962 resultados para Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
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The corn cob is an agricultural by-product still little used, this in part due to the low knowledge of the biotechnological potential of their molecules. Xylan from corn cobs (XSM) is a polysaccharide present in greater quantity in the structure of plant and its biotechnology potential is little known. This study aimed to the extraction, chemical characterization and evaluation of biological activities of xylan from corn cobs. To this end, corncobs were cleaned, cut, dried and crushed, resulting in flour. This was subjected to a methodology that combines the use of alkaline conditions with waves of ultrasound. After methanol precipitation, centrifugation and drying was obtained a yield of 40% (g/g flour). Chemical analysis indicated a high percentage of polysaccharides in the sample (60%) and low contamination by protein (0.4%) and phenolic compounds (> 0.01%). Analysis of monosaccharide composition indicated the presence of xylose:glucose:arabinose:galactose:mannose:glucuronic acid in a molar ratio 50:20:15:10:2.5:2.5. The presence of xylan in the sample was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and ¹³C) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Tests were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of XSM. This showed a total antioxidant capacity of 48.45 EAA/g sample. However, did not show scavenging activity of superoxide and hydroxyl radical and also reducing power. But, showing a high capacity chelating iron ions with 70% with about 2 mg/mL. The ability to XSM to influence cell proliferation in culture was also evaluated. This polymer did not influence the proliferation of normal fibroblast cells (3T3), however, decreased the rate of proliferation of tumor cells (HeLa) in a dose-dependent, reaching an inhibition of about 50% with a concentration around 2 mg/mL. Analyzing proteins related to cell death, by immunoblotting, XSM increases the amount of Bax, Bcl-2 decrease, increase cytochrome c and AIF, and reduce pro-caspase-3, indicating the induction of cell death induced apoptosis dependent and independent of caspase. XSM did not show anticoagulant activity in the PT test. However, the test of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), XSM increased clotting time at about 5 times with 600 μg of sample compared with the negative control. The presence of sulfate on the XSM was discarded by agarose gel electrophoresis and IR. After carboxyl-reduction of XSM the anticoagulant activity decreased dramatically. The data of this study demonstrate that XSM has potential as antioxidant, antiproliferative and anticoagulant compound. Future studies to characterize these activities of XSM will help to increase knowledge about this molecule extracted from corn and allow their use in functional foods, pharmaceuticals and chemical industries.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is systemic auto imune disorder. It is caracterized by chronic inflammation of joints leading to progressive erosion of cartilage and bone. We investigated the effect of the administration of fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides, from algae Fucus vesiculosus in the acute (6h) in zymosan-induced arthritis (AZy). Wistar rats (180-230 g) were used for all groups experimental. Non-treated animals received just intraarticular injection of 1 mg the zymosan, control group received intraarticular injection of 50 µL the saline, groups received either fucoidan of Fucus vesiculosus (15, 30, 50 or 70 mg/Kg) or parecoxib (1 mg/Kg) 1 hour after injection of zymosan. After 6 h, the articular exudates were collected for evaluation of the cell influx and nitrite (Griess reaction) release. The sinovial membranes and articular cartilages were excised for histopathological analysis and by determination of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG), respectively. ZyA led to increased NO and cell influx into the joints. Therapeutic administration of the fucoidan or parecoxib did significantly inhibited the cell influx and the synovitis, as compared to non-treated rats (p<0,05), though being able to reduced NO release. Representative agarose gel electrophoresis of the GAGs, the content of condroitin-sulphate was observed during the process. These findings suggest that the fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus has potential anti-inflammatory activity
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Gene therapy is based on the transfer of exogenous genetic material into cells or tissues in order to correct, supplement or silencing a particular gene. To achieve this goal, efficient vehicles, viral or non-viral, should be developed. The aim of this work was to produce and evaluate a nanoemulsion system as a possible carrier for no-viral gene therapy able to load a plasmid model (pIRES2-EGFP). The nanoemulsion was produced by the sonication method, after been choose in a pseudo-ternary phase diagram build with 5 % of Captex 355®, 1.2 % of Tween 80®, 0.8 % of Span 80®, 0.16% of stearylamine and water (to 100 %). Measurements of droplet size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential, pH and conductivity, were performed to characterize the system. Results showed droplets smaller than 200 nm (PI < 0.2) and zeta potential > 30 mV. The formulation pH was near to 7.0 and conductivity was that expected to oil in water systems (70 to 90 μS/s) A scale up study, the stability of the system and the best sterilization method were also evaluated. We found that the system may be scaled