Ocorrência e detecção de Cryptosporidium sp e Giardia sp em águas brutas de abastecimento de formadores do Lago Guaíba

A giardíase e a criptosporidiose estão entre as enfermidades de veiculação hídrica originadas por protozoários que têm ganhado maior notoriedade nas últimas décadas. Os microrganismos causadores dessas doenças têm-se tornado um desafio para as empresas de abastecimento de água. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência dos protozoários Cryptosporidium sp e Giardia sp nas águas brutas de quatro afluentes do Lago Guaíba: Rios Taquari, Caí, dos Sinos e Gravataí. Juntos, abastecem uma população de dezenas de municípios da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Foram feitas amostragens mensais, durante doze meses, em cada afluente. Foi empregado o método de filtração em membrana para pré-concentração, centrifugação para concentração, separação imunomagnética para purificação e comparados três métodos de detecção para ambos os microrganismos: DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol), Safranina e Kinyoun para Cryptosporidium e DAPI, Iodo Lugol e Iodo Tricrômico para Giardia. A avaliação microscópica e contagem de (oo)cistos foram feitas utilizando-se microscopia de imunofluorescência e contraste de fase para o DAPI e microscopia óptica para as demais colorações. Obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: para os Rios Taquari, Caí, dos Sinos e Gravataí, respectivamente: 75, 42, 33 e 25% das amostras foram positivas para Cryptosporidium e 92, 83, 67 e 50% para Giardia. As concentrações médias de Giardia foram superiores às de Cryptosporidium em todos os quatro afluentes. Os valores médios observados foram: 80 oocistos e 176 cistos/100L no Taquari; 47 oocistos e 66 cistos/100L no Caí; 19 oocistos e 53 cistos/100L no Sinos; 16 oocistos e 92 cistos/100L no Gravataí. Estes podem estar subestimados devido à baixa recuperação dos métodos analíticos existentes e empregados. As densidades encontradas indicam que os protozoários estão disseminados nas águas superficiais dos formadores do Lago Guaíba.

Setor de água e de saneamento no Brasil : regulamentação e eficiência

Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma breve revisão da teoria da regulação dos mercados, revisar o histórico do setor de água e saneamento no Brasil; contextualizar a experiência internacional inglesa e francesa, indicar os principais pontos de controle para o regulador e comparar a eficiência econômica das empresas de saneamento no Estado de São Paulo.

Cobrança pelo uso da água e o setor de saneamento no Estado de São Paulo

A partir dos objetivos propostos pelas políticas nacionais de saúde, ambientais e de saneamento básico buscou-se analisar os efeitos da cobrança pelo uso da água no setor de saneamento básico, visando identificar possíveis variações causadas por este instrumento econômico no acesso à água, na qualidade do produto ofertado e na qualidade do serviço prestado. Ainda, por se tratar de um serviço público, analisamos a performance técnica das empresas paulistas do setor de saneamento básico na prestação deste serviço por meio da metodologia Data Envelopment Analysis. Esta ferramenta resulta em um indicador de desempenho, com base na melhor relação input/output, ao estabelecer um ranking de eficiência médio a partir das práticas mais eficientes de cada unidade produtiva.

Competição política faz bem à saúde? : evidências dos determinantes e dos efeitos da privatização dos serviços de saneamento básico no Brasil

Esta tese analisou os determinantes e os efeitos da privatização dos serviços de saneamento básico no Brasil (abastecimento de água e coleta de esgoto). Em relação aos seus determinantes, as evidências são consistentes com a hipótese de que as privatizações foram adotadas como estratégias políticas, com o propósito de reduzir a discricionariedade de eventual sucessor político, o que se depreende da maior probabilidade de privatização à medida que eleva o risco eleitoral. Estratégia análoga é a redução do escopo de atuação dos governos estaduais, apontada pela maior probabilidade de privatização em municípios nos quais os prefeitos não pertencem a partidos da coligação dos governadores de seus estados. Em relação aos efeitos da privatização sobre indicadores epidemiológicos (morbidade e mortalidade) e de acesso, foram comparadas duas modalidades de provisão privada: provisão centralizada (regional), que pode gerar ganhos de escala; e provisão descentralizada (local), que pode resultar em maior controle social e redução dos custos de monitoramento. Os resultados indicam que o modelo de provisão privada descentralizada resultou em menor incidência de morbidade e de mortalidade. Como esses indicadores refletiriam os efeitos sobre a qualidade dos serviços, o resultado contradiz a hipótese de existência de um trade-off custo-qualidade na provisão privada de serviços públicos, como argumentado por Hart et al (1997). O mesmo resultado não é observado na modalidade de privatização regional, o que sugere que a forma de privatização é relevante para desempenho das empresas privadas. Por último, foi verificado que a privatização local expande o acesso em municípios nos quais os níveis de cobertura eram baixos, o que poderia refletir suas capacidades de investimento. Além disso, ao contrário da provisão pública, a privatização local não privilegia o abastecimento de água e os domicílios com maiores níveis de renda. Portanto, a competição política, ao influenciar o risco eleitoral dos prefeitos, determina a privatização, que impacta positivamente sobre o acesso e a qualidade dos serviços e, por esta via, reduz a morbidade e a mortalidade.

