Isometrisen maksimivoiman yhteys lihaskuntoon ja kestävyyteen

Maksimivoimalla on todettu olevan yhteys sotilaallisista tehtävistä suoriutumiseen. Puolustusvoimissa käytössä olevilla fyysisen kunnon testeillä pyritään saamaan luotettava kuva ammattisotilaan kenttäkelpoisuuteen vaikuttavasta fyysisestä suorituskyvystä. Reserviläisten osalta ei ole käytössä yhtä vakiintunutta testikäytäntöä, ja ainoa maksimaalista voimaa mittaava testi on tällä hetkellä käden puristusvoimatesti. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin isometrisen maksimivoiman yhteyttä lihaskuntoon ja kestävyyteen sekä sitä, kuinka paljon nykyiset reserviläisille pidetyt kuntotestit kertovat käsien ja jalkojen ojentajien maksimivoiman tasosta. Testit suoritettiin kertausharjoitusten yhteyksissä järjestetyissä fyysisen kunnon kartoituksissa. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 789 reserviläistä. Koehenkilöiden ikä oli 24 ± 2.8 v., pituus 180 ± 6 cm, paino 80.3 ± 13.5 kg ja rasvaprosentti 17.8 ± 7.2 %. Heiltä mitattiin kyynärvarren ojentajien sekä jalkojen ojentajien isometriset maksimivoimat, käden puristusvoima ja maksimaalinen hapenottokyky. Näiden lisäksi lihaskuntotesteihin kuului minuutin etunojapunnerrus, minuutin istumaan nousu ja minuutin toistokyykistys. Lihaskuntoindeksi (LKI) laskettiin lihaskestävyystestien tuloksista ja fyysisen suorituskyvyn indeksi (FSK) lihaskuntoindeksistä ja maksimaalisesta hapenottokyvystä. Isometristen maksimivoimatestien tulosten keskiarvo (± vaihteluväli) jalkojen osalta oli 2917 ± 868 N. Kyynärvarren ojentajien isometrisen maksimivoiman keskiarvo oli 898 ± 201 N. Keskiarvo puristusvoimamittauksessa oli 53 ± 9 kg. Lihaskestävyystesteissä saatiin seuraavanlaiset tulokset: istumaan nousu 38 ± 10 kpl, etunojapunnerrus 28 ± 12 kpl ja toistokyykistys 43 ± 8 kpl. Maksimaalisen hapenottokyvyn keskiarvo oli 41.6 ± 8.1 ml×kg-1×min-1. Merkittävät positiiviset yhteydet löydettiin minuutinetunojapunnerruksen ja kyynärvarren ojentajien isometrisen maksimivoiman (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) sekä minuutin toistokyykistyksen ja maksimaalisen hapenottokyvyn väliltä (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). Kyynärvarren isometrinen maksimivoima korreloi huomattavasti LKI:n ja FSK:n kanssa (r = 0.51, p < 0.001; r = 0.47, p = 0.001). Tutkimuksen perusteella lihaskestävyydellä on positiivinen yhteys maksimaaliseen hapenottokykyyn. Sen sijaan käsien tai jalkojen isometrisellä maksimivoimalla ei havaittu olevan yhteyttä maksimaalisen hapenottokyvyn kanssa. Puristusvoiman yhteys jalkojen ja käsien maksimivoimaan sekä LKI:iin ja FSK:iin on heikko. Tutkimuksen mukaan lihaskestävyyden perusteella voidaan jossain määrin arvioida maksimivoiman ja fyysisen kunnon tasoa, joten nykyiset lihaskunnon kartoitukseen käytetyt testit antavat tietyiltä osin tietoa myös maksimivoimasta. Tätä huomiota tukee etunojapunnerruksen ja käsien isometrisen maksimivoiman suhteellisen voimakas yhteys. Toisaalta toistokyykistyksen ja jalkojen ojentajien isometrisen maksimivoiman yhteys on heikko. Toistokyykistyksellä on kuitenkin huomattava yhteys maksimaalisen hapenottokyvyn kanssa. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että yksittäisistä isometrisistä maksimivoimatesteistä eniten tietoa reserviläisten fyysisestä suorituskyvystä antaa kyynärvarren ojentajien isometrinen maksimivoimatesti. Yksittäisen maksimivoimatestin perusteella ei kuitenkaan voida tehdä luotettavia johtopäätöksiä reserviläisen fyysisestä suorituskyvystä eikä fyysisen suorituskyvyn indeksin perusteella yleisestä maksimivoiman tasosta. Nykyistä luotettavampaa tietoa fyysisestä suorituskyvystä saataisiin, jos fyysisen kunnon testeissä olisi mukana jalkojen maksimivoimaa mittaava testi. Puristusvoimamittauksen käyttöarvoa fyysisen kunnon mittaamisessa tulisi harkita.