up considering the time of sonication according to the volume produced, filtration was the best sterilization process and nanoemulsions were stable by 180 days at 4 ºC. Once developed, the complexation efficiency of the plasmid (pDNA) by the system was tested by agarose gel electrophoresis retardation assay.. The complexation efficiency increases when stearylamine was incorporated into aqueous phase (from 46 to 115 ng/μL); regarding a contact period (nanoemulsion / pDNA) of at least 2 hours in an ice bath, for complete lipoplex formation. The nanoemulsion showed low toxicity in MRC-5 cells at the usual transfection concentration, 81.49 % of survival was found. So, it can be concluded that a nanoemulsion in which a plasmid model was loaded was achieved. However, further studies concerning transfectation efficiency should be performed to confirm the system as non-viral gene carrier
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As serpentes peçonhentas dos gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus têm sido mantidas em cativeiro visando à extração de venenos para a produção de imunobiológicos. O conhecimento da fisiologia desses animais e as alterações na concentração de proteínas e suas frações séricas são importantes para a identificação precoce de importantes enfermidades que cursam com estados de hipoproteinemia e hiperproteinemia. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a concentração de proteína total e o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel) criadas em cativeiro. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue da veia coccígea ventral de 21 serpentes adultas e sadias, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo 1 de 12 machos com peso médio de 588,89±193,55g, e Grupo 2 de nove fêmeas com peso médio de 708,33±194,04g. A proteína total sérica foi determinada pelo método de refratometria e a eletroforese em gel de agarose. Obtiveram-se valores da proteína total sérica (g/dL) de 4,51±0,50 para machos e de 4,82±0,72 para fêmeas, e para machos e fêmeas de 4,64±0,61. Foram identificadas pela eletroforese quatro frações protéicas (g/dL): albumina, a, b, g-globulinas e calculada a relação albumina:globulina. As serpentes fêmeas apresentaram maiores valores para as variáveis, albumina e para a relação albumina/globulina (AG) diferindo significativamente (P<0,05) do grupo de machos, porém sem significado clínico.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The effect of changes in the bulk dielectric constant on the DNA torsional properties was evaluated from plasmid circularization reactions. In these reactions, pUC18 previously linearized by EcoRI digestion was recircularized with T4 DNA ligase. The bulk dielectric constant of the reaction medium was decreased by the addition of different concentrations of neutral solutes: ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, and sucrose, or increased by the addition of glycine. The topoisomers generated by the ligase reaction were resolved by agarose-gel electrophoresis. The DNA twist energy parameter (K), which is an apparent torsional constant, was determined by linearization of the Gaussian topoisomers' distribution. It was observed that the twist energy parameter for the given solutes is almost linearly dependent on the bulk dielectric constant. In the reaction buffer, the twist energy parameter was determined to be 1100 +/- 100. By decreasing the dielectric constant to 74 with the addition of sorbitol, the value of the parameter reaches K = 900 +/- 100, whereas the addition of ethylene glycol leads to kappa = 400 +/- 50. Upon addition of glycine, which resulted in a dielectric constant equal to 91, the value of the twist energy parameter increased to K 1750 +/- 100. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals.
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A hiper-homocisteinemia, resultante da deficiência na conversão da homocisteína em cistationina, constitui em fator de risco isolado para doenças vasculares. A mutação 844ins68 do gene da cistationina beta-sintetase é um fator adicional de risco para a trombose venosa profunda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a freqüência da mutação 844ins68 do gene da cistationina beta-sintetase em pacientes com trombose venosa profunda. Foram avaliados em estudo caso-controle 95 pacientes com trombose venosa profunda, a presença da mutação 844ins68 no éxon 8 do gene da cistationina beta-sintetase. Como critério de inclusão foi adotada a presença de trombose venosa profunda confirmada pelo dúplex ou flebografia. O grupo controle constituiu-se de 95 doadores de sangue, sem história familiar prévia de trombose venosa, com sexo, grupo étnico e idades pareados aos do grupo de estudo. Foram coletados 5 mL de sangue venoso com o uso de anticoagulante EDTA de cada participante. O DNA foi extraído dos leucócitos pelo método DTAB e CTAB. A detecção da mutação do gene foi realizada por amplificação de um segmento gênico por PCR, com iniciadores que flanqueiam a região de inserção e com revelação em gel de agarose a 2%, corado com brometo de etídio, sob luz UV. O fragmento correspondente ao alelo normal contém 184 pares de base e o correspondente ao alelo mutante, 252 pares de base. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado na análise dos resultados. A condição heterozigota para a mutação foi encontrada em 14,73% dos pacientes e em 3,1% dos indivíduos do grupo controle (p = 0,009). A freqüência do alelo mutante mostrou diferença significativa (p = 0,01), sendo 0,074 para os pacientes versus 0,016 para o grupo controle. Não foram encontrados casos de homozigose.
