Estudos de síntese e transformação de cromonas e 4-quinolonas

Esta dissertação está dividida em duas partes. Na primeira parte reportam-se métodos de síntese de (E)-3-estirilflavonas e (E)/(Z)-2-aril- 4-cloro-3-estiril-2H-cromenos e estudos de ciclização das (E)-3- estirilflavonas em 5-arilbenzo[c]xantonas. Na segunda parte desenvolveram-se novas rotas de síntese de (E)-2-aril-3-estiril-4- quinolonas e posterior transformação em 5-fenil-12- metilbenzo[c]acridonas e 2,4-diarilfuro[3,2-c]quinolinas. Nesta parte estudou-se também a transformação de 2-aril-4-cloro-1,2-dihidroquinolina- 1,3-dicarbaldeídos em (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4-cloro-3-estiril-1,2- di-hidroquinolina-1-carbaldeídos. A síntese de novos derivados de (E)-3-estirilflavonas, abordada na primeira parte desta dissertação, envolveu estudos de otimização da reação de bromação seguida de ciclização de 3-aril-1-(2- hidroxiaril)propano-1,3-dionas/3-aril-3-hidroxi-1-(2-hidroxiaril)prop-2- en-1-onas em 3-bromoflavonas e o desenvolvimento de uma nova rota de síntese de 3-metilflavonas. As 3-metilflavonas foram sujeitas a bromação e seguidamente transformadas em sais de fosfónio antes de serem utilizadas na síntese de (E)-3-estirilflavonas via reação de Wittig. As 3-bromoflavonas foram também usadas na síntese de (E)-3- estirilflavonas via reação de Heck. A síntese de novos derivados de (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4-cloro-3-estiril-2H-cromenos, via reação de Wittig, envolveu a síntese e formilação de flavanonas. A última transformação reportada na primeira parte desta dissertação é a síntese de 5-arilbenzo[c]xantonas por reação de eletrociclização seguida de oxidação de (E)-3-estirilflavonas. Na segunda parte desta dissertação são estudadas duas vias de síntese de 2-aril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. A primeira via de síntese envolve a síntese de N-(2-acetilfenil)benzamidas, sua ciclização em 4-quinolonas seguida de metilação destas. A segunda via envolve a metilação e ciclização de N-(2-acetilfenil)benzamidas obtendo-se, num só passo, as 2-aril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. Posterior iodação das 2-aril-1-metil-4- quinolonas e subsequente reação de Heck das 2-aril-3-iodo-1-metil-4- quinolonas com estirenos comerciais possibilitaram a síntese de (E)-2- aril-3-estiril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. Estudos de eletrociclização seguidos de oxidação das (E)-2-aril-3-estiril-1-metil-4-quinolonas utilizando uma lâmpada de UV de mercúrio de alta pressão possibilitou a síntese de 5- fenil-12-metilbenzo[c]acridonas, enquanto que o aquecimento em refluxo de 1,2,4-triclorobenzeno deu origem a 2,4-diarilfuro[3,2- c]quinolinas. Nesta segunda parte aborda-se também a síntese de 2-aril-4-cloro-1,2- di-hidroquinolina-1,3-dicarbaldeídos, a partir da formilação de 2-aril- 2,3-di-hidro-4-quinolonas e a sua transformação em (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4- cloro-3-estiril-1,2-di-hidroquinolina-1-carbaldeídos por reação de Wittig. Todos os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de protão e carbono 13C, espectros bidimensionais de correlação heteronuclear (HMBC e HSQC) e, nalguns casos espectros de efeito nuclear Overhauser (NOESY). Os novos produtos foram igualmente caracterizados por espectrometria de massa e sempre que possível análise elementar ou espectrometria de massa de alta resolução.

Dynamic magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphate energetics during muscle exercise and recovery

Entailing of phosphorus exchanges in most bio-chemicals as a key factor in disease, increases researcher’s interest to develop the technologies capable of detecting this metabolite. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy is able to detect key metabolites in a non-invasive manner. Particularly, it offers the ability to measure the dynamic rate of phosphocreatine(PCr) degeneration through the exercise and recovery. This metric as a valid indication of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in muscle, differentiate between normal and pathological state. To do magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, clinical research tools provide a wide variety of anatomical and functional contrasts, however they are typically restricted to the tissues containing water or hydrogen atoms and they are still blind to the biochemicals of other atoms of interests. Through this project we intended to obtain the phosphorus spectrum in human body – specificadenerativelly in muscle – using 31P spectroscopy. To do so a double loop RF surface coil, tuned to phosphorus frequency, is designed and fabricated using bench work facilities and then validated through in vitro spectroscopy using 3 Tesla Siemens scanner. We acquired in vitro as well as in vivo phosphorus spectrum in a 100 mM potassium phosphate phantom and human calf muscle in rest-exercise-recovery phase in a 3T MR scanner. The spectrum demonstrates the main constituent in high-energy phosphate metabolism. We also observed the dynamic variation of PCr for five young healthy subjects who performed planter flexions using resistance band during exercise and recovery. The took steps in this project pave the way for future application of spectroscopic quantification of phosphate metabolism in patients affected by carotid artery disease as well as in age-matched control subjects.

Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts with the statistical average of orbital-dependent model potentials in Kohn-Sham density functional theory

The performance of the SAOP potential for the calculation of NMR chemical shifts was evaluated. SAOP results show considerable improvement with respect to previous potentials, like VWN or BP86, at least for the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine chemical shifts. Furthermore, a few NMR calculations carried out on third period atoms (S, P, and Cl) improved when using the SAOP potential

Nuclear magnetic resonance structure shows that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-unique domain contains a macrodomain fold

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of a central segment of the previously annotated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-unique domain (SUD-M, for "middle of the SARS-unique domain") in SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) has been determined. SUD-M(513-651) exhibits a macrodomain fold containing the nsp3 residues 528 to 648, and there is a flexibly extended N-terminal tail with the residues 513 to 527 and a C-terminal flexible tail of residues 649 to 651. As a follow-up to this initial result, we also solved the structure of a construct representing only the globular domain of residues 527 to 651 [SUD-M(527-651)]. NMR chemical shift perturbation experiments showed that SUD-M(527-651) binds single-stranded poly(A) and identified the contact area with this RNA on the protein surface, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays then confirmed that SUD-M has higher affinity for purine bases than for pyrimidine bases. In a further search for clues to the function, we found that SUD-M(527-651) has the closest three-dimensional structure homology with another domain of nsp3, the ADP-ribose-1 ''-phosphatase nsp3b, although the two proteins share only 5% sequence identity in the homologous sequence regions. SUD-M(527-651) also shows three-dimensional structure homology with several helicases and nucleoside triphosphate-binding proteins, but it does not contain the motifs of catalytic residues found in these structural homologues. The combined results from NMR screening of potential substrates and the structure-based homology studies now form a basis for more focused investigations on the role of the SARS-unique domain in viral infection.

Nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the nucleic acid-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 3

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of a globular domain of residues 1071 to 1178 within the previously annotated nucleic acid-binding region (NAB) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) has been determined, and N- and C-terminally adjoining polypeptide segments of 37 and 25 residues, respectively, have been shown to form flexibly extended linkers to the preceding globular domain and to the following, as yet uncharacterized domain. This extension of the structural coverage of nsp3 was obtained from NMR studies with an nsp3 construct comprising residues 1066 to 1181 [ nsp3(1066-1181)] and the constructs nsp3(1066-1203) and nsp3(1035-1181). A search of the protein structure database indicates that the globular domain of the NAB represents a new fold, with a parallel four-strand beta-sheet holding two alpha-helices of three and four turns that are oriented antiparallel to the beta-strands. Two antiparallel two-strand beta-sheets and two 3(10)-helices are anchored against the surface of this barrel-like molecular core. Chemical shift changes upon the addition of single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs) identified a group of residues that form a positively charged patch on the protein surface as the binding site responsible for the previously reported affinity for nucleic acids. This binding site is similar to the ssRNA-binding site of the sterile alpha motif domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vts1p protein, although the two proteins do not share a common globular fold.

Nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the N-terminal domain of nonstructural protein 3 from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

This paper describes the structure determination of nsp3a, the N-terminal domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nonstructural protein 3. nsp3a exhibits a ubiquitin-like globular fold of residues 1 to 112 and a flexibly extended glutamic acid-rich domain of residues 113 to 183. In addition to the four beta-strands and two alpha-helices that are common to ubiquitin-like folds, the globular domain of nsp3a contains two short helices representing a feature that has not previously been observed in these proteins. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift perturbations showed that these unique structural elements are involved in interactions with single-stranded RNA. Structural similarities with proteins involved in various cell-signaling pathways indicate possible roles of nsp3a in viral infection and persistence.

A hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectral and extended Hückel study of some olefin complexes of rhodium(I) and iridium(I) and the crystal and molecular structure of η4-2,4-dimethylpenta-1,4-diene(η5-formylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(I)

A 1H NMR study of monosubstituted η-cyclopentadienyl-rhodium(I) complexes of type LLRh(C5H4X) and -iridium(I) complexes of type L2Ir(C5H4X) (L = ethene, LL = 1,3- or 1,5-diolefin; X = C(C6H5)3, CHO, or COOCH3) has been carried out. For complexes of both metals in which the neutral ligand is ethene or a non-conjugated diolefin the NMR spectra of the cyclopentadienyl protons are unusual in that H(2), H(5) resonate to high field either at room temperature or below. The corresponding NMR spectra for the cyclopentadienyl ring protons of complexes where the neutral ligand is a conjugated diene are, with one exception, normal. A single crystal X-ray structural analysis of (η4-2,4-dimethylpenta-1,4-diene)(η5-formylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(I) (which exhibits an abnormal 1H NMR spectrum) reveals substantial localisation of electron density in the C(3)C(4) Cp ring bond (1.283(33) Å) which may be consistent with a contribution from an ‘allyl-ene’ rotamer to the ring—metal bonding scheme. An extended Hückel calculation with self consistent charge iteration was performed on this complex. The results predict a greater Mulliken overlap population for the C(3)C(4) bond in the cyclopentadienyl ring and show that the localisation is dependent on both the Cp ring substituent and the nature of the diolefin. The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of some representative diene complexes of iridium(I) and rhodium(I) are presented.

Nuclear magnetic resonance water relaxation time changes in bananas during ripening: a new mechanism

BACKGROUND: Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of banana fragments during ripening show an increase on the water transverse relaxation time (T(2)) and a decrease in water self-diffusion coefficient (D). As T(2) and D are normally directly correlated, we studied these two properties in intact bananas during ripening, in an attempt to rule out the effect of injury on the apparent discrepancies in the behavior of T(2) and D. RESULTS: The results show that injury in bananas causes a decrease in T(2) of the water in vacuoles (T(2vac)). They also show that T(2vac) increased and D decreased during ripening, ruling out the injury effect. To explain the apparent discrepancies, we propose a new hypothesis for the increase in T(2) values, based on the reduction of Fe(3+) ions to Fe(2+) by galacturonic acid, produced by the hydrolysis of pectin and a decrease in internal oxygen concentration during ripening. CONCLUSION: As injury alters T(2) values it is necessary to use intact bananas to study relaxation times during ripening. The novel interpretation for the increase in T(2vac) based on reduction of Fe(+3) and O(2) concentration is an alternative mechanism to that based on the hydrolysis of starch in amyloplasts. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in malformations of cortical development

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Profiles coupled to Partial Least-Squares Multivariate Regression for Prediction of Several Physicochemical Parameters of Brazilian Commercial Gasoline

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic fingerprinting of commercial gasoline: Pattern-recognition analyses for screening quality control purposes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Screening Brazilian commercial gasoline quality by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic fingerprintings and pattern-recognition multivariate chemometric analysis

The identification of gasoline adulteration by organic solvents is not an easy task, because compounds that constitute the solvents are already in gasoline composition. In this work, the combination of Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopic fingerprintings with pattern-recognition multivariate Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) chemometric analysis provides an original and alternative approach to screening Brazilian commercial gasoline quality in a Monitoring Program for Quality Control of Automotive Fuels. SIMCA was performed on spectroscopic fingerprints to classify the quality of representative commercial gasoline samples selected by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and collected over a 6-month period from different gas stations in the São Paulo state, Brazil. Following optimized the (1)H NMR-SIMCA algorithm, it was possible to correctly classify 92.0% of commercial gasoline samples, which is considered acceptable. The chemometric method is recommended for routine applications in Quality-Control Monitoring Programs, since its measurements are fast and can be easily automated. Also, police laboratories could employ this method for rapid screening analysis to discourage adulteration practices. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction and F-19 nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of the crystallization of InF3-based glasses

Results of differential scanning calometry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and F-19 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of InF3-based glasses, treated at different temperatures, ranging from glass transition temperature (T-g) to crystallization temperature (T-c), are reported. The main features of the experimental results are as follows. DSC analysis emphasizes several steps in the crystallization process. Heat treatment at temperatures above T-g enhances the nucleation of the first growing phases but has little influence on the following ones. XRD results show that several crystalline phases are formed, with solid state transitions when heated above 680 K, the F-19 NMR results show that the spin-lattice relaxation, for the glass samples heat treated above 638 K, is described by two time constants. For samples treated below this temperature a single time constant T-1 was observed. Measurements of the F-19 spin-lattice relaxation time (T-1), as a function of temperature,made possible the identification of the mobile fluoride ions. The activation energy, for the ionic motion, in samples treated at crystallization temperature was found to be 0.18 +/- 0.01 eV. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.