both locations, followed by the method of EToL with good performance (Juazeiro) and median (Petrolina). EToHS had the worst performance (bad) for both locations. It is suggested that this decrease of EToPM can be associated with the increase in irrigated agricultural areas and the construction of Sobradinho lake upstream of the perimeters.

Degradação de paracetamol empregando tecnologia oxidativa avançada baseada em fotocatálise heterogênea usando irradiação artificial e solar

In this work, the oxidation and mineralization of paracetamol, based in an advanced oxidative process promoted by heterogeneous photocatalysis, was evaluated. The action of two photocatalysts (titanium dioxide, and a composite based on the association between titanium dioxide and zinc phthalocyanine dye) was studied. First of all, experiments in laboratory scale were performed using as radiation font a 400 W high pressure mercury lamp. The mineralization of paracetamol, promoted by both photocatalysts, was evaluated working with 4L of solution containing 10 mg L-1 of paracetamol and 100 mg L-1 of photocatalyst. To find the best experimental conditions, the influence of hydrogen peroxide concentration and pH was evaluated for the reactions. The best results for the reactions in laboratory scale was obtained using 33,00 mg L-1 of hydrogen peroxide in natural pH (6,80). Under these conditions, 100% oxidation was reached in just 40 minutes of reaction using TiO2 P25, while the mineralization was 78%. Using the composite, the mineralization was 63% in 2 hours of reaction and a oxidation of almost 100% was reached after 60 minutes. A CPC reactor (compound parabolic concentrator) was employed in the expanded work scale, using the sun as irradiation source. In this case the experiments were performed using 50 L of aqueous solution containing 10 mg L-1 of paracetamol and 100 mg L-1 of photocatalyst. The assays were done at pH 3,00 and natural pH (6,80). The used concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 33,00 mg L-1, adopted after laboratory scale studies. The reaction at pH 3,00 shows to be more advantageous, since under natural pH (6,80), the use of deionized water was necessary to prepare the solutions, probably because the deleterious action of carbonate ions, known hydroxyl radical scavengers. Using solar irradiation, the reaction mediated by the composite was more efficient when compared with the assays under laboratory scale since the composite presents the advantage of promoting a better use of visible radiation. Under these conditions, the mineralization increased from 40% to 56% under pH 3,00. At natural pH the oxidation occurred more slowly and the mineralization decreased from 56% to 50%. Thus, the use of pH 3,00 will be more interesting in real scale applications, even if it is necessary the pH correction before the discard of the treated effluent to the environment.