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A doença falciforme é um termo genérico usado para determinar um grupo de alterações genéticas caracterizadas pelo predomínio de hemoglobina (Hb) S. Os principais genótipos que compõem o grupo de doença falciforme são os seguintes: SS, SF [S/beta0 talassemia e S/persistência hereditária de Hb fetal (PHHF)], SFA (S/beta+ talassemia), SC, SD e SH (S/alfa talassemia). O presente trabalho analisa os resultados das avaliações de produtos provenientes da oxidação da Hb S, identificados pela concentração da metemoglobina e de eritrócitos com corpos de Heinz em dois genótipos da doença falciforme (SS e S/beta0 talassemia) e no traço falcêmico (AS), em comparação com o genótipo normal (AA). A análise dos produtos da degradação oxidativa da hemoglobina, evidenciados pelo aumento dos valores das médias referentes à concentração de metemoglobina e do número de eritrócitos com corpos de Heinz, está diretamente relacionada com o aumento da concentração da Hb S. Assim, a degradação oxidativa da hemoglobina decresce entre os genótipos estudados da seguinte forma: SS>SF>AS>AA. É importante destacar que as análises indicaram que a simples presença de Hb S no eritrócito, como é o caso do genótipo AS, é capaz de causar elevação da concentração de metemoglobina em 52,62% das amostras analisadas e de induzir a precipitação de corpos de Heinz em 73,68% dos casos estudados. Explicações referentes aos processos oxidativos e redutores das hemoglobinas estudadas são apresentados no texto. Destaca-se, entre os resultados apresentados, a identificação por meio de eletroforese em agarose alcalina da fração de globina alfa-livre em todas as amostras do genótipo SF provenientes de pessoas com Hb S/beta0 talassemia. É proposto um esquema para explicar a origem da globina alfa-livre, especialmente para o genótipo S/beta0 talassemia, e a importância da sua identificação no diagnóstico laboratorial de Hb S/beta0 talassemia.
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Purpose: To characterize the vitreous intrinsic proteoglycans, investigate their dynamics, and examine their role in the supramolecular organization of the vitreous. Methods: Vitreous from normal rabbits was collected and processed for observation with the transmission electron microscope after treatment with glycosidases. Also, rabbits were injected intravitreally with [S-35]-sodium sulfate and sacrificed at several time intervals after the injection. Proteoglycans (PGs) were assayed in the vitreous supernatant or in whole samples extracted with guanidine hydrochloride by polyacrylamide or agarose gel electrophoresis, followed respectively by fluorography or autoradiography, and ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography, combined with glycolytic treatment of the samples. The sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis after treating vitreous samples with protease and specific glycosidases. Results: the electron microscopic study revealed a network with hyaluronic acid ( HA) as thin threads coating and connecting collagen fibrils. The elimination of the HA coat showed chondroitin sulfate granules (8-25 nm) arranged at regular intervals on the fibril surface. The chondroitinase ABC digestion, besides removing the granules, also caused the formation of thicker bundles of the collagen fibrils. The PG and GAG analysis indicated that there are three renewable PGs in the vitreous ( e. g., one heparan-and two chondroitin-sulfate ones). Conclusions: At least one of the chondroitin sulfate PGs is involved in the interactions that occur in the vitreous structure, mainly by providing adequate spacing between the collagen fibrils, a condition that is probably required for the transparency of the vitreous.
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Esophageal-pharyngeal fluids from 53 free-ranging marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) captured for a research program in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, were assayed for tuberculosis. Total DNA was extracted, amplified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. microti, and M. africanum), and observed by agarose gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide. All samples were negative. This, along with necropsy and histopathology data, suggests that these animals are not shedding and probably do not have active disease.
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Cysticercosis is one of the most important zoonosis, not only because of the effects on animal health and its economic consequences, but also due to the serious danger it poses to humans. The two main parasites involved in the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in Brazil are Taenia saginata and Taenia solium. Differentiating between these two parasites is important both for disease control and for epidemiological studies. The purpose of this work was to identify genetic markers that could be used to differentiate these parasites. Out of 120 oligonucleotide decamers tested in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assays, 107 were shown to discriminate between the two species of Taenia. Twenty-one DNA fragments that were specific for each species of Taenia were chosen for DNA cloning and sequencing. Seven RAPD markers were converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers with two specific for T. saginata and five specific for T. solium as shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. These markers were developed as potential tools to differentiate T. solium from T. saginata in epidemiological studies. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Purpose: To detect the occurrence and expression of the suppressor gene p53 and of the oncogene c-Myc in eyelid tumors of dogs using the PCR, RT-PCR, PCR-ELISA and RT-PCR-ELISA techniques. These genes have not been described in dog eyelid tumors before. Methods: Nine samples of eyelid or third eyelid epithelial tumors were obtained from the archives of the Department of Veterinary Pathology. Tumor diagnosis was confirmed by evaluation of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections, and immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and vimentin V9. A canine mammary tumor was used for positive control. Agarose gel electrophoresis, PCR-ELISA and RT-PCR-ELISA were used to detect p53 and c-Myc genes. Results: The occurrence of p53 was detected in most of the eyelid tumors and third eyelid tumors studied (88.8%, n = 8) and was expressed in 75% of the positive samples, as indicated by ELISA. The c-Myc gene was found in 77.7% (n = 7) of the samples and was expressed in eight samples. Conclusions: Eyelid and third eyelid tumors of dogs express both the p53 and the c-Myc genes as shown by PCR and RT-PCR. However, PCR ELISA and RT-PCR ELISA were more efficient in assessing occurrence and expression of these genes because they identified amplified products that were not detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. © 2010 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.
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Albumin concentrations in female Bronze turkeys were compared using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and the bromocresol green (BCG) dye-binding method. The correlation coefficient observed for albumin in the BCG and AGE methods was low, and statistical differences were observed at paired t test (p < 0. 0001). Compared with electrophoresis, the BCG-binding method yielded significantly lower albumin values for female turkeys during laying season. © 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)