Nos últimos 3 dias, foram registradas 315 mil menções sobre falta d'água na internet

Monitoramento de redes sociais realizado pela Diretoria de Análise de Políticas Públicas da FGV nos últimos 3 dias registrou 315 mil menções relacionadas à crise hídrica em todo o Brasil. São Paulo foi a cidade com o maior volume de comentários, concentrando 16% do total, mais do que o dobro do Rio de Janeiro, a segunda cidade no ranking, com 7%. Os termos mais mencionados foram "água", com 46% do total, e "seca" com 32%. Outras palavras mencionadas foram "falta", "cantareira" e "racionamento".

Governança da água e a atuação da Sabesp na crise hídrica de São Paulo em 2013 a 2015

O Presente trabalho busca estudar o atual modelo de governança da água, principalmente na região metropolitana de São Paulo, aonde temos o modelo de governança francês dos Comitês e Agências de Bacia e, a atuação histórica da Sabesp – Companhia de Saneamento do Estado de São Paulo, em crises hídricas, tendo como foco principal a atual crise de 2013 a 2015.Questiona-se a viabilidade da abertura do capital da prestatora de serviço público e sua possível desnaturação. Acrescenta-se algumas medidas adotadas e, por final, além de uma breve análise da CPI- Comissão Parlamentar de Inquerito, instaurada perante a Câmara dos Deputados de São Paulo, sugere-se algumas possíveis alternativas para amenizar a crise e implementar uma governança mais proxima da realidade local

Otimização do Uso das Águas da Barragem Santa Cruz-RN

The semiarid potiguar presents a quite discrepant. It is a region with one of the highest rates of artificial lake the world, but the policy of building dams to mitigate the problem of water scarcity does not solve, given that they have not demonstrated the ability to ensure supply human priority during periods of great drought and fail to solve the widespread demand existent in the semiarid. This work aims to present the optimal allocation of water, according to multiple uses and limited availability of water resources in the reservoir, from the simulation of the operation of the same, with the application of techniques to support decision making and performance evaluation alternatives for water use. The reservoir of Santa Cruz, the second largest reservoir of RN with storage capacity of approximately 600 million cubic meters, located about 20 km from the town of Apodi in RN, was conceived as a way to promote economic development in the region as well as the water supply of nearby towns. The techniques used are the simulation model of network flow ACQUANET and also the set of performance indicators. The results showed that the container has the capacity to serve up to 3,83m3/s flow required by existing uses, without any compromising the same. However, it was also observed that all anticipated future demands are implemented it will generate failures in meeting some uses

Caracterização e avaliação do macro sistema urbano de distribuição de água de Natal RN

The aim of this study is to characterize and evaluate the Macro System of Regional Water Distribution Natal North (RNN) and Southern Regional Natal (RNS), covering 35% and 65% respectively of the Natal-RN City. The terms of the quality and quantity of water (surface and groundwater) were also evaluated in order to adjust the parameters that contribute to proper distribution and control in water reserves. The methodology of the work took place from collecting volumetric data of production capacity and distribution of the two treatment plants for Regional as well as the flow rates of wells. Yet the quantitative capacity of reservation, distribution and consumption of the main reservoirs, population numbers and consumption of members neighborhoods were collected. Data were tabulated and used in computational simulator EPANET to diagnose possible through the water balance, the offers and demands on the water supply system in the neighborhoods of the capital, linking them to specific distribution points. We also evaluated the wells in the levels of nitrate in water consumed. As a result it was found that some neighborhoods in the South Regional Natal, was ranked as critical supply situation: City of Hope, Lagoa Nova and Nova Descoberta, where demand exceeds supply. While in most Northern Regional Natal present deficiency in the supply system as: Lagoa Azul, the Parque dos Coqueiros, igapó, Amarante and Salinas. The rates of nitrate in the city were significant, but manageable with corrective and preventive measures. The averages were 12 mg /l-N in Candelária, 10 mg/l-N in Lagoa Nova, 9 mg/l-N in Satelite, 20 mg/l-N in Gramore and 15 mg/l-N in N. Sra. Apresentação. Therefore proper distribution of water abstracted and implementation of quality control ensures the supply required by the system, associated with preservation of Water Resources of the Metropolitan Region of Natal