Crescimento e rendimento do milho e da braquiária em sistema consorciado com diferentes manejos de plantas daninhas

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o crescimento e o rendimento do milho e da braquiária em monocultivos e consorciados, com diferentes manejos das plantas daninhas. O experimento foi realizado em área de pastagem degradada, num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 5, sendo o primeiro fator correspondente aos cultivares de milho (UFV M100, DKB 390, DKB 455 e DKB 789) em consórcio com Urochloa brizantha, combinados com os diferentes manejos de plantas daninhas - capinado; sem controle de plantas daninhas; atrazine (1,5 kg ha-1); e atrazine + nicosulfuron (1,5 kg ha-1 + 8 g ha-1) -, além dos monocultivos capinados de U. brizantha e dos quatro cultivares de milho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após o plantio (DAP), avaliou-se a matéria seca do milho e da braquiária; na última avaliação, determinou-se, também, o rendimento de grãos do milho. Os maiores acúmulos de matéria seca e rendimentos foram obtidos nos monocultivos da braquiária e do milho. No entanto, a aplicação de atrazine + nicosulfuron no consórcio proporcionou rendimento de grãos de milho similar ao obtido no monocultivo. Os efeitos dos manejos das plantas daninhas e dos cultivares de milho no crescimento da braquiária somente se manifestaram nas avaliações realizadas aos 90, 120 e 150 DAP. Os híbridos de milho mostraram-se mais competitivos com a braquiária do que a variedade; o maior rendimento de grãos foi obtido com o híbrido simples (DKB 390), e o menor, com o híbrido triplo (DKB 455). A interferência de U. brizantha no milho, quando cultivados em consórcio, depende das práticas de manejo de plantas daninhas e do cultivar de milho adotado.

Hedge-rahastojen menestyksen pysyvyys ja suhteellinen suoriutuminen sijoittajan näkökulmasta

The purpose of the thesis is to examine the long-term performance persistence and relative performance of hedge funds during bear and bull market periods. Performance metrics applied for fund rankings are raw return, Sharpe ratio, mean variance ratio and strategy distinctiveness index calculated of the original and clustered data correspondingly. Four different length combinations for selection and holding periods are employed. The persistence is examined using decile and quartile portfolio formatting approach and on the basis of Sharpe ratio and SKASR as performance metrics. The relative performance persistence is examined by comparing hedge portfolio returns during varying stock market conditions. The data is gathered from a private database covering 10,789 hedge funds and time horizon is set from January 1990 to December 2012. The results of this thesis suggest that long-term performance persistence of the hedge funds exists. The degree of persistence also depends on the performance metrics employed and length combination of selection and holding periods. The best results of performance persistence were obtained in the decile portfolio analysis on the basis of Sharpe ratio rankings for combination of 12-month selection period and the holding period of equal length. The results also suggest that the best performance persistence occurs in the Event Driven and Multi strategies. Dummy regression analysis shows that a relationship between hedge funds and stock market returns exists. Based on the results, Dedicated Short Bias, Global Macro, Managed Futures and Other strategies perform well during bear market periods. The results also indicate that the Market Neutral strategy is not absolutely market neutral and the Event Driven strategy has the best performance among all hedge strategies.

Experimental context modulates warning signal effects

Previous studies have shown that saccadic eye responses but not manual responses were sensitive to the kind of warning signal used, with visual onsets producing longer saccadic latencies compared to visual offsets. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of distinct warning signals on manual latencies and to test the premise that the onset interference, in fact, does not occur for manual responses. A second objective was to determine if the magnitude of the warning effects could be modulated by contextual procedures. Three experimental conditions based on the kind of warning signal used (visual onset, visual offset and auditory warning) were run in two different contexts (blocked and non-blocked). Eighteen participants were asked to respond to the imperative stimulus that would occur some milliseconds (0, 250, 500 or 750 ms) after the warning signal. The experiment consisted in three experimental sessions of 240 trials, where all the variables were counterbalanced. The data showed that visual onsets produced longer manual latencies than visual offsets in the non-blocked context (275 vs 261 ms; P < 0.001). This interference was obtained, however, only for short intervals between the warning and the stimulus, and was abolished when the blocked context was used (256 vs 255 ms; P = 0.789). These results are discussed in terms of bottom-up and top-down interactions, mainly those related to the role of attentional processing in canceling out competitive interactions and suppressive influences of a distractor on the relevant stimulus.

Livets källa kärleken : hälsans urkraft

This basic research focuses on the ethos of health and the human being's becoming in health. The theoretical perspective consists of the caring tradition within caring science developed at Åbo Akademy University. The aim of the present doctoral thesis is to uncover a new understanding as well as to deepen and attain a more nuanced understanding of the ethos of health, the essence of health, by penetrating to the core of what gives the human being the strength for experiencing a becoming in health. The research questions are as follows: l) What is the human being's source of strength? and 2) What reveals the source of strength so that the human being can perceive it and dedicate its strength in order to experience a becoming in health? The primary methodology used in the dissertation is hermeneutical. The material consists of the work Kärlekens gerningar by Kierkegaard, texts from focused interviews with respondents who have lived through severe personal suffering, as well as the book Det bländande mörkret by Wikström. These texts are interpreted through hermeneutical reading. The new horizon of understanding that emerges is reflected towards Eriksson's caritative theory, towards prior research within the tradition of caring science at Åbo Akademy University and towards previous national and international studies within this field. The new understanding shows that the human being's source of strength is love, the essence and origin of life. The substance of health is love, which, through the trinity of faith, hope and love, also makes possible the existence of the source of strength. Love has a deeper dignity than faith and hope, is connected with eternity and is the uniting link between temporality and eternity. The human being's inner longing entails an ontological attraction towards the source of strength. This source of strength is hidden, which provides and maintains its force, like a mystery connected with the darkness of suffering that hides the secret representing the source of strength, life's mystery, bu t w hi ch is revealed in both the darkness of suffering and in the light of joy. The dedication of strength requires freedom, willingness and courage to see the light, despite awareness of shame and guilt. Creative acts liberate the human being for the dedication of strength, which is preceded by a holy presence where, in solitude, the human being makes sacrifices for the sake of his or her human smallness and weakness, and allows himself or herself to be enclosed by the darkness of suffering to discover the light from the source. This entails being enraptured in a quiet "doing" in order to experience the beauty that bears witness to the holy which creates unity. The source of strength is revealed through beauty. The ethos of the human being and the ethos of health have the same fundamental substance, whilst the ethos of life possesses the deepest dimension and concerns the mysterious and infinite eternity. The ethos of life, eternity, which is a wellspring of strength, is not in itself strength-giving unless it is allied with love. Health can be understood in the light of life, of which death is an inevitable part. Life itself constitutes and creates the source which, through its alliance with eternity' s primordial wellspring of strength, generates strength from which the human being's source of strength, love, receives its eternal fervour. The human being is fundamentally interconnected with an abstract other, the first love, a universal wellspring of strength. Through Communion with this abstract other a dedication of the strength to experience a becoming in health becomes possible. Love for one's neighbour is the fundamental substance in the movement of becoming in health. Becoming in health presupposes a simultaneous movement in which the human being practices the human calling through ethos. As one loves one's neighbour through actions the still forces of eternity are in motion. When life emerges in the foreground and becomes the home of the human being, a dedication of the power of love is possible. Life itself determines the human being's becoming in health. A humble fundamental attitude towards life constitutes the basis for a continuous dedication of vitality from this source.

Le Petit journal. Supplément du dimanche

1905/12/31 (Numéro 789).

L'Écho de Paris

1886/05/10 (Numéro 789).

Informe de satisfacción modelo empresarial de gestión agroindustrial (MEGA)

Banco del conocimiento

Artist's Sketch

An artist's sketch of what the Physical Education Building was to look like.