Caminhos para a universalização dos serviços de água e esgotos no Brasil: a atuação das entidades reguladoras para indução da eficiência dos prestadores de serviços

The deficit of water and sewerage services is a historic problem in Brazil. The introduction of a new regulatory framework, in 2007, presented ways intending to overcome these deficits, among them, the providers efficiency improvement. This thesis aims to analyze the regulators performance regarding its ability to induce the efficiency of the Brazilian water and sewerage services providers. To this end, an analytical approach based on a sequential explanatory strategy was used, and it consists of three steps. In the first step, the Data Envelopment Analysis ( DEA ) was used to measure the providers efficiency in 2006 and 2011. The results show that the average efficiency may be considered high; however significant inefficiencies among the 29 analyzed providers were detected. The ones in the Southeast region showed better performance level and Northeast had the lowest. The local and the private providers were more efficient on average. In 2006 and 2011 the average performance was higher among non-regulated providers. In 2006 the group regulated by local agencies had the best average performance, in 2011, the best performance was the group regulated by the consortium agencies. To analyse the second step was used the Malmquist Index, it pointed that the productivity between 2006 and 2011 dropped. The analysis through decomposing Malmquist Index showed a shift of technical efficiency frontier to a lower level, however was detected a small provider s advance towards the frontier. Only the Midwest region recorded progress in overall productivity. The deterioration in the total factor productivity was higher among regional providers but the local ones and the private agencies moved quickly to the frontier level. The providers regulated from 2007 showed less decrease on the total productivity and the results of the catch up effect were more meaningful. In the last step, the regulators standardization activity analyses noted that there are agencies that had not issued rules until 2011. The most standards topics discussed in the issued rules were the tariff adjustments and the setting of general conditions for the provision and use of services; in another hand, the least covered topics were new technologies incentive and the introduction of efficiency-inducing regulatory mechanisms and productivity gains for price reviews. Regulators created from 2007 were more active proportionately. Even with the advent of the regulatory framework and the creation of new regulatory bodies, the evidence points to a reality in which the actions of these agencies have not been ensuring that providers of water and sewage, regulated by them, has achieved better performance. The non- achievement of regulatory goals can be explained by the incipient level of performance of the Brazilian regulatory authorities, which should be strengthened because of its potential contribution to the Brazilian basic sanitation department

Monitoramento das águas da bacia hidrográfica pirangi pela determinação dos índices de qualidade da água-iqa e índice de toxidez-it

The problems of water supply in Northeast Brazil are severe and require more focused studies. This work was intended to assess water quality in the watershed Pirangi, located in the Northeastern state of the newborn using the Water Quality Index, AQI associated with the Index of Toxicity-IT. The data presented in this study were collected in November 2008, June 2009 and March 2010 at eight sampling stations distributed throughout the basin. The study covered nine parameters, based on guidelines established by CETESB, and seven members of Metal Toxicity index-IT. These waters are framed in the classification between GOOD and BAD showing AQI 41.34 minimum and a maximum of 76.23. Virtually all seven metals analyzed were below the detection limits of ICP-OES giving IT a water equal to one when they are absent and 0 when there are levels of trace metals

Relação das condições socioeconômicas com as condições de saúde bucal em capitais brasileiras

Despite the improvement of Brazilian s living conditions in recent decades, this improvement occurred in a polarized way between groups of better social position. Then, there is still a health inequity´s panorama in Brazil which encompasses the oral health state. This panorama instigated the attainment of this ecological study that aimed to evaluate the relationship of socioeconomic conditions, and public health policies with oral health status in Brazilian capitals. Thus, we performed factor analysis and linear regression using oral health indicators collected from SB Brasil 2010, of socioeconomic conditions from Brazilian Census 2010 and related to water´s supply fluoridation from SISAGUA. Factor analysis with indicators of living conditions revealed two common factors, economic deprivation and socio-sanitary condition. Economic deprivation showed statistically significant positive correlation with DMFT 12 years (p= 0,03) and mean missing teeth (p = 0,002) and negative correlation with caries-free population (p=0,012). Socio-sanitary negatively correlated with DMFT (p <0,0001) and a positive correlation with caries-free population (p = 0.002). Fluoridated water had a significant association with DMFT (p <0,0001), mean missing teeth (p <0,0001) and caries free population (p <0.0001). Multiple linear regression analysis for the DMFT of capital was estimated by socio-sanitary condition and fluoridation, adjusted by economic deprivation, whereas the model for the mean missing teeth was estimated only by fluoridation and economic deprivation, and finally the model the rate for the population free of caries in Brazilian capitals was estimated by economic and socio-sanitary status adjusted fluoridated water supply. Therefore, factors related to living conditions and public policies are intrinsically linked to tooth decay issues. Thus, actions, beyond dental care assistance, must be development to impact positively in social and economic conditions, especially, between the most vulnerable populations

Coeficientes de incidência do dengue e sua relação com os diferenciais intra-urbanos segundo condições de vida no município do Natal, Rio Grande do Norte

This study sprang from the hypothesis that spatial variations in the morbidity rate for dengue fever within the municipality of Natal are related to intra-city socioeconomic and environmental variations. The objective of the project was to classify the different suburbs of Natal according to their living conditions and establish if there was any correlation between this classification and the incidence rate for dengue fever, with the aim of enabling public health planners to better control this disease. Data on population density, access to safe drinking water, rubbish collection, sewage disposal facilities, income level, education and the incidence of dengue fever during the years 2001 and 2003 was drawn from the Brazilian Demographic Census 2000 and from the Reportable Disease Notification System -SINAN. The study is presented here in the form of two papers, corresponding to the types of analysis performed: a classification of the urban districts into quartiles according to the living conditions which exist there, in the first article; and the incidence of dengue fever in each of these quartiles, in the second. By applying factorial analysis to the chosen socioeconomic and environmental indicators for the year 2000, a compound index of living condition (ICV) was obtained. On the basis of this index, it was possible to classify the urban districts into quartiles. On undertaking this grouping (paper 1), a heterogeneous distribution of living conditions was found across the city. As to the incidence rate for dengue fever (paper 2), it was discovered that the quartile identified as having the best living conditions presented incidence rates of 15.62 and 15.24 per 1000 inhabitants respectively in the years 2001 and 2003; whereas the quartile representing worst living conditions showed incidence rates of 25.10 and 10.32 for the comparable periods. The results suggest that dengue fever occurs in all social classes, and that its incidence is not related in any evident way to the chosen formula for living conditions

Desenvolvimento territorial e a política nacional de água em Moçambique: o caso do distrito de Chibuto

The development has been a phenomenon in constant discussion today, whose fundamental importance should be to promote the welfare of humanity. Thus, the development becomes an element that adds political, economic, social and environmental values . In Mozambique the development model adopted by the State prioritizes the economic dimension, in this case favoring the growth of capitalist structure production. Thus , the basic conditions for human survival still leaves much to be desired and the Mozambican population in general and the district of Chibuto , in particular , continue to face several difficulties to have access to such conditions, and the lack of potable water is a that most of the problems afflicting this population . The water was always a factor related to the socio-economic development of the population, where great civilizations and major economic marks were always influenced by water availability, and today this feature is present in all sectors of production. In Mozambique, much effort has been made by the government, national and international organizations to enhance and guarantee the supply of potable and drinking water, and despite all this effort, most of the population does not have access to this precious resource. In this sense, this work presents an analysis of the effects of the National Water Policy in the study area, analyzes the shortage of potable water in the district of Chibuto, discusses the design and development contained in the official discourse of the state and, opposes the idea of human development. For such issues that help to understand the phenomenon under study, such as territory, public policy and criticism of hegemonic conception of development are addressed. To make the desired approach, we performed a characterization of the District of Chibuto, addressing the issue of poverty, with a brief discussion of this concept, from different approaches, and analyze the impact of the PARPA (Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty) in fighting poverty in Mozambique, and became a description of the scenario of poverty and vulnerability in Chibuto district with the construction of Territorial Human Development Index. Research also brings up a discussion about territory and technicization which describes the senary of the water supply system in the District and territorial dynamics of Chibuto, from the analysis and description of existing structures and other technical objects that structure the territory under study. Thus, it was found that the development should be summarized in the satisfaction of human needs, and should be the cornerstone of the new type of development that is intended for the purpose of triggering urgently actions to overcome or combat bleak misery suffered by the majority of inhabitants of the District of Chibuto

Dinâmica da qualidade da água em tanques de peixes de sistema pesque-pague: aspectos físico-químicos e plâncton

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ações de educação ambiental e monitoramento da água no córrego da Olaria, APTA-Pindorama, S.P